化肥减量对紫色土坡耕地磷素流失的影响

采用人工径流小区对紫色土坡耕地降雨产流、磷素流失浓度进行定点观测,研究不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(T1)、优化施肥(T2)、化肥减量配施秸秆(T3) 4种不同处理对紫色土坡耕地磷素在地表径流、壤中流中流失的影响.结果表明,壤中流是紫色土坡耕地的主要产流方式,占比高达70%以上,其中磷素主要通过泥沙、地表径流2个途径流失.化肥减量配施秸秆处理的全磷流失通量为0.412kg/(hm²·a),相比其他施肥处理下降了29.37%~62.62%;正磷酸盐流失通量表现为优化施肥>常规施肥>化肥减量配施秸秆>不施肥,其地表径流流失通量占比达到55.35%~84.65%;化肥减量配施秸秆处理下地表径流中颗粒态磷流失通量最低,为0.032kg/(hm²·a),相比于常规施肥和优化施肥处理,显著下降了70.92%和60.28%;化肥减量配施秸秆处理不仅对地表径流中的磷素流失具有很好的消减效应,对壤中流中的磷素流失同样具有很好的消减效应,配施秸秆处理下壤中流全磷平均流失通量最小,为0.031kg/(hm²·a).因此,化肥减量配施秸秆对于控制三峡库区紫色土坡耕地磷素流失,降低库区农田土壤污染和水体富营养化风险具有可行性.     

化肥减量配施生物炭和秸秆增加了坡耕地壤中流磷流失风险

紫色土坡耕地是中国西南地区的重要农耕用地,也是三峡库区农业非点源污染的主要来源地之一,采取合理的措施控制其土壤养分流失对该区域非点源污染治理具有重要意义.以紫色土坡耕地为研究对象,通过3 a(2018～2020年)大田试验,设置不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(CF)、优化施肥(OF)、生物炭+优化施肥减量15%(BF)和秸秆+优化施肥减量15%(SF)这5个处理,对自然降雨条件下坡耕地地表径流(0～20 cm)和壤中流(20～60 cm)磷流失规律进行监测与评估.结果表明,施肥减少了紫色土坡耕地产沙量和地表径流流失通量,但增加了壤中流流失通量.地表径流正磷酸盐(PO^3-₄-P)、全磷(TP)和颗粒态磷(PP)总流失通量以BF处理最高,SF处理最低.各施肥处理壤中流磷流失通量均高于CK处理,且PO^3-₄-P和TP流失通量以BF处理最高(213.88 g·hm^-2和694.54 g·hm^-2),其次为OF和SF处理.冗余分析(RDA)结果表明,地表径流流失通量和生物...     

生物炭施用对紫色土旱坡地土壤氮流失形态及通量的影响

明确生物炭施用对紫色土旱坡地土壤氮流失形态及通量的影响,为提升紫色土旱坡地耕地质量及减少紫色土旱坡地农业面源污染发生风险提供科学依据.以油菜/玉米轮作农田生态系统为研究对象,通过田间试验,研究了不施肥(对照)、常规施肥、优化施肥及生物炭(化肥减量配施生物炭)这4个处理对紫色土旱坡地地表径流和壤中流氮素流失形态及通量的影响.结果表明:①在各施肥处理中,常规处理总径流量最大,为16 133 L·a~(-1),生物炭处理总径流量最小,为11 893 L·a~(-1).各施肥处理以壤中流为主要径流方式,壤中流流失量占总流失量的61.80%～68.60%;与对照(不施肥处理)相比,其余各施肥处理泥沙流失量均有所降低,其中常规处理降低的效果最明显.②铵态氮主要通过地表径流流失,占总流失通量的86.51%～96.58%;铵态氮流失通量最大的为施生物炭处理[0.69 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1)].③各施肥处理产流中的颗粒态氮浓度均高于对照处理,且常规施肥处理的颗粒态氮流失通量最大,为2.87 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1).④各施肥处理的壤中流和地表径流中的全氮浓度和硝态氮浓度均存在极显著正相关关系(P0.01).硝态氮是全氮流失的主要形态,且二者均以壤中流为主要流失途径;全氮通过壤中流流失占比为72.86%～89.13%,且常规施肥处理的全氮总流失通量最大,为35.58 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),而施生物炭处理全氮总流失通量最小,为21.49 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1).化肥减量配施生物炭能明显降低径流量和氮的流失通量,可有效阻控农业面源污染发生的风险.     

