厦门城区大气颗粒物PM10中有机酸源谱特征分析

对厦门城区大气颗粒物PM10中有机酸的可能来源,如烹调油烟、生物质燃烧颗粒、汽车尾气和土壤/路面扬尘等4种不同排放源,采用再悬浮混合箱得到PM10样品.采用BF3/正丁醇衍生-GC/MS分析方法,测定了包括二元羧酸、脂肪酸和芳香酸共15种有机酸.结果表明,烹调油烟中有机酸的含量远高于其它颗粒物,最高可达53%,其中亚油酸和油酸的含量最高,为24%±14%;而汽车尾气颗粒物中乙二酸的含量最高,其次为邻苯二甲酸Ph;汽油燃烧颗粒物中己二酸与壬二酸的比值显著高于其它样品,可用于环境大气中二元羧酸的人为和生物来源的定性判断.除发电机排放样品外,其它样品中丙二酸与丁二酸的比值(0.07～0.44)远低于环境样品中该比值范围(0.61～3.93),表明丙二酸与丁二酸的比值可用于环境大气中二元羧酸的一次/二次来源的定性判断.     

泰山夏季PM2.5中生物源SOA的分子组成及影响因素

为探究泰山夏季PM_2.5中生物源二次有机气溶胶（BSOA）的分子组成、昼夜变化特征、及影响因素,于2016年7~8月在泰山山顶进行PM_2.5样品采集,并对碳质组分、无机离子和BSOA示踪物进行分析.结果表明,元素碳（EC）和左旋葡聚糖质量浓度处于较低水平且昼夜差异较小（t检验,P < 0.05）,表明采样期间泰山山顶气溶胶受人为污染排放的影响较小.BSOA示踪物的总质量浓度呈昼高夜低的变化特征,表明白天较强的温度和太阳辐射使得气溶胶的氧化程度比夜间强.其中,异戊二烯类SOA示踪物的质量浓度最高达（77.64±51.79）ng/m³,其次为单萜烯类和倍半萜烯类SOA示踪物,分别为（33.68±21.29）和（6.97±3.28）ng/m³.基于示踪物-产率法估算得出SOC_异戊二烯对有机碳（OC）的贡献率（15.3%）最高.由BSOA示踪物与RH（R￡-0.45）和pH_is（R￡-0.53）的负相关性可知,高湿条件可以降低气溶胶的酸度进而抑制BSOA通过酸催化氧化反应的形成.由BSOA与温度和人为源指示物（左旋葡聚糖和EC）的相关性分析得出,采样期间泰山地区BSOA主要受当地BVOCs氧化反应的影响,而受长距离传输人为污染源的影响较小.     

东海大气气溶胶中二元羧酸的分布特征及来源

大气气溶胶中的二元羧酸因其在全球气候变化中的潜在作用而受到广泛关注.利用2011年5月12日-6月6日在东海采集的气溶胶样品,分析其中水溶性二元羧酸及常量离子浓度,探讨东海气溶胶中二元羧酸的时空分布特征及来源.结果显示东海大气气溶胶中乙二酸、丙二酸和丁二酸的浓度分别为26.0～1475.5 ng·m-3、0.1 ～61.4 ng·m-3和0.1～132.4 ng·m-3,乙二酸在这3种二元羧酸中的贡献最大,为88.3％.东海气溶胶中二元羧酸浓度的昼夜变化不显著.空间分布整体呈现近海高、远海低的趋势.气团的来源和迁移路径以及气象因素影响气溶胶中二元羧酸的分布,气团来自污染较重的陆源时气溶胶中二元羧酸的浓度较高,气团来自清洁的海洋源时,二元羧酸的浓度则较低;阴雾天气时气溶胶中二元羧酸浓度相对较高,降雨发生时二元羧酸的浓度较低.二元羧酸与常量离子的相关性分析表明,自然源和人为源释放的挥发性有机物质在液相中氧化生成二元羧酸是东海大气气溶胶中二元羧酸的主要源,而汽车尾气和生物质燃烧的一次排放、海洋源以及碱性粗颗粒吸收气体二元羧酸不是主要源.液相中乙醛酸氧化形成的乙二酸和长链二元羧酸氧化形成的乙二酸对东海气溶胶中乙二酸的贡献分别为41％和59％.     

