一种同步厌氧脱氮除硫工艺

该发明公开了一种同步厌氧脱氮除硫工艺。该法以城市污水处理厂的厌氧消化污泥或含硫酸盐有机废水处理厂的厌氧活性污泥作为接种物，以亚硝酸盐作为电子受体，将硫化物氧化成单质硫，同时，于同一反应器中将亚硝酸盐还原成氮气。     

硫酸盐还原菌厌氧颗粒污泥的形成条件

硫酸盐还原菌是利用硫酸盐或其他氧化态硫化物作为电子受体来异化有机物的严格厌氧菌。介绍了硫酸盐还原菌的生物化学性质、代谢机理和生理学特征，综述了硫酸盐还原菌厌氧颗粒污泥的形成条件和影响因素，如进水SO4^2-含量，碳源、氮源和磷源，COD与SO4^2-质量浓度比，H2S，pH，温度，氧气及微量元素等。     

一种生物处理酸性矿山废水的工艺

该发明涉及一种含硫酸盐酸性废水生物处理并回收单质硫的工艺，其特征在于是一种利用污水厂污泥酸性发酵产物为硫酸盐还原菌的碳源处理酸性硫酸盐废水并回收单质硫的工艺：厌氧生物反应器中硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）将SO4^2-生物还原为H2S或S2-；好氧生物膜反应器中无色硫细菌（CSB）将H2S或S2-生物氧化为单质硫；慢砂滤池过滤、刮砂，采用萃取设备充分溶锯砂滤料中的单质硫，     

硫酸盐还原厌氧氨氧化机理及其微生物研究进展

硫酸盐还原厌氧氨氧化（SRAO）是一种在厌氧条件下将氨氮氧化与硫酸盐还原耦合在一起的微生物过程，能够同时实现脱氮除硫且无需额外的电子受体，在废水处理领域备受关注。本文综述了SRAO的反应机理、SRAO功能微生物及其与其他微生物之间的相互作用，分析了目前SRAO研究中存在的不足，指出今后可以从生物信息学和分子生物学等角度，深入探讨SRAO体系中功能微生物之间的相互作用、揭示SRAO体系内N和S的循环途径、解析SRAO体系的内部机理，为SRAO工艺改进和工业应用提供理论支持。     

厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床生物膜反应器同步产甲烷-硫酸盐还原的快速启动

采用新型厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床生物膜反应器(EGSBBR)处理含硫酸盐有机废水.在不添加硫酸盐的条件下,运行30 d后系统产甲烷成功启动;随后逐步提高硫酸盐质量浓度至100 mg/L,运行71 d后系统COD去除率和SO42-去除率分别达98.1％和74.7％,甲烷产生量为470.7 mL/d,成功实现了同步产甲烷-硫酸盐...     

荷兰的烟气生物脱硫工艺

烟气中的SO2通过水膜除尘器或吸收塔溶解于水并转化为亚硫酸盐、硫酸盐；在厌氧环境及有外加碳源的条件下，硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)将亚硫酸盐、硫酸盐还原成硫化物；然后再在好氧的条件下通过好氧微生物的作用将硫化物转化为单质硫，从而将硫从系统中去除。可以将烟气生物脱硫过程划分为两个阶段，即SO2的吸收过程和含硫吸收液的生物脱硫过程。     

硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化的反应机理及启动过程影响因素综述

硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化(S-ANAMMOX)可将废水中的氮硫元素同时去除,避免了氨氮、硫酸盐分别处理时过程不稳定、去除效率低等不足,且不产生二次污染。但该反应的启动耗时长以及机理不明确影响了其应用。本文在探讨S-ANAMMOX反应机理的基础上,对反应器、污泥源、填料、碳源及运行条件等启动过程影响因素进行了阐述,并对今后的研究做出了展望。指出:应在量化反应产物的基础上深入对反应机理和功能微生物特性的研究;分析反应器、污泥源等启动因素的差异性;促进S-ANAMMOX在实际废水处理中的应用。     

