Metabolically active Crenarchaeota in Altamira Cave

Altamira Cave contains valuable paleolithic paintings dating back to 15,000 years. The conservation of these unique paintings is attracting increasing interest, and so, understanding microbial proliferation in Altamira Cave represents a prioritary objective. Here, we show for the first time that members of the Crenarchaeota were metabolically active components of developing microbial communities. RNA was extracted directly from the studied environment, and a number of 16S rRNA gene sequences belonging to the low-temperature Crenarchaeota were detected. Although low-temperature Crenarchaeota detected in a variety of ecosystems by using molecular techniques remain uncultured, this RNA-based study confirms an active participation of the Crenarchaeota in cave biogeochemical cycles.     

太湖湖西洞天福地

太湖湖西苏皖浙交界地域 ,晚古生代—早中三叠世纪沉积的石灰岩发育 ,厚度大 ,质纯 ,加上滨临太湖 ,具有优越的地理和气候环境 ,因而形成数十个岩溶洞穴。著名者有 :宜兴南部善卷洞、张公洞、灵谷洞、幕蠡洞 ,广德北部太极洞和湖洲以北黄龙古洞和黄龙宫等洞天福地     

Impact of biocide treatments on the bacterial communities of the Lascaux Cave

The Lascaux Cave contains a remarkable set of paintings from the Upper Palaeolithic. Shortly after discovery in 1940, the cave was modified for public viewing and, in 2001, was invaded by a Fusarium solani species complex. Benzalkonium chloride was used from 2001 to 2004 to eliminate the fungal outbreak. In this study, we carried out a sampling in most of the cave halls and galleries. Sequence analysis and isolation methods detected that the most abundant genera of bacteria were Ralstonia and Pseudomonas. We suggest that, as a result of years of benzalkonium chloride treatments, the indigenous microbial community has been replaced by microbial populations selected by biocide application.     

On the origin of fiber calcite crystals in moonmilk deposits

In this study, we show that moonmilk subaerial speleothems in Altamira Cave (Spain) consist of a network of fiber calcite crystals and active microbial structures. In Altamira moonmilks, the study of the typology and distribution of fiber crystals, extracellular polymeric substances, and microorganisms allowed us to define the initial stages of fiber crystal formation in recent samples as well as the variations in the microstructural arrangement in more evolved stages. Thus, we have been able to show the existence of a relationship among the different types of fiber crystals and their origins. This allowed us to outline a model that illustrates the different stages of formation of the moonmilk, developed on different substrata, concluding that microbes influence physicochemical precipitation, resulting in a variety of fiber crystal morphologies and sizes.     

Microbial changes in rhizospheric soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons after bioremediation

Effects of bioremediation on microbial communities jn soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons are a scientific problem to be solved. Changes in dominate microbial species and the total amount of microorganisms including bacteria and fungi in rhizospheric soils after bioremediation were thus evaluated using field bioremediation experiments. The results showed that there were changed dominant microorganisms including ] ] bacterial strains which are mostly Gram positive bacteria and 6 fungal species which were identified. The total amount of microorganisms including bacteria and fungi increased after bioremediation of microbial agents combined with planting maize. On the contrary, fungi in rhizospheric soils were inhibited by adding microbial agents combined with planting soybean.     

岩性对喀斯特灌丛土壤固氮菌与丛枝菌根真菌群落结构及丰度的影响

运用末端限制性片段长度多态性(terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,T-RFLP)和荧光定量PCR(real-time PCR)法,检测喀斯特灌丛生态系统中不同岩性条件下土壤固氮菌与丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌群落结构与丰度的变化,揭示岩性对灌丛生态系统土壤中固氮菌与AM真菌群落结构与丰度的影响.结果表明不同岩性条件下,土壤固氮菌与AM真菌丰度存在显著差异,其中,固氮菌与AM真菌丰度在石灰岩土壤中最大,白云岩土壤中最小,石灰岩-白云岩夹层土壤介于两者之间;同样,不同岩性土壤中固氮菌与AM真菌群落结构存在显著性差异.土壤Olsen-P、有机碳、黏粒含量与固氮菌丰度存在显著正相关关系,而土壤全氮、黏粒含量与AM真菌丰度存在显著正相关.RDA分析表明,植物均匀度影响固氮菌群落组成结构,而植物均匀度、香农多样性指数及丰富度指数影响AM真菌群落组成结构.以上的研究结果表明:岩性主要是通过影响植物与土壤养分来影响土壤固氮菌与AM真菌群落组成结构及丰度.     