浙北地区真菌气溶胶示踪物季节分布特征

于2014年12月—2015年11月收集了浙江北部地区4个采样点的PM2.5样品,利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪分析获得真菌气溶胶示踪物阿糖醇和甘露醇的浓度,研究了浙北地区真菌气溶胶的季节性变化特征及其来源.观测结果显示,浙北地区阿糖醇和甘露醇的年均浓度分别为(5.6±0.7)和(5.7±1.3)ng·m-3.真菌气溶胶示踪物夏季浓度最高,可能是由于当地夏季频繁的生物质燃烧和温暖湿润的气候条件促进了真菌孢子的释放;另外,在该地区真菌孢子对气溶胶中有机碳(OC)的贡献并不显著(1%).主成分分析显示,真菌气溶胶示踪物(阿糖醇、甘露醇)和生物质燃烧示踪物(左旋葡聚糖、甘露聚糖、半乳聚糖、nss-K+)在整个采样过程中都包含在同一个因子中,表明浙北地区大气中真菌气溶胶持续受到生物质燃烧排放源的影响.     

北京西三环地区不同粒径大气颗粒物中有机脂肪酸的污染特性

年1—7月在北京市西三环航天桥地区,用大流量分级采样器分5级采集大气颗粒物样品,采用溶剂提取和衍生化方法对样品进行前处理,利用GC-MS分析不同粒径颗粒物中的有机脂肪酸. 结果表明:在颗粒物中共检出21种MOA(一元有机脂肪酸)和7种DIA(二元有机脂肪酸);ρ(∑₂₁MOA)(21种MOA总质量浓度)和ρ(∑₇DIA)(7种DIA总质量浓度)均在粒径<0.69μm的超细颗粒中最高,分别约占各自5级颗粒物质量浓度总和的30.0%和32.5%;颗粒物中ρ(∑₂₁MOA)和ρ(∑₇DIA)月际变化规律不同,前者在1—2月最高,3月次之;而后者在5—7月最高. MOA和DIA的组成、分布特点亦不尽相同,其中C₁₀~C₂₄的MOA表现出明显的偶数碳优势,而DIA没有显现奇偶优势;MOA中ρ(C₁₆-MOA)最高,ρ(C₁₈-MOA)次之;DIA中ρ(壬二酸)最高. 基于MOA的C₁₈/C₁₆〔ρ(C₁₈-MOA)/ρ(C₁₆-MOA)〕和CPI(碳优先指数)分析表明,颗粒物中MOA主要来自人为源,与燃煤排放、机动车尾气及烹调排放相关,1—2月燃煤排放对颗粒物中MOA的贡献明显.      

北京冬季PM2.5中有机气溶胶的化学特征和来源解析

为探讨北京冬季大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）中有机气溶胶的浓度水平、分布特征和来源变化,对2016年11月10日~12月10日采集的北京大气PM_2.5样品进行气相色谱-质谱测定,定量了129种颗粒有机物（POM）,约占有机物总量的（9.3±1.2）%.其中含量最高的是糖类,仅左旋葡聚糖即可占到定量有机物的18%,其次是正构烷酸、正构烷烃、二元羧酸和多环芳烃.根据POM示踪物的变化特征,分析了供暖和生物质燃烧传输对北京冬季有机气溶胶的影响.相比于非供暖期间,供暖期间化石燃料示踪物藿烷的质量浓度及在有机物中的占比都明显升高,各组分间的分布也更加趋向于燃煤排放的特征.正构烷烃主峰碳数和奇偶分布的变化,反映了化石燃料贡献增强的影响.生物质燃烧示踪物左旋葡聚糖的浓度权重轨迹（CWT）模型结果表明,北京周围区域的秸秆燃烧污染会通过传输影响北京的有机气溶胶组成.利用分子示踪-化学质量平衡（MM-CMB）模型对2016年北京冬季有机碳（OC）进行了来源解析,并与2006年的结果进行比较,以定量10年间各污染来源贡献发生的变化.2016年与2006年相比,机动车对有机气溶胶贡献明显增加,燃煤和木材燃烧的贡献则大幅度降低,餐饮排放的贡献也不容忽视.因此,控制机动车和餐饮源的排放对改善北京冬季PM_2.5污染问题至关重要.     