厌氧氨氧化技术在废水脱氮领域的应用进展

厌氧氨氧化技术是一种以厌氧氨氧化自养菌脱氮为核心的新型生物脱氮技术,具有良好的应用前景。本文对厌氧氨氧化过程的反应机理、菌种的生长特性及种类分布进行了详细介绍,总结了厌氧氨氧化技术在不同废水脱氮领域的研究及应用情况。指出,种泥缺乏是当前限制厌氧氨氧化技术大规模工业推广的瓶颈,并就厌氧氨氧化技术在应用过程中遇到的问题给出了相应建议。     

钛白废水中硫酸盐生物还原影响因素的研究

在厌氧序批式反应器中,采用硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)对钛白废水中硫酸盐生物还原的影响因素及厌氧序批式反应器的运行条件进行了研究。研究结果表明,模拟废水的SO24-去除效果比实际钛白废水的SO24-去除效果好。SRB还原实际钛白废水中SO24-的最佳运行条件为:进水SO24-质量浓度不超过2000m g/L、反应温度(35±1)℃、pH6.5~8.0、CODρ/(SO24-)2.0~3.0、HRT24h、反应器运行周期8h(进水0.5h,反应6.0h,沉淀1.0h,出水0.5h)、循环间歇搅拌(搅拌1.5h,搅拌停止2.0h)方式。在此条件下SO24-去除率可达90%。     

脱硫废水生化处理初探

火电厂烟气脱硫过程产生的废水中污染物主要包括悬浮物、过饱和的亚硫酸盐、硫酸盐以及重金属等，燃煤电厂烟气系统增设脱硝装置后，进入脱硫废水的氨氮、总氮含量急剧增加。通过对国内外多个电厂的脱硫废水处理系统运行情况的调研及分析，采用厌氧氨氧化工艺作为废水脱氮方式是可行的。     

Microbial cycling of iron and sulfur in acidic coal mining lake sediments

Lakes caused by coal mining processes are characterized by low pH, low nutrient status, and high concentrations of Fe(II) and sulfate due to the oxidation of pyrite in the surrounding mine tailings. Fe(III) produced during Fe(II) oxidation precipitates to the anoxic acidic sediment, where the microbial reduction of Fe(III) is the dominant electron-accepting process for the oxidation of organic matter, apparently mediated by acidophilic Acidiphilium species. Those bacteria can reduce a great variety of Fe(III)-(hydr)oxides and reduce Fe(III) and oxygen simultaneously which might be due to the small differences in the redox potentials under low pH conditions. Due to the absence of sulfide, Fe(II) formed in the upper 6 cm of the sediment diffuses to oxic zones in the water layer where itcan be reoxidized by Acidithiobacillus species. Thus, acidic conditions are stabilized by the cycling of iron which inhibits fermentative and sulfate-reducing activities. With increasing sediment depth, the amount of reactive iron decrease, the pH increases above 5, and fermentative and as yet unknown Fe(III)-reducing bacteria are also involved in the reduction of Fe(III). Sulfate is reduced apparently by the activity of spore-forming sulfate reducers including new species of Desulfosporosinus that have their pH optimum similar to in situconditions and are not capable of growth at pH 7. However, generation of alkalinity via sulfate reduction is reduced by the anaerobic reoxidation of sulfide back to sulfate. Thus, the microbial cycling of iron at the oxic-anoxic interface and the anaerobic cycling of sulfur maintains environmental conditions appropriate for acidophilic Fe(III)-reducing and acid-tolerant sulfate-reducing microbial communities.     

无机条件下硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化反应的特性

在循环流厌氧反应器中研究了无机条件下采用厌氧颗粒污泥启动硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化(S-ANAMMOX)的反应特性。结果表明:在1~124 d的运行时间内,从第37天开始出现了NH4+-N和SO_4~(2-)的同步去除,生成NO_2~-,NO_3~-,反应最终产物为N2和单质硫,NH4+-N和SO_4~(2-)的最高去除率分别达到92.47%和59.3%;当进水nN∶nS较高时,能显著提高NH4+-N去除率和总氮去除率;SO_4~(2-)与NH4+发生氧化还原反应产生NO2-和NO3-是pH降低的过程;进水nN∶nS、进水平均NH_4~+-N、SO_4~(2-)质量浓度和HRT均对S-ANAMMOX反应的氮硫转化比有一定影响,表明S-ANAMMOX反应是一个多步反应。     