不同施肥条件下紫色土旱坡地可溶性有机碳流失特征

明确紫色土旱坡地可溶性有机碳在不同施肥条件下的流失特征,得出最佳的养分管理方式,对提升三峡库区的耕地质量、维持土壤碳平衡和减轻土壤碳流失造成的环境污染具有重要意义.在中国科学院三峡库区水土保持与环境研究试验站内设置标准化径流小区,研究紫色土旱坡地在不同施肥处理［不施肥（CK）、常规施肥（常规）、优化施肥（优化）、85%优化施肥配施生物炭（生物炭）和85%优化施肥配施秸秆（秸秆）］条件下的产流产沙情况和土壤有机碳的流失特征.结果表明：①壤中流径流量占径流总量（径流包括地表径流和壤中流）的52.84%~92.23%,壤中流可溶性有机碳（DOC）流失通量占DOC总流失通量的43.64%~87.35%,壤中流是雨季径流的主要方式和土壤DOC流失的主要途径.②秸秆处理的地表径流量、产沙量、地表径流DOC流失通量和泥沙有机碳流失通量较优化处理分别降低了30.39%、39.41%、28.71%和23.97%,壤中流径流量和壤中流DOC流失通量较优化处理略有升高.生物炭处理的产流产沙量、地表径流DOC流失通量、壤中流DOC流失通量和泥沙有机碳流失通量均显著高于优化处理.③ DOC流失通量占土壤有机碳总流失通量的99.31%~99.94%,DOC是紫色土旱坡地土壤有机碳流失的主要形式,各处理的DOC流失通量呈现：生物炭 > 优化 > 秸秆 > 常规 > CK.④生物炭和秸秆处理的SOC含量较优化处理分别提高了95.79%和32.16%.85%优化施肥配施秸秆能显著减少紫色土旱坡地的地表径流量、泥沙流失量和土壤有机碳流失通量,同时提高土壤有机碳含量,是紫色土旱坡地的最佳养分管理方式.     

自然降雨条件下红壤坡地磷素随径流垂向分层输出特征

为研究自然降雨条件下红壤坡地磷素径流输出特征,采用野外大型土壤水分渗漏装置对活地被物覆盖、死地被物敷盖和裸露对照这3种处理的地表径流、壤中流和地下径流的磷素输出开展了为期一年的试验观测.结果表明:(1)3种处理下径流总磷和可溶性磷浓度变化趋势总体表现为地表径流略高于壤中流,并随着土层深度的增加有降低趋势;总磷累积输出量大小排序为裸露(1.61 kg·hm~(-2))敷盖(1.33 kg·hm~(-2))覆盖(0.82 kg·hm~(-2));(2)裸露对照坡地磷素输出以地表径流为主要途径,占总磷径流输出总量的57%,壤中流和地下径流输出量分别占6%和37%;有覆盖和敷盖措施的坡地磷素输出以地下径流为主,占总磷径流输出总量的71%以上,而地表径流输出量则不足14%;(3)各处理中地表径流、壤中流和地下径流磷素输出均以颗粒态为主,占磷输出总量的64%~97%.地下径流是红壤坡地磷素流失不可忽视的重要通道,覆盖和敷盖措施可控制磷素径流流失总量,但未能显著降低磷素径流流失浓度.     

减磷配施有机肥对紫色土旱坡地磷素流失的消减效应

采用野外径流小区对紫色土旱坡地2014年雨季(5~8月)3次典型降雨产流进行定点监测,研究了优化施肥(P)、优化施肥+猪粪有机肥(MP)、优化施肥+秸秆还田(SP)、优化施肥量氮磷钾均减20%+猪粪有机肥(MDP)、优化施肥量氮磷钾均减20%+秸秆还田(SDP)、不施磷肥(P0)等不同方案对紫色土旱坡地地表径流和壤中流磷素流失的影响.结果表明,壤中流是雨季径流主要输出途径,而次降雨地表径流总磷(TP)平均含量和流失负荷都远高于壤中流;地表径流磷素流失是紫色土旱坡地雨季磷素流失主要方式.发现减磷配施有机肥对紫色土旱坡地坡面径流中磷素流失有显著消减效应,SDP、MDP分别比优化施肥P的总磷含量降低57%和48%,配施秸秆效果好于配施猪粪有机肥.次降雨磷素平均流失负荷为0.01~0.26kg·hm~(-2),磷素平均流失负荷表现为PMPSPMDPSDPP0.减磷配施猪粪和秸秆有机肥对土壤磷素地表径流损失具有显著消减效应,但增加壤中流磷素淋失风险.     

人工模拟降雨条件下紫色土坡地生物可利用磷的输出

采用人工模拟降雨研究了不同坡度和降雨强度条件下紫色土坡地的磷素迁移方式和规律.结果表明,降雨强度和坡度越大, 颗粒态生物可利用磷(BPP)输出值越大.壤中流BPP 浓度为地表径流BPP 输出浓度的30%~45%;壤中流可在一定程度上减缓地表径流和生物可利用磷(BAP)的输出;地表径流和壤中流水溶性磷(DP)输出无显著差异, BPP 与BAP 浓度比在80%以上; BPP 主要通过泥沙以径流方式迁移,壤中流的少量泥沙是壤中流BPP 迁移的主要途径; BAP 输出浓度和径流量的关系显著相关.暴雨易引起BAP 和泥沙的大量迁移,表明强度大的降雨可能给水体环境带来更大的压力.     

