北京铺装道路交通扬尘排放规律研究

根据对北京82条城区道路和56条郊区铺装道路路面尘负荷的监测,依据AP-42交通扬尘排放因子模型,针对道路类型、车流量、道路位置等研究了北京交通扬尘的排放规律,分析了2种确定路面尘负荷的方法.结果表明,北京城区快速路、主干道、次干道和支路路面尘负荷分别为：0.17、0.34、1.48和2.60 g/m²,北京郊区国道、省道、县道、乡级路和县城内城市道路路面尘负荷分别为：0.18、0.56、1.58、3.10和1.58 g/m²;根据路面尘负荷与车流量及道路类型的相关性分析,在城区利用尘负荷与车流量的关系式对尘负荷进行赋值相关性较好,在郊区利用不同类型道路尘负荷平均值对道路尘负荷进行赋值相关性较好;路面尘负荷及排放因子随着车流量的增大而降低,而交通扬尘PM₁₀排放强度随车流量的增大而增强;城区主干道交通扬尘排放PM₁₀强度最大为130.2 kg/(km·d),郊区国道交通扬尘PM₁₀排放强度最大为43.8 kg/(km·d).     

珠江三角洲地区铺装道路扬尘排放因子与排放清单研究

对珠江三角洲地区不同等级道路共采集了65个道路扬尘样品,并调研了道路的车流量、车辆构成和道路长度等有关活动水平数据,采用美国环保署推荐的AP-42方法估算了该地区不同等级道路扬尘排放因子和排放量,并分析了道路扬尘排放的时空特征与不确定性范围.结果表明:高速公路、一级、二级、三级和四级道路尘负荷分别为1.05 g·m^-2、0.99 g·m^-2、1.30 g·m^-2、1.35 g·m^-2和1.45 g·m^-2;不同等级道路扬尘总悬浮颗粒物(Total Suspended Particulate,TSP)、PM₁₀和PM_2.5的平均排放因子分别为8.32 g·VKT^-1 (Grams per Vehicle Kilometer Traveled)、1.60 g·VKT^-1和0.39 g·VKT^-1,对应的排放量分别为2755.1×10³ t、528.8×10³ t和127.9×10³ t,其定量不确定性范围分别为-91.7%~175.1%、-91.6%~178.9%及-91.5%~176.5%.     

车辆限行对道路和施工扬尘排放的影响

采用降尘法对道路和施工扬尘排放进行连续监测,通过限行之前和限行期间数据分析,研究了“好运北京”体育赛事期间机动车交通限行措施对道路和施工扬尘的消减情况、道路和施工扬尘对北京大气环境颗粒物的贡献率、道路和施工扬尘源占本地颗粒物排放总量的比重.结果表明,车辆限行措施对降低道路和施工扬尘的效果明显;环路限行期间降尘量平均值为0.27 g·(m²·d)^-1,限行之前1个月和限行之前7d降尘量平均值为0.81和0.59 g·(m²·d)^-1,主干道和次干道限行期间降尘量平均值为0.21 g·(m²·d)^-1,限行之前1个月和限行之前7 d降尘量平均值为0.54和0.58 g·(m²·d)^-1,道路降尘量下降了60%～70%;限行期间民用建筑施工降尘量平均值为0.27 g·(m²·d)^-1,限行之前20 d为1.15 g·(m²·d)^-1,限行期间公用建筑施工降尘量平均值为1.06 g·(m²·d)^-1,限行之前20 d为1.55 g·(m²·d)^-1,施工降尘下降30%～47%;道路和施工扬尘是北京市颗粒物污染的主要来源,其对环境PM₁₀的贡献率为21%～36%;当本地污染源PM₁₀排放量占环境总量的50%和70%时,道路和施工扬尘PM₁₀排放量分别占本地污染源的42%～72%和30%～51%.     

