不同施氮水平对玉米产量、氮素利用效率及土壤无机氮含量的影响

通过研究不同施氮水平对玉米产量、氮素利用率及土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)和铵态氮(NH4+-N)残留量的影响,为氮肥的合理利用提供依据.在黑龙江省农业科学院科技园区布置田间小区试验,结果显示:玉米产量随施氮量增加而增加,施氮量为165 kg·hm-2时,氮肥利用率最高,当施氮量高于165 kg·hm-2,产量反而有降低的趋势,过量施氮也并不能增加玉米对氮素的吸收,因而氮素利用率也随施氮量的增加而降低.玉米收获后土壤剖面无机态氮质量分数的变化因施氮量的不同而表现出差异,0~80 cm土层硝态氮积累量随氮肥输入量的增加而显著增加,以表层(0~40 cm)硝态氮质量分数最高,中间层(60~80 cm)质量分数最低,100 cm以下土层以施氮量为165 kg·hm-2的处理土壤硝态氮积累量最低,降低了硝态氮淋溶风险;铵态氮的质量分数相对较低,不同的施氮量对土壤铵态氮质量分数的影响主要在0~20 cm土层,铵态氮质量分数与施氮量并无显著的相关关系.综合考虑玉米产量、氮素利用率与生态环境效益,以165 kg·hm-2(优化施氮量)为最佳氮肥施用量.     

不同施肥模式对华北平原小麦-玉米轮作体系产量及土壤硝态氮的影响

为了探索培育高产粮田的施肥模式,实现氮肥资源的高效利用与环境效益,以华北平原的小麦（Triticum aestivum）-玉米（Zea mays L.）轮作体系作为研究对象,通过2007─2011年4个轮作季,探讨不同的施肥模式对作物产量和土壤硝态氮的影响。试验以处理A（当地传统管理）作为对照,从测土确定施肥量、按作物生长发育明确施肥时期、合理分配各时期的养分配比及增施有机肥等方面改变传统施肥模式,设置3种高产施肥培育模式,分别为处理B（现有高产田推荐管理）、处理C（高肥料投入管理）和处理D（水肥高效管理）,进行田间小区试验。4个轮作季的总产量以处理D为最高,达75430 kg·hm-2,其次是处理C为75166 kg·hm-2,当地传统的产量最低。冬小麦季的吸氮量为处理C和D显著高于A处理,分别高出444.78 kg·hm-2和310.20 kg·hm-2,但与处理B无显著差异;处理D在夏玉米季的吸氮量为776.75 kg·hm-2,显著高于处理A。处理B的氮肥偏生产力值最高为38.21,处理D为36.71,处理A和C均为28.33。各处理经过4个轮作季后,土壤硝态氮均在120-160 cm出现累积峰,A、B、C和D的硝态氮峰值分别为58.65、28.98、105.89、45.29 mg·kg-1。在0-100cm土层,处理B的硝态氮累积量达到144.22 kg·hm-2,显著高于处理A、C、D;所有处理在100-200 cm土层均出现较高的硝态氮累积,处理C高达1021.19 kg·hm-2;0-400 cm的土壤硝态氮累积量分别为724.27、711-92、1324.30、730.70 kg·hm-2。处理A、B、C、D在耕层土壤氮素的表观损失分别为1298.95、653.18、1236.39和718.43 kg·hm-2,处理B、D显著低于处理A、C,D和B间差异不显著。因此,处理D是培育高产的理想施肥模式,合理的施肥量、科学的施肥时期以及有机无机的合理配比是达到高产、提高肥效和环境友好的关键。     

高产田养分平衡及其环境风险特征研究

选择连续四年产量20000kg·hm-2以上的高产田为研究对象,并以当地常规农田为对照,分析了秸秆还田条件下冬小麦-夏玉米高产轮作体系中养分平衡及环境风险特征。结果表明,高产田和常规农田的氮、磷、钾素在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中都有盈余,分别盈余130和202、122和162、315和119kg·hm-2。高产田氮素和磷素的盈余量小于常规农田,钾素盈余量高于常规农田。在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系的各生育期,高产田0～100cm土体硝态氮均存在大量累积,小麦季大于玉米季,高产田大于常规农田,存在较高的淋溶风险。土壤电导率均小于土壤盐渍化的临界值,尚未出现土壤盐渍化的现象。     