西安市秋冬季市区与山区微生物气溶胶组成特征及来源

为探究城市市区与山区微生物气溶胶组成特征及来源,在西安市市区(城区和郊区)及南郊山区设立3个采样点,采集细颗粒物、土壤及叶片样本.通过高通量测序法,解析不同采样点真菌与细菌群落结构,考察其时空变化特征;使用Source Track源解析技术对空气中微生物进行来源分析.结果表明,不同采样点真菌、细菌菌属差异较大,说明地理位置对空气中微生物的群落结构影响显著;冬季市区检测出较多的潜在真菌致病菌和细菌致病菌,且具有较高的相对丰度和多样性.通过源解析技术发现,在局部源叶片和土壤中,叶片表面微生物是空气中微生物的主要潜在源,且秋季叶片对空气中微生物的贡献率高于冬季.本研究不仅为空气中生物气溶胶的溯源研究提供了一定基础,也为深入了解大气中微生物污染特性和为我国空气环境质量评价与疾病预防提供一定的科学依据.     

石油污染土壤生物修复中外源微生物的影响

在室外条件下采用正交盆栽试验设计,以污染水平、细菌接种量、真菌接种量和有机肥添加量为调控因子,研究了石油污染土壤生物修复过程中外源专性微生物(细菌和真菌)接种对土壤中矿物油和美国EPA 16种多环芳烃(PAHs)降解的作用.结果表明,经过一个生长季(150d)各处理土壤中的细菌总量、真菌总量、PAH-降解细菌和PAH-降解真菌数量不受外源专性细菌和真菌初始接种量的影响(p＞0.05);有机肥促进土壤微生物数量的增长,其添加量与土壤细菌总量、真菌总量和PAH-降解细菌数量显著正相关(p＜0.05);实验结束时矿物油的去除率为58.8%～88.3%,PAHs的去除率为91.7%～97.8%,外源专性细菌和真菌的接种对矿物油和PAHs的降解无明显促进作用.     

狮子洞铀系测年与百色盆地第Ⅲ级阶地的年代

布兵盆地是广西百色盆地东南缘一小型附属盆地,狮子洞位于其南侧喀斯特峰林中,其内堆积由上部砂质粘土与下部砾石层构成,类似河流相二元结构。狮子洞与其周围分布广泛的河流第III阶地海拔高度相当,表明洞穴与阶地堆积时代的一致性。本文报道狮子洞内夹生于砂质粘土层次生碳酸盐岩样的铀系测年结果。位于砂质粘土与砾石层界面处的钙板,高精度质谱铀系年代为366±19ka。其左上1.4m贴附于洞壁突岩的石幔,质谱年代为517±42ka。鉴于具明确层位意义、纯净致密次生碳酸盐岩质谱铀系年代高度可信,并基于狮子洞堆积与布兵盆地第Ⅲ级阶地同时、附属盆地与主盆地同步发育的认识,这二个盆地第Ⅲ级阶地应在366～517ka间形成。本文结果对系统研究百色盆地地貌和旧石器文化演化具重要性。     

广东英德宝晶宫洞穴微环境时空变化特征及其主要影响因素探究

为进一步了解洞穴微环境与气候环境指标之间的相互联系,本文以广东英德宝晶宫溶洞为研究对象,对洞穴空气温度、相对湿度、CO_2浓度进行了为期42个月(2011年12月~2015年5月)实地监测,结果发现宝晶宫洞穴微环境存在明显的时空变化:近洞口处洞穴微环境季节性变化特征明显,而洞穴深处微环境季节变化显著变弱。洞穴微环境的变化主要受到外界气候和天气的变化以及通风效应的影响,前者是导致洞穴微环境季节性变化的主要原因,后者是导致洞穴微环境变化具有空间差异性的主要原因。此外洞穴结构和旅游活动也会对洞穴微环境变化产生影响。本研究结果表明,洞穴通风作用是影响洞穴微环境变化的重要过程之一,其对洞穴沉积气候环境指标的影响可能值得今后进一步深入研究。     

非灭菌条件下白腐真菌在反应器中的形态特征变化

揭示白腐真菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)在反应器中的形态变化有助于了解白腐真菌反应器难以连续运行问题的本质. 在耦合臭氧单元的反应器对酸性蓝45连续降解的过程中,考察了非固定化和固定化菌丝系统中白腐真菌的形态特性变化. 结果表明,在接种量为1 700 mg/L的非固定化系统中,染菌量为7.1×105 CFU/mL,平均脱色率为19%;但菌丝球形态不稳定,运行8~12 d时出现破裂、菌丝脱落、内容物大量流失,污染微生物的生长加剧. 在固定化系统中,接种量为1 700 mg/L时,染菌量降至8.4×104 CFU/mL,平均脱色率升至22%;接种量为4 300 mg/L时,染菌量降至4.7×104 CFU/mL,平均脱色率达29%. 在固定化菌丝系统中,白腐真菌的形态相对稳定,但21 d后,其稳定性降低,也出现了菌丝脱落现象,这与菌丝球或固定化菌丝的内部菌丝老化和自溶有关,可以考虑通过设计新载体从生物膜的内部和外部同时供给营养物和氧气解决该问题.      

神奇的火山洞穴

洞穴是一种重要的地质地貌现象和地貌类型 ,也是人类文明的摇篮。火山洞穴主要是指火山熔岩型洞穴 ,除此之外 ,还有构造 -差异风化洞穴和火山侵入岩崩塌堆叠型洞穴。它们在我国分布范围较广 ,各具不同的成因机理 ,旅游及科研价值巨大 ,极具开发潜力     

天然高寒草地转变为混播人工草地对土壤微生物群落特征的影响

为了研究天然高寒草地转变为混播人工草地对土壤微生物群落的影响,采用高通量测序技术分析了青海省共和县的天然以及由天然转变为混播人工草地样地土壤中的微生物群落.结果表明,天然草地转变为混播人工草地后植被物种多样性和土壤有机质含量显著下降(P<0.05).在两块样地共检测到29个细菌门和11个真菌门的微生物.天然草地转变为人工草地后,土壤细菌的多样性显著升高,细菌的香农指数从9.51增加到9.89;土壤真菌的多样性降低但差异不显著.与天然草地相比,人工草地的土壤细菌与真菌群落结构、组成均发生了明显的变化,细菌群落结构与总有机质的含量、总氮含量和土壤含水量显著相关,真菌群落结构与总有机质含量和土壤含水量显著相关.线性判别分析(LEfSe)结果表明,暗黑菌门细菌(Atribacteria)和子囊菌门真菌(Ascomycota)可作为天然草地的指示微生物类群,出芽菌属细菌(Gemmata)和发菌科真菌(Trichocomaceae)可作为人工草地的指示微生物类群.利用Tax4Fun2对细菌群落功能的预测发现,天然草地向人工草地的转变影响了细菌群落对不同碳源的利用潜力.     

城市黑臭水体空气微生物污染及健康风险

针对城市黑臭水体周边空气可能存在的微生物污染,在城市黑臭水体离岸一定范围内,对细菌、真菌、总微生物的污染特征及其对不同类型人群健康风险进行了研究.结果表明,城市黑臭水体离岸200 m范围内以细菌和真菌污染为主;静风条件下,离岸20 m范围内存在微生物浓度聚集现象;细菌、真菌、总微生物浓度上午较高,中午次之,下午较低;离岸200 m范围内,黑臭水体断面宽度与细菌、真菌、总微生物浓度有显著相关性;长居人群微生物健康风险主要集中在离岸100m范围内;同等离岸距离,短期暴露健康风险儿童最大,女性次之,男性短期暴露风险最小.     

Microbial ecology of the soils of Indian desert

A comprehensive study on the microbial ecology of Indian desert soils was carried out. Although different groups of microorganisms e.g., fungi, actinomycetes, bacteria, Azotobacter and nitrifying bacteria were present, but in relatively low numbers, there was considerable variation in numbers from one site to another within the desert as the physicochemical characters of the soils varied. Actinomycetes formed a high proportion of the total microflora. In the majority of the soils, 80% of the fungal population belonged to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium, while Gram-positive spore formers were the dominant group among bacteria. No significant decline in the population of microorganisms was observed during summer, in spite of high surface soil temperatures. Microbiological properties of these soils also varied depending on the type of land use pattern: grasslands, in general, supported higher numbers of microorganisms than three plantations, cultivated fields or barren land. Stabilization of shifting and sand dunes introduction of vegetation has markedly increased the soil microflora. In general the low organic matter content and poor moisture availability of desert soils were the major factors limiting optimum microbial activity.     

桂林甑皮岩洞穴的形成、演化及古人类文化遗址堆积浅议

研究发现甑皮岩（洞穴）新石器时代遗址文化层堆积不仅具有重要的古人类活动-史前文化研究价值,而且具有旅游观赏价值,是重要的史前文化遗产,是揭示和反映中华远古文明的典型代表。据洞穴石笋、钙华测年及年溶蚀率推测,桂林甑皮岩洞穴形成年代大约是在晚更新世时期。而据文化堆积层中的陶片、古动物化石测年、炭灰和孢粉记录表明,文化层从距...     

抚顺西露天油页岩可培养微生物的分离与鉴定

为了解油页岩中可培养微生物的多样性,利用稀释平板培养法对我国抚顺盆地西露天组油页岩中可培养微生物进行分离纯化,并对所获菌株进行16S rDNA(细菌)和rDNA ITS(真菌)序列测定和系统发育树分析.以营养琼脂培养基分离到8株细菌,以马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基分离到4株真菌.16S rDNA序列测定结果表明细菌菌株属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),赖氨酸芽孢杆菌属(Lysinibacillus),短杆菌属(Brevibacillus),类芽胞杆菌属(Paenibacillus)和红球菌属(Rhodococcus); rDNA ITS序列测定结果显示真菌菌株分别属于芽枝霉属(Cladosporium),曲霉属(Aspergillus),犁头霉属(Absidia)和正青霉属(Eupenicillium). 2株细菌(ZK4和ZK5)能够在以油页岩为唯一碳源和氮源的固体培养基上连续生长5代以上,且长势良好, 可作为油页岩生物转化的潜力菌株进行深入研究.     

贵州盘县平关镇仙人洞测量及成因探讨

实地测量了贵州盘县平关镇仙人洞双层水平洞穴系统,绘制了洞穴三相图,洞穴Ⅰ和洞穴Ⅱ长度为123m和85m。依据测量结果及区域地貌对该洞穴系统的成因及演化过程进行了综合分析,认为在岩层裂隙和节理不发育的情况下,岩溶水相对孤立,不存在统一的地下水面,岩层走向控制岩溶洞穴走向的发育。该水平洞穴系统不是早期小河的通道,其排泄区位于北部的沈家河,区域内早期未发生河流袭夺现象。依据洞穴通道特征认为该洞穴系统发育经历了深潜时期、渗流时期、干燥时期。     

兰州北山不同植被土壤可培养微生物丰度变化特征及影响因素

以黄土高原中部的兰州北山为对象,通过野外取样和室内分析,动态监测黄土高原半干旱区两种人工林地生态系统的微生物类群分布规律.结果表明：试验区环境因子差异较大,林地土壤含水量、有机碳、全氮均高于荒地.全磷随植被类型变化差异不显著,随季节变化差异显著.土壤温度夏季 > 秋季 > 春季 > 冬季,土壤容重与有机碳、全氮含量呈显著负相关.不同植被类型土壤微生物丰度四季变化趋势为：细菌 > 放线菌 > 真菌的分布规律.微生物类群总数整体表现为林地高于荒地.回归分析显示：土壤pH值与细菌数量、放线菌数量及微生物总数均呈显著正相关（P < 0.05）,而与真菌呈显著负相关（P < 0.05）;土壤容重与真菌数量呈显著负相关（P < 0.05）;土壤温度与细菌、真菌及微生物总数均表现出显著正相关（P < 0.05）.通径分析表明,pH值对细菌数量的直接通径系数最大,容重对真菌数量的直接通径系数最大,土壤含水量对放线菌数量直接通径系数最大.研究显示,兰州北山植被恢复区土壤的有机碳、全氮、全磷等林地高于荒地,表明植被恢复对微生物的数量与种类有影响,且混交林的造林方式适宜兰州北植被恢复.     

Reduction and characterization of bioaerosols in a wastewater treatment station via ventilation

Bioaerosols from wastewater treatment processes are a significant subgroup of atmospheric aerosols. In the present study,airborne microorganisms generated from a wastewater treatment station(WWTS) that uses an oxidation ditch process were diminished by ventilation.Conventional sampling and detection methods combined with cloning/sequencing techniques were applied to determine the groups,concentrations,size distributions,and species diversity of airborne microorganisms before and after ventilation. There were 3021 ± 537 CFU/m3 of airborne bacteria and 926 ± 132 CFU/m3 of airborne fungi present in the WWTS bioaerosol.Results showed that the ventilation reduced airborne microorganisms significantly compared to the air in the WWTS. Over 60% of airborne bacteria and airborne fungi could be reduced after4 hr of air exchange. The highest removal(92.1% for airborne bacteria and 89.1% for fungi) was achieved for 0.65–1.1 μm sized particles. The bioaerosol particles over 4.7 μm were also reduced effectively. Large particles tended to be lost by gravitational settling and small particles were generally carried away,which led to the relatively easy reduction of bioaerosol particles0.65–1.1 μm and over 4.7 μm in size. An obvious variation occurred in the structure of the bacterial communities when ventilation was applied to control the airborne microorganisms in enclosed spaces.