侵蚀程度差异诱发的坡面产流-产沙-总磷流失特征

为了研究不同侵蚀程度下土壤坡面产流产沙及携磷流失特征,以浙江省湖州市安吉县风化花岗岩母质上发育的坡地土壤为研究对象,选择侵蚀强度不同的出露土层(分别为砂土层(A组)和红土层(B组))两组土壤进行人工模拟降雨试验.结果表明:坡地磷素流失主要以侵蚀泥沙为主,径流携磷流失中以地表径流携带流失为主,壤中流磷素流失量较小;由于土壤机械组成、容重的差异,B组土壤壤中流流量及其携磷流失量远小于A组土壤壤中流流量及其携磷流失量;雨强对坡面径流中磷素流失浓度的影响明显,坡面径流和壤中流磷素流失浓度相差极大;两组土壤坡面径流量受雨强的影响基本一致,均为150 mm·h~(-1)120 mm·h~(-1) 90 mm·h~(-1) 60 mm·h~(-1)30 mm·h~(-1),不同的是红土层土壤坡面径流产流量较大且变幅小;随雨强增加两组土壤壤中流变化特征差异明显,红土层土壤在不同雨强下的壤中流流量排序为90 mm·h~(-1)120 mm·h~(-1) 60 mm·h~(-1) 30 mm·h~(-1)150 mm·h~(-1),砂土层土壤在不同雨强下的壤中流流量排序为150 mm·h~(-1)120 mm·h~(-1) 90 mm·h~(-1) 60 mm·h~(-1)30 mm·h~(-1);侵蚀泥沙富集较小颗粒(粉粒、粘粒)和磷素,其磷含量均高于试验用土磷含量;雨强越大,土壤细颗粒含量越高,侵蚀泥沙产量越大.     

紫色土旱坡地油菜/玉米轮作下氮流失的年际变化特征

明确三峡库区紫色土旱坡地氮流失的年际变化特征,为库区的施肥管理措施和面源污染治理提供参考.依托中国科学院成都山地灾害与环境研究所三峡库区试验站,于2018～2020年连续3 a设置不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(F)、优化施肥(OF)、化肥减量配施生物炭(BF)和化肥减量配施秸秆覆盖(SF)5种处理,研究紫色土旱坡地在油菜-玉米轮作模式下氮流失的年际变化特征.结果表明：(1)三峡库区紫色土旱坡地地表径流主要发生在5月和8月,壤中流主要发生在6～10月. 2018～2020年降雨量逐年增加,各处理地表径流产流量逐年减少,壤中流产流量大致呈逐年增加的趋势,年尺度下,壤中流产流量和产流次数均高于地表径流.(2)2018～2020年每年各形态氮的最高流失浓度出现时间大概一致,地表径流全氮、铵态氮和硝态氮最高流失浓度分别出现在5、 8～10和7月,壤中流各形态氮最高流失浓度分别出现在10、 10和5～7月.(3)地表径流各形态氮流失通量呈逐年降低趋势,壤中流各形态氮流失通量大致逐年增加.(4)生物炭和秸秆还田第一年降低氮流失通量的效果较好,但后续两年还田反而加剧了氮素流失通量.因此,三峡库区紫色土旱坡...     

三峡库区石盘丘小流域氮磷输出形态及流失通量

小流域作为三峡库区非点源污染源头,是缓解水体水质恶化的重点防控对象.在三峡库区选取具有多种土地利用类型的石盘丘小流域为研究对象,对流域出水口断面水量水质进行连续监测,分析了小流域氮、磷污染物随降雨径流流失的浓度及形态变化特征,并计算小流域的污染物流失通量,分析影响氮、磷养分流失的主要人为和自然因素,对农业非点源污染特别是三峡库区的农业非点源污染研究具有相当重要的现实意义.结果表明,流域降雨量随季节变化明显,降雨多分布在4～6月,为小流域氮、磷流失的主要输出时期,占全年总氮、总磷负荷的58.94%和67.60%.石盘丘小流域年径流总量为8.02×10~4 m~3,总氮年流失通量为5.04 kg·hm~(-2),其中以硝态氮(2.54 kg·hm~(-2))为流失主体;输出总磷为0.534 kg·hm~(-2),可溶性总磷(0.422kg·hm~(-2))占总磷流失通量的79.00%.因此,对于石盘丘小流域来说,需要注意防范施肥和降雨期重合时水田氮磷流失.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.