华北平原夏玉米季化肥氮去向及土壤氮库盈亏定量化探索

为提高华北平原夏玉米种植体系的氮肥利用率、减少氮肥对环境的污染,对前人的15N示踪试验数据进行整理核算,分析肥料氮、作物氮、土壤氮三者之间的关系,探明夏玉米季化肥氮的去向及土壤氮库的盈亏情况。结果表明：华北平原地区玉米产量最高时施氮量平均为190 kg·hm-2;秸杆吸氮量高于籽粒,且吸氮量随施氮量增加而升高,土壤残留量和损失量有随施氮量增加而增加的趋势;土壤氮库盈亏量与施氮量之间呈现线性极显著正相关,在秸秆50%和100%还田的两种条件下,施氮量为198 kg·hm-2和137 kg·hm-2时,土壤氮库达到平衡;推荐施氮条件下夏玉米对氮肥的吸收利用率远高于传统施氮,过量施氮会引起作物产量和氮肥利用率降低的负效应,增加土壤氮素残留和损失;施氮量在40~360 kg·hm-2范围内时,3种秸秆处理方式下,氮肥各去向绝对量与施氮量之间均呈显著线性相关关系;而氮肥各去向比率与施氮量之间只有地上部吸收率和籽粒吸收率与施氮量之间呈显著线性相关关系。由此,明确了华北平原夏玉米合理施氮量：秸秆50%还田时,为198 kg·hm-2;秸秆100%还田时,为137 kg·hm-2,揭示了华北平原夏玉米施氮量与土壤氮库盈亏量呈线性极显著正相关。这为确定华北平原夏玉米合理施氮量,提高氮肥利用率,避免肥料浪费及其对环境的危害提供了理论依据。     

秸秆与氮肥配施对辽西旱区土壤酶活性与土壤养分的影响

通过田间试验研究了玉米（Zea mays L.）秸秆与氮肥配施对耕层土壤酶活性及土壤养分的影响。试验设4个秸秆还田量水平,2个施氮量水平。结果表明：在秸秆配施氮肥条件下,耕层土壤中性磷酸酶、脲酶、转化酶和过氧化氢酶活性以及有机质和全氮质量分数均表现为随着玉米秸秆还田量的增加而提高,而硝态氮（3NO-N）和铵态氮（＋4NH-N）质量分数则表现为随着玉米秸秆还田量的增加而减少,4种土壤酶活性与土壤有机质和全氮质量分数均呈显著正相关,与土壤硝态氮和铵态氮质量分数则呈显著负相关。玉米秸秆还田量9 000 kg.hm-2配施氮肥量420 kg.hm-2是辽西风沙半干旱区效果较好的技术措施。     

农田浅层土壤氮素空间分布研究

采用田间随机抽样法研究了麦田氮素的空间分布规律。从均值看,硝态氮在土壤0~20 cm表层大量累积,20~40 cm层锐减,下层变化减慢;土层中铵态氮含量低且表现出不同层次间的稳定性。小麦生长期间灌溉显著影响土壤中硝态氮的分布:与不灌水土壤样本相比较,灌溉大大降低了表层土壤硝态氮的累积量。土壤全氮0~20 cm层明显高于20~40 cm层。     

施肥对华北高产区土壤NO-3-N淋失与作物NO-3-N含量及产量的影响

利用4a的平衡施肥定位试验，研究太行山山前平原高产区冬小麦、夏玉米轮作制度下施肥对潮褐土中硝态氮的分布、移动、积累、植株吸收以及作物产量的影响。结果表明，土壤剖面中硝态氮含量与施肥量直接相关，过量施用氮肥使硝态氮在土壤中大量积累并向下层快速移动；氮磷对作物的养分供应存在着既相互促进又相互竞争的关系，施用适量磷肥可以促进小麦、玉米对氮素的吸收，提高作物产量，减少氮素在土壤中积累和淋失，但施磷量太高，由于氮磷之间的竞争作用，作物吸氮量反而下降，从而导致土壤中硝态氮的积累和淋失加剧，施用钾肥抑制了土壤硝态氮积累，促进了两季作物植株对氮素的吸收，从减少土壤硝态氮积累和淋失的角度，提出该区合理的施肥配比为组合N2P2K2，即ρA(N)=200kg hm^-2，ρA(P)=32．5kg hm^-2，ρA(K)=150kg hm^-2。图6参13。     