稳定态纳米零价铁-厌氧菌联合处理法降解2,4,6-三氯苯酚

利用SEM、XRD、FTIR等手段对稳定态纳米零价铁（NH₂-SiO₂@NZVI）进行表征，并考察NH₂-SiO₂@NZVI-厌氧菌体系对2，4，6-三氯苯酚（2，4，6-TCP）的降解效果。实验结果表明：NH₂-SiO₂@NZVI具有较强的抗氧化能力及较好的分散性；当2，4，6-TCP质量浓度 50 mg/L、NH₂-SiO₂@NZVI加入量1 g/L、初始 pH 7.00、反应120 h时，2，4，6-TCP的去除率为34.76%，一级降解速率常数为0.022 1，均远大于普通纳米零价铁颗粒；在NH₂-SiO₂@NZVI-厌氧菌体系中，2，4，6-TCP的去除率可达82.70%，NH₂-SiO₂@NZVI与厌氧微生物之间表现出明显的协同效应，能有效缓解2，4，6-TCP对厌氧微生物的抑制作用，稳定体系pH，提高微生物的降解活性和产甲烷活性。     

Assessment of Several Test Methods for the Determination of the Anaerobic Biodegradability of Polymers

Anaerobic degradation of eight commercially available biodegradable polymers was compared in two anaerobic tests using digestion sludge, according to ISO 11734 and ASTM D.5210-91. Cotton, polyhydroxybutyrate/hydroxyvalerate copolymer (PHB/PHV), starch blend, thermoplastic cellulose acetate, and cellulose acetate fibers proved to be anaerobically degradable, but only a low extent of degradation was found for polylactide, polyvinylalcohol, and polycaprolactone. Both test methods gave the same overall results, but with the ISO medium, longer lag phases and greater ranges of variation in the results were observed. These effects are presumably due to low concentrations of carbon dioxide in the ISO medium. Carbon dioxide has been demonstrated to be essential for the growth of various anaerobic bacteria, notably homoacetogenic and methanogenic bacteria.     

Investigations on enhanced in situ bioxidation of methane from landfill gas (LFG) in a lab-scale model

The performance of an exogenous bacterium, Methylobacterium extorquens, in inducing bioxidation of methane from landfill gas (LFG) was assessed in a laboratory scale bioreactor. The study show that enhanced oxidation of methane is attained when the bacteria are introduced into the landfill soil. The maximum percentage reduction of methane fraction from LFG when the bioreactor was inoculated with the methanotrophic bacteria was 94.24 % in aerobic treatment process and 99.97 % in anaerobic process. In the experiments with only the indigenous microorganisms present in the landfill soil, the maximum percentage reduction of methane for the same flow rate of LFG was 59.67 % in aerobic treatment and 45 % in anaerobic treatment. The methane oxidation efficiency of this exogenous methanotrophic bacterium can be considered to be the optimum in anaerobic condition and at a flow rate of 0.6 L/m²/min when the removal percentage is 99.95 %. The results substantiate the use of exogenous microorganisms as potential remediation agents of methane in LFG.     

有机固体废物生物法制氢的研究进展

综述了利用有机固体废物生物法制氢的原理和研究现状。城市有机固体废物、农业有机废物、工业有机废物是生物法制氢的主要原料。暗发酵制氢是利用有机废物厌氧消化的产酸阶段而产氢，pH、温度、水力停留时间、氢气分压、原料性质、微量元素含量、产甲烷微生物抑制剂等均影响氢气产率。光发酵制氢是利用光合厌氧细菌将挥发性有机酸转化为氢气和二氧化碳。暗发酵和光发酵制氢时，生物固定化有利于高速连续产氢。在有机废物处理和生物法制氢方面，暗发酵一光发酵、暗发酵一微生物燃料电池的组合工艺是具有前景的技术。今后的研究方向是原料的预处理技术、选育高效产氢菌株、发明高效反应器、优化处理工艺和处理条件等。     