牵牛花对石油污染盐碱土壤微生物群落与石油烃降解的影响

利用磷脂脂肪酸（PLFAs）生物标记法分析野生型牵牛花（Pharbitis nil （Linn.） Choisy）根际土壤微生物群落结构,探讨牵牛花生长对石油烃污染土壤微生物群落与石油烃降解的影响.结果表明,供试土壤微生物群落中,先后出现了24种PLFAs,包括标记细菌的饱和脂肪酸（SAT）、革兰氏阳性菌（G⁺）的末端支链饱和脂肪酸（TBSAT）、革兰氏阴性菌（G^-）的单不饱和脂肪酸（MONO）和环丙脂肪酸（CYCLO）、真菌的多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）和放线菌的中间型支链饱和脂肪酸（MBSAT）等六大类型.PLFAs的主成分分析（PCA）表明,牵牛花根际与对照组（未种牵牛花,CK）土壤微生物群落具有明显的差异,微生物多样性在春季增加83%、夏季增加140%、秋季增加50%;微生物的生物量在春季增加97.6%,夏季增加116.3%,秋季增加60.3%.牵牛花根际与对照组相比土壤中石油烃降解率明显提高,在春、夏、秋季分别提高了7.5%、34.2%和19.7%;并且,在牵牛花生长的不同季节石油烃的降解率有明显的差异,春季为22.3%,夏季为51.8%,秋季为38.0%.相关性分析表明,石油烃降解与土壤微生物总生物量具有中等程度的相关性（|r|=0.75）;与G⁺细菌、甲烷氧化菌的生物量具有高度相关性,相关系数|r|>0.8;与G^-的生物量具有中度相关性,相关系数为|r|=0.74;与真菌的生物量具有低度相关性,相关系数为|r|=0.36,与放线菌没有相关性,相关系数为|r|<0.30.     

PM2.5 characterization of primary and secondary organic aerosols in two urban-industrial areas in the East Mediterranean

Primary and secondary organic aerosols in PM_2.5 were investigated over a one-year campaign at Zouk Mikael and Fiaa, Lebanon. The n-alkanes concentrations were quite similar at both sites (26-29 ng/m³) and mainly explained by anthropogenic emissions rather than natural ones. The concentrations of total Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) were nearly three times higher at Zouk Mikael (2.56 ng/m³) compared to Fiaa (0.95 ng/m³), especially for indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene linked to the presence of the power plant. A characteristic indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene/(indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene + benzo[g,h,i]perylene) ratio in the range 0.8-1.0 was determined for heavy fuel oil combustion from the power plant. Fatty acids and hopanes were also investigated and were assigned to cooking activities and vehicular emissions respectively. Phthalates were identified for the first time in Lebanon with high concentrations at Zouk and Fiaa (106.88 and 97.68 ng/m³ respectively). Moreover, the biogenic secondary aerosols revealed higher concentrations in summer. The total terpene concentration varied between 131 ng/m³ at Zouk Mikael in winter to 469 ng/m³ at Fiaa in summer. Additionnally, the concentrations of the dicarboxylic acids especially for adipic and phthalic acids were more influenced by anthropogenic sources.The analysis