秸秆还田下晚播稻茬麦适宜施氮量研究

研究了前荏水稻秸秆全量还田条件下,不同施氮水平(0、90、180、270和360 kg·hm-2)对晚播小麦土壤矿质氮积累、秸秆氮释放、氮素平衡特征和产量的影响.结果表明,基肥施用提高了越冬期0～ 30 cm土壤矿质氮量,追施氮肥提高了开花期0～15 cm土壤矿质氮量.施氮量高于180 kg· hm-2时会造成小麦成熟后土壤矿质氮量的显著增加.氮平衡分析结果表明,小麦全生育期氮素净矿化量为48 kg· hm-2;随施氮水平的增加,秸秆氮释放量、植株氮积累量、土壤矿质氮残留量和氮表观损失量均随之增加;N90、N180、N270和N360处理氮表观损失率分别为27.9％、37.6％、43.2％和47.6％;N90处理损失量以播种至越冬期最高,其余处理均以开花至成熟期最高.适量增施氮肥有利于提高籽粒产量,但施氮量若超过180 kg·hm-2,增产效果则不显著.综合考虑,水稻秸秆全量还田条件下氮肥施用量为180 kg·hm-2有利于兼顾晚播小麦生产和生态效益.     

灌淤土施氮后土壤硝态氮的动态变化

通过室内模拟试验，探讨不同水分条件下灌淤土施用不同氮肥后硝态氮随时间的变化规律，并在田间条件下，测定不同氮肥形态和数量对土壤硝态氮含量的影响。灌淤土施氮后土壤硝态氮含量变化与土壤含水量及氮肥种类有关。施肥9d后，土壤中的硝态氮迅速增加；土壤水分低于田间持水量的50％或水分过饱和都明显影响灌淤土的硝化作用；施用大颗粒尿素产生的硝态氮最少，淋失或流失的几率小。灌淤土土体中硝态氮的残留与施氮种类及数量有直接关系。施肥使土壤表层硝态氮显著增加，施用大颗粒尿素尤为突出，但施大颗粒尿素后，60cm土体中残留的硝态氮总量最少。随着施氮量增加，表层土体中硝态氮含量增加。合理的施肥水平一般不会造成硝态氮的大量累积，而过量施氮则导致硝态氮明显积累，对通气透水性好的灌淤土，容易造成硝态氮淋失。     

不同氮水平下夏玉米农田土壤呼吸动态变化及碳平衡研究

为探讨氮肥对华北平原高产农田土壤呼吸动态变化及其碳平衡的影响,试验设计了习惯施氮量(N228,228 kg·hm-2)、2/3习惯施氮量(N152,152 kg·hm-2)和不施氮(N0)3个处理,采用密闭静态箱法研究了不同施氮水平下夏玉米生长季农田的土壤呼吸速率季节变化、土壤呼吸与地温等环境因素的关系以及农田系统的碳平衡。结果表明,夏玉米农田土壤呼吸速率均值和土壤呼吸释放的总碳量分别为C 98.8-115.9 mg·m-2.h-1和C 2 232.3-2 524.2 kg·hm-2。与处理N0相比,处理N152(N 152kg·hm-2)和N225(N 225 kg·hm-2)的土壤呼吸速率均值分别增加了10.2%和17.4%,土壤呼吸释放的总碳量分别增加了6.74%和13.1%。地温(5 cm)和土壤含水量(0-10 cm)分别与土壤呼吸速率呈指数和二次曲线关系,R2均达显著水平。其中地温(5 cm)解释了土壤呼吸季节变化的55.9%-67.0%,而土壤含水量(0-10 cm)可解释土壤呼吸季节变化的25.3%-59.3%。土壤呼吸的温度敏感系数Q10在2.05-2.23之间,且随着施氮水平的提高而增加。处理N0、N152(N 152 kg·hm-2)和N228(N 228kg·hm-2)的土壤含水量分别是22.5%、22.7%和23.3%时,土壤呼吸速率达最高值,超过此阈值,土壤呼吸速率均呈下降的趋势。夏玉米农田系统是大气二氧化碳(CO2)重要的汇,净初级生产力(NPP)固碳量和农田系统的净碳输入(NEP)分别为C 6 829.1-8 950.2 kg·hm-2和C 4 898.2-6 766.8 kg·hm-2。处理N152(N 152 kg·hm-2)和N228(N 228 kg·hm-2)与处理N0相比,NPP固碳量分别增加了24.8%和131.1%,NEP分别增加了31.9%和38.1%。     

Hg2+胁迫下玉米生理生态变化的研究

通过砂培实验,研究汞胁迫下玉米的生理生态指标包括叶绿素含量、根系活力、游离脯氨酸含量的变化.结果表明,汞对玉米的胁迫是浓度和时间双重因子的作用在低汞浓度、短时间内,叶绿素含量、根系活力及游离脯氨酸含量均有上升的趋势;在高汞浓度、长时间内,各生理指标均严重下降.各生理指标对汞的敏感度略有差异游离脯氨酸含量>根系活力>叶绿素含量;其中脯氨酸含量可以作为汞污染的一个监测指标.     