Chemical Oxidation Performance in High Temperature,Saline Groundwater Impacted With Hydrocarbons

A series of laboratory microcosm experiments and a field pilot test were performed to evaluate the potential for in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) of aromatic hydrocarbons and methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), a common oxygenate additive in gasoline, in saline, high temperature (more than 30 °C) groundwater. Groundwater samples from a site in Saudi Arabia were amended in the laboratory portion of the study with the chemical oxidants, sodium persulfate (Na₂S₂O₈) and sodium percarbonate (Na₂(CO₃)₂), to evaluate the changes in select hydrocarbon and MTBE concentrations with time. Almost complete degradation of the aromatic hydrocarbons, naphthalene and trimethylbenzenes (TMBs), was found in the groundwater sample amended with persulfate, whereas the percarbonate‐amended sample showed little to no degradation of the target hydrocarbon compounds in the laboratory. Isotopic analyses of the persulfate‐amended samples suggested that C‐isotope fractionation for xylenes occurred after approximately 30 percent reduction in concentration with a decline of about 1 percent in the δ¹³C values of xylenes. Based on the laboratory results, pilot‐scale testing at the Saudi Arabian field site was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical oxidation using nonactivated persulfate on a high temperature, saline petroleum hydrocarbon plume. Approximately 1,750 kg of Na₂S₂O₈ was delivered to the subsurface using a series of injection wells over three injection events. Results obtained from the pilot test indicated that all the target compounds decreased with removal percentages varying between 86 percent for naphthalene and more than 99 percent for the MTBE and TMBs. The benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene compounds decreased to 98 percent on average. Examination of the microbial population upgradient and downgradient of the ISCO reactive zone suggested that a bacteria population was present following the ISCO injections with sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) being the dominant bacteria present. Measurements of inorganic parameters during injection and postinjection indicated that the pH of the groundwater remained neutral following injections, whereas the oxidation–reduction potential remained anaerobic throughout the injection zone with time. Nitrate concentrations decreased within the injection zone, suggesting that the nitrate may have been consumed by denitrification reactions, whereas sulfate concentrations increased as expected within the reactive zone, suggesting that the persulfate produced sulfate. Overall, the injection of the oxidant persulfate was shown to be an effective approach to treat dissolved aromatic and associated hydrocarbons within the groundwater. In addition, the generation of sulfate as a byproduct was an added benefit, as the sulfate could be utilized by SRBs present within the subsurface to further biodegrade any remaining hydrocarbons. ©2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Modeling of water quality downgradient of a mulch biowall

Groundwater treatment biowalls may be located close to a surface water body to prevent contaminant discharge from a groundwater plume into the surface water. Groundwater contaminants passing through the biowall are treated within the biowall or immediately downgradient of the biowall. Biowalls designed and constructed for the treatment of chlorinated solvents typically contain either a solid and/or liquid source of organic carbon to promote contaminant degradation by enhanced anaerobic reductive dechlorination. Common solid organic materials in biowalls include wood mulch or similar waste plant material, and common liquid organic materials are vegetable oil (possibly emulsified) or other long‐chain fatty acids. Such biowalls then develop anaerobic conditions in the constructed biowall volume, and potentially downgradient, as dissolved oxygen originally present in the aquifer is consumed. This groundwater condition can lead to the appearance of sulfide if groundwater influent to the biowall contains moderate to high sulfate concentrations. Other researchers have presented evidence for groundwater conditions downgradient of a biowall or a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) that are altered in relation to groundwater quality, besides the desired effect of contaminant degradation or removal by precipitation. The objective of this work was to investigate with modeling the changes in downgradient groundwater species chemistry as a result of a constructed biowall. This was accomplished with a chemical species model to predict levels of sulfate and sulfide present in groundwater in close downgradient proximity to the biowall. The results indicate that downgradient chemical changes could impact a surface water body to which groundwater discharges. The model described could be enhanced by incorporating additional design variables that should be considered in biowall feasibility assessments.