水泥窑炉SNCR脱硝技术探析

我国氮氧化物(NOx)减排任重道远,水泥行业是第3排放大户,江苏科行集团和清华大学承担了水泥窑炉脱硝国家科技支撑计划重点项目,解决选择性非催化还原(SNCR)脱硝技术在水泥窑炉应用的关键问题,开发具有自主知识产权的SNCR脱硝成套技术.SNCR工艺被认为是目前可用于水泥工业回转窑上的最好技术,水泥窑炉SNCR工艺必须具备一定的条件.SNCR系统烟气脱硝过程是由4个基本过程完成,影响SNCR脱硝效率的主要因素有:温度区间、停留时间、氨氮比.水泥窑SNCR脱硝难点在于环境,气氛对钙基颗粒的作用也有影响.     

武汉地区水泥厂脱硝排放现状及分析

随着水泥行业的快速发展,水泥窑尾气NOx的排放占NOx总排放的比例不断增大,水泥行业的脱硝迫在眉睫。论文依据武汉市环境监测中心对某水泥厂熟料生产线脱硝技术改造项目的监测数据,针对武汉地区水泥行业选择性非催化还原法(SNCR)脱硝的应用状况、技术特点及主要因素进行综合分析,旨在为武汉市环境保护管理部门提供武汉地区水泥行业氮氧化物减排和监管的科学依据和参考。     

贵州省水泥行业脱硝SCR和SNCR技术选择建议

简要介绍贵州水泥行业NOx排放和脱硝现状,本文简述了脱硝SCR和SNCR技术工艺特点,希望能针对贵州省建成和新建水泥熟料新型干法生产线脱硝项目起到参考和借鉴。为环境管理部门"十二五"完成NOx减排任务提供参考。     

某5000t/d新型干法水泥生产线铠装化SNCR脱硝设备应用

针对目前新型干法水泥行业脱硝技术的快速需求,设计研发了有效缩短施工周期的"铠装化SNCR脱硝设备"系列产品,铠装化设备将输送、计量、调节、混合等工艺集成化,将原SNCR施工模式通过铠装的方式产品化、规范化、标准化和模块化。产品应用于某5 000 t/d新型干法水泥生产线,系统运行168 h,出口浓度稳定在260 mg/m3以下,NOx去除效率稳定在67%左右,最高去除率达72%,满足去除效率60%的排放要求。     

SNCR脱硝技术在循环流化床锅炉的应用

介绍了某电厂循环流化床锅炉SNCR(选择性非催化还原)脱硝系统的脱硝原理、基本构成及应用效果,测试结果表明,循环流化床锅炉选用SNCR脱硝技术可以达到新的火电厂污染物排放标准中的NOx排放要求。     

燃煤电厂SNCR脱硝技术浅析

文章介绍了较为典型的电厂脱硝技术选择性、非催化还原法（SNCR）,简述其脱硝工艺和反应原理,对脱硝效率和其影响因素等方面进行了浅要分析,总结了SNCR脱硝技术的优缺点,对燃煤电厂的脱硝工艺选择有一定参考意义。     

SNCR 脱硝技术在燃煤电厂的应用

介绍了电厂脱硝技术选择性非催化还原法(SNCR),简述其脱硝工艺和反应原理,对脱硝效率和其影响因素等方面进行了分析,总结了SNCR脱硝技术的优缺点,可作为燃煤电厂脱硝工艺的参考。     

水泥炉窑中低温催化脱硝技术中试性能

利用中低温SCR脱硝技术路线对水泥窑炉进行深度脱硝,设计建设了烟气处理量为10000m³/h的SCR中试实验装置,考察了在SNCR装置后烟气中未能反应的NH₃进一步在SCR（selective catalytic reduction）装置的脱硝效果,并分析了不同入口NO_x浓度对脱硝率的影响.结果表明,所研究的水泥厂仅采用SNCR（selective non-catalytic reduction）和低氮燃烧技术,能够将烟气中的NO_x控制在100~135mg/Nm³,在不喷氨的状态下SCR系统的脱硝效率可达到50%以上,说明SNCR反应存在着一定懂得氨逃逸;在SCR系统补充喷射氨气后,SCR脱硝效率有显著的提升,可提到至80%以上.通过低氮燃烧、SNCR与SCR等脱硝技术的联合使用,可将水泥炉窑烟气中NO_x的排放浓度控制在50mg/Nm³以内,满足超低排放要求;将经过较长时间稳定运行后催化剂从系统中取出,进行成分、孔径分布和脱硝活性对比,结果表明催化剂内部微孔会被部分堵塞,导致比表面积降低,但经吹扫处理催化剂的脱硝效率可恢复,说明催化剂在水泥窑炉烟气条件下长期运行未出现中毒现象.     

提高水泥企业脱硝运行管理水平研究与实践

水泥行业控制NOx排放的成效直接关系到总量减排目标和环境空气质量,应依据先进生产工艺技术和可行污染控制措施,确定合理的排放限值。建成运行的脱硝示范项目均采用SNCR技术,为提高脱硝设施运行效率和管理水平,应从宣传教育、制度建设、施工管理、日常管理、检修维护等方面做好工作,切实加强对脱硝设施的运行监管。     

SNCR脱硝技术在480t/h循环流化床锅炉上的应用

介绍某电厂480 t/h循环流化床锅炉SNCR脱硝系统的脱硝原理、基本构成及应用效果。测试结果表明,循环流化床锅炉选用SNCR技术可以实现很低的NOx排放值,满足最严格的NOx排放法规要求,考虑到循环流化床锅炉原始NOx排放水平较低,SNCR系统由于设备简单、结构紧凑、成本低廉,因此更适宜于循环流化床锅炉电厂。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.