新型除草剂硝磺草酮在玉米和土壤中的残留及降解行为

利用高效液相色谱及田间试验方法,建立了硝磺草酮在土壤、玉米和植株中残留分析方法,研究了硝磺草酮在土壤和植株中的消解动态规律以及玉米中的最终残留状况.研究结果表明,在0.1—2.0 mg.kg-1质量浓度范围内,硝磺草酮的仪器响应值与质量浓度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数达到0.999以上.通过外标法定量(0.01—0.5 mg.kg-1),硝磺草酮在土壤、玉米和植株中的添加回收率分别达到75.10%—97.74%、80.08%—107.43%、86.49%—103.38%,其变异系数分别为4.01%—10.42%、3.44%—9.05%和3.06%—6.97%,在土壤、玉米和植株中硝磺草酮最低检出浓度均为0.001 mg.kg-1,该方法的灵敏度和回收率均可满足农药残留分析要求.在天津和南京开展的两年两地田间试验结果表明,硝磺草酮在土壤和植株中的残留消解动态规律符合一级动力学反应模型,硝磺草酮在土壤和植株中的残留消解半衰期分别为3.51—3.83 d和2.97—3.07 d.按推荐剂量和1.5倍推荐剂量在玉米上喷施10%硝磺草酮1次,在收获前20 d和收获时采集玉米样品,硝磺草酮最终残留量均低于方法最低检出浓度0.001 mg.kg-1.     

Effects of fertiliser and intercropping on cadmium uptake by maize

This study investigated the effect of fertilisation and intercropping on the uptake of cadmium (Cd) by maize plants (Zea mays L. var. Guangtian-2). Maize was intercropped with soybean, peanut, chickpea, alfalfa, adzuki bean, garden pea, amaranth, Chinese mustard, and flowering Chinese cabbage. The results showed that most legumes substantially enhanced Cd uptake by maize under different fertiliser treatments. Cd accumulation in the leaf tissues of maize was increased by garden pea to 1.5 times the amount in the control (maize alone) with PK fertiliser. Maize intercropped with garden pea absorbed 1225 μg plant^?1 Cd and transferred 925.9 μg plant^?1 Cd to above ground tissues. Adzuki bean proved as the most valuable intercrop for enhancing Cd extraction from soil by maize owing to its relatively large maize bioconcentration factor of 5.9 and large transfer factor of 0.47 in the no fertiliser treatment. The results suggest that legumes caused a greater effect than non-legumes on Cd concentration in maize under different fertilisers; application of NPK fertiliser had positive effects on Cd level in intercropped maize.     

Ultrastructure effects of omethoate and cypermethrin insecticides on maize seedlings

Increasing studies suggest that insecticides are one of the plant stress elements that affect plant growth and productivity by interfering with cell metabolic and biochemical activities. Here, we show that the application of commonly used pesticides omethoate and cypermethrin on maize (Zea mays L. cv. Luyu 9) seedling leaves resulted in adverse effects on leaf ultrastructure changes under laboratory conditions. Electron microscopic studies reveal that the topical application of organophosphorus insecticide omethoate causes direct injury of leaf ultrastructures including cell wall breakdown of abaxial epidermis cells, inner cells, stomata guard cells; degradation of mitochondrial membrane, and chloroplast envelope membrane; and abnormal changes of lamella arrangement of chloroplast. And the topical application of cypermethrin insecticide causes plasmolysis of cells of the adaxial epidermis, mitochondrial cristae are degraded, and loosen arranged lamella of amyloplasts. All these changes indicated that omethoate and cypermethrin are stress factors that caused adverse effects on plant ultrastructures and biochemical molecules.     

缓释微胶囊EDTA强化玉米提取土壤中铅铜的效应研究

将EDTA转化成具有缓释性能的微胶囊EDTA（Cap-EDTA）作为螯合剂,采用大宝山矿区周边重金属复合污染农田土壤进行重金属连续批浸提及盆栽试验,比较研究Cap-EDTA和未微胶囊化EDTA（Ncap-EDTA）对土壤铅铜活化的动态变化及其对玉米吸收提取铅铜的影响。结果表明：Cap-EDTA处理土壤溶液中初始增溶的铅铜质量分数显著低于Ncap-EDTA处理,且使土壤溶液中的铅铜质量分数长时间持续保持在适度范围内。添加Cap-EDTA的处理显著提高玉米吸收提取铅铜的效率,如实施3 mmol·kg-1的Cap-EDTA使玉米地上部Pb的积累高达1.26 mg·pot-1,是对照处理的1.9倍,是等量Ncap-EDTA处理的1.4倍。因此,在进行污染土壤植物修复的EDTA调控时,采用微胶囊化EDTA,能降低因直接实施EDTA而带来的污染地下水风险,且显著提高玉米修复效率。     

Copper distribution in chemical soil fractions and relationships with maize crop yield

Agricultural practices can lead to copper accumulation in soils and at high concentration it can become toxic for plants. One common toxic effect of copper on plants is a decrease of crop yield. Here, we studied 1) the crop yield of maize grown on plots of a soil intentionally enriched with copper sulphate and 2) the possible relationship between the copper concentration in chemical soil fractions and the maize crop yield. Anthropogenic copper is mainly bound to manganese oxides, to iron oxides and to the organic matter. Maize (Zea maize L.) was grown on outdoor experimental plots. The crop yield was evaluated for three development stages: the 6–10 leaf stage, the female flowering stage and the maturity stage, 2, 4 and 6 years after the soil copper enrichment. Strong crop yield reductions, proving a toxic effect of copper on maize growth were noted 2 years after the copper input at the maturity stage and 4 years after the copper input at the 6–10 leaf stage. Variations in maize crop yield are described with linear multiple regression equations including the variable copper content in soil, and other variables when needed such as soil pH, soil organic carbon level and the climatic variables, the precipitation rate and the ambient temperature. The crop yield study at the 6–10 leaf stage and at the female flowering stage does not provide significant regression equations, while the crop yield study at the maturity stage does. Request variables for the models are the total copper content or the copper bound to the organic matter and the meteorological data. Electronic Publication     

Effect of water and temperature on ammonia volatilization of maize straw returning

ABSTRACT

Ammonia volatilization is an important nitrogen (N) loss pathway in agricultural production and consequent significant atmospheric pollutant. The primary objective of this study was to (1) examine effects of environmental factors such as temperature and soil water capacity, as well as crop residue (CR) addition as fertilizer, on ammonia (NH₃) volatilization, and (2) search for a comprehensive management strategy to reduce accumulative ammonia volatilization (AAV). A bench-scale cultivated experiment was conducted at two environment temperatures (15 or 25 °C), three forms of soil water capacity (30%, 50%, or 70% soil field moisture capacity), and two treatments of fertilizers (conventional fertilizer urea and straw returning – 10% of total N application arising from maize straw and remainder from conventional urea). Results showed that AAV was markedly decreased by adjusting soil water capacity, temperature, and CR addition. Significant quantified exponential correlation between AAV and soil moisture was observed. More than 70% AAV was reduced in intermediate 50% and high 70% soil moisture compared to low 30%. AAV was less sensitive to temperature than soil moisture using black soils. Only in low soil moisture, AAV rose with increasing of temperature. Straw restoration addition decreased significantly the AAV loss.     

Modelling the outcrossing between genetically modified and conventional maize with equation discovery

Many studies explore the feasibility of co-existence between genetically modified (GM) and conventional (non-GM) crops. An important research topic in these studies is the process of outcrossing, i.e., the process of gene flow via pollen flow from GM to non-GM crops. In this paper, we address a new modelling approach to define the environmentally driven processes of outcrossing for maize from existing empirical datasets. In particular, we use equation discovery methodology that combines background knowledge and empirical data from several studies. We induce models that predict the degree of outcrossing rate between the donor (GM) and the recipient (non-GM) maize field from the distance between the fields and the local wind characteristics (speed, direction and duration). This results in highly accurate models, for which both variables (distance and wind) are essential and of roughly equal importance.     

Sequential extraction of copper from soils and relationships with copper in maize

We studied copper uptake by maize grown on soils that have been contaminated with CuSO₄. In soil the total copper level ranged from 24 to 135 mg kg^–1. The copper distribution in soil fractions was assessed by sequential extraction, showing that anthropogenic copper is mainly concentrated in oxides fractions. The copper concentration of maize at the maturity stage reached values from 36.3 to 65.9 mg kg^–1 compared to copper levels usually found in non-contaminated crops (5–30 mg kg^–1). Here we demonstrate that copper can be accumulated by maize and that copper concentration in maize can be predicted by equations including copper concentration of soil fractions.     

石灰对重金属铅影响玉米生长的抑制效应研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了在施用石灰改良的条件下,土壤重金属铅污染对玉米生长的影响。结果表明:土壤重金属铅污染质量分数越高,玉米吸收重金属铅越多,对玉米的生长影响越大。石灰对重金属铅影响玉米生长的抑制效应表现在株高、叶面积、根容积等,改良处理与单一铅污染的处理差异显著。玉米的不同部位对重金属铅吸收由多到少的顺序为根→茎、叶→籽实。