基于积尘负荷的西安市铺装道路扬尘排放研究

近年来城市颗粒物污染问题日渐突出,严重影响着人们的环境幸福指数和对美好环境的期待.道路扬尘作为城市扬尘的重要组成部分,对颗粒物污染的贡献不容小觑.在此背景下,采用积尘负荷法采集西安市快速路、主干道、次干道、支路等4种类型25条道路的道路扬尘样品,并分析采样速率、采样次数等因素对采样效率的影响.在此基础上,计算得到西安市各类型道路的平均积尘负荷,结合车流量、车重、道路长度,通过《扬尘源颗粒物排放清单技术指南》中的公式计算得到各种类型道路TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5的排放系数及排放量.结果显示：采样速率为1.0 m²·min^-1,采样次数为两次可满足采样要求.不同类型道路积尘顺序为：支路（4.18 g·m^-2）>次干道（2.80 g·m^-2）>快速路（1.49 g·m^-2）>主干路（1.34 g·m^-2）;道路积尘TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5的平均排放系数分别为6.066、1.542和0.447 g·km^-1.快速路和主干路的扬尘排放系数较小,支路的扬尘排放系数次之,次干路的扬尘排放系数较大.采用Monte Carlo方法对TSP、PM₁₀和PM_2.5的排放量进行不确定性分析,在95%的概率分布范围下,三者定量不确定性均为-16.88%~17.96%.     

德州市夏季臭氧敏感性特征及减排方案

近年来德州市臭氧污染频发,2018年夏季（6~8月）,德州市发生了严重臭氧污染事件,臭氧日最大8 h浓度值超标天数达60 d,超标率65%,3个月平均值为176 μg ·m^-3,最高达262 μg ·m^-3.本研究利用WRF-CAMx耦合的HDDM模块,分析期间德州臭氧敏感性特征及减排方案.结果表明,在空间上,德州市中心城区为VOCs控制区,而郊区为NO_x与VOCs协同控制区.在时间上,VOCs敏感值每日为正值,但dO₃_V₅₀在6月（城区18.7 μg ·m^-3,郊区19.7 μg ·m^-3）和8月（城区15.3 μg ·m^-3,郊区16.4 μg ·m^-3）高于7月（城区13.0 μg ·m^-3,郊区11.8 μg ·m^-3）,NO_x敏感值城区呈正负交错,郊区大部分为正值,并与VOCs敏感值接近.对于城区减排方案应考虑以仅VOCs削减为优先,而郊区由于NO_x和VOCs对臭氧减排效果相当,建议以NO_x：VOCs=1：1为优.     

成都城区PM2.5季节污染特征及来源解析

于2009—2010年各季节典型月在成都城区采集了大气PM_2.5样品,对PM_2.5的质量浓度及其主要化学成分(含碳组分、水溶性无机离子和元素)进行了测定. 结果显示:成都城区PM_2.5平均质量浓度高达(165.1±85.1)μg·m^-3,是国家环境空气质量标准年均PM_2.5限值的4.7倍. OC、EC和水溶性二次离子(SO₄^2-,NO₃^-和NH₄⁺)的平均浓度分别为(22.6±10.2)μg·m^-3,(9.0±5.4)μg·m^-3和(62.8±44.3)μg·m^-3,分别占PM_2.5浓度的13.7%、5.5%和38.0%. PM_2.5及其主要化学成分浓度季节特征明显,即秋冬季高于春夏季. 利用正交矩阵因子分析(PMF)对成都城区PM_2.5的来源进行解析,结果表明,土壤尘及扬尘、生物质燃烧、机动车源和二次硝酸盐/硫酸盐的贡献率分别为14.3%、28.0%、24.0%和31.3%. 就季节变化而言,生物质燃烧源贡献率在四个季节均维持在较高水平;土壤尘及扬尘的贡献率在春季显著提高;机动车源的贡献率在夏季中表现突出;而二次硝酸盐/硫酸盐的贡献率在秋冬季中则最为显著.     

页岩-钢渣组合填料湿地强化脱氮除磷研究

以城市污水A/O工艺出水为处理对象,运用页岩和钢渣物化除磷、调控进水碳氮比和氮素氧化性等技术手段,在中试规模上研究了页岩和钢渣组合填料湿地的脱氮除磷效能及影响因素.结果表明,当COD面积负荷率、TN面积负荷率、TP面积负荷率、HRT(水力停留时间)分别为6.5～20.7 g·(m²·d)^-1、2.57～8.22 g·(m²·d)^-1、0.41～1.32 g·(m²·d)^-1、0.5～1.6d时,①氨氮、亚硝态氮和硝态氮的去除率分别为85.8%、56.3%和18.6%,TN去除率为58.0%,TN面积负荷去除率为3.58g·(m²·d)^-1,TN反应动力学常数为0.31 m·d^-1,TN面积负荷去除率随进水TN负荷的增加而线性增加.②TP去除率为90.4%,TP面积负荷去除率为0.89 g·(m²·d)^-1,TP反应动力学常数为0.86 m.d^-1,TP面积负荷去除率随进水TP负荷的增加而线性增加.③水温、HRT、氮素组分、C/N等因素对湿地系统的脱氮除磷效率有显著影响.TN面积负荷去除率随HRT、COD/TN值的增加而幂函数增加.TN面积负荷去除率随水温(、NO₂^--N+NO₃^--N)/TN值的增加而呈指数函数增加.     

人工湿地氮转化与氧关系研究

应用N转化迁移模型分析廊道式人工湿地氮转化与氧供应的关系,验证目前湿地全程硝化反硝化脱氮机制的有效性.对各个廊道进出水NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、TN、B₅、DO进行了测定和分析.在水力负荷5cm/d条件下,各廊道湿地有机氮矿化率为0.01～0.28g·(m²·d)^-1、氨氮硝化率0.50～1.54 g·(m²·d)^-1,反硝化率0.41～1.13 g·(m²·d)^-1(占总氮损失的3.4%～35.4%)、植物净吸收氮0.07～0.26 g·(m²·d)^-1(占总氮损失的7%～33%).硝化反硝化与有机质降解同时进行,在进水端最明显,这与传统认识相悖.按照全程硝化化学计量学得到的硝化需氧量(NOD)高于实际的表面复氧和植物根系放氧.最后对在高浓度有机质存在条件下,能减少对氧需求的2种新型脱氮机制进行了讨论.     

道路扬尘排放因子建立方法与应用

排放因子是分析污染源排放特征和建立排放清单的基础数据,本研究对典型道路进行积尘负荷采样和实验室筛分分析,通过再悬浮系统和颗粒物粒径谱仪对道路扬尘粒径分布和粒径乘数进行测量,调查道路车型构成并计算车重,以北京市通州区为例应用模型法建立本地化的道路扬尘PM_2.5排放因子.结果表明,不同类型道路的扬尘颗粒物粒径分布在<2.5 μm范围内的质量比例较为接近,道路扬尘中PM_2.5与PM₁₀比值在0.28~0.32之间;不同类型道路的PM_2.5粒度乘数在0.18~0.20 g·（km·辆）^-1之间,高速路、国道、省道、县道和乡道的PM_2.5排放因子分别为0.06、0.14、0.31、0.30和0.39 g·（km·辆）^-1.积尘负荷采样、再悬浮粒径分布测量和排放因子模型计算,是道路扬尘排放因子本地化的可行方法.在建立道路扬尘排放因子过程中,粒径乘数可以应用默认值,由于不同类型道路的积尘负荷差异较大,需要分道路类型或按车流量级别进行积尘负荷采样分析,对排放因子进行本地化.     

2007年春节期间北京大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征

利用大流量颗粒物采样器分昼夜采集了2007年春节前后大气气溶胶中PM₁₀和PM_2.5样品，并采用气相色谱-质谱技术对PM_2.5样品中的多环芳烃进行了检测.春节期间大气颗粒物中PM₁₀和PM_2.5夜间平均质量浓度为232 μg·m^-3和132 μg·m^-3,分别高于白天的PM₁₀(194 μg·m^-3)和PM_2.5(107 μg·m^-3)；除夕后颗粒物日平均质量浓度为252.3 μg·m^-3 (PM₁₀)和123.8 μg·m^-3 (PM_2.5)，分别高于除夕前的166.7 μg·m^-3(PM₁₀)和106.8 μg·m^-3(PM_2.5)；同时夜间PM_2.5中多17种多环芳烃(PAHs)的总浓度都高于相应白天的总浓度，且除夕前多环芳烃日均总浓度为95.9 ng·m^-3，高于除夕后的58.9 ng·m^-3.结果表明，除了受一定的气象条件的影响外，大量燃放烟花爆竹会对大气颗粒物浓度有影响，但对大气中的多环芳烃影响不大，而春节期间工业及交通污染排放的减少削减了排放到大气中的PAHs.根据荧蒽/芘等比值指标判别北京PAHs主要以燃煤为主、交通为次的混合局地源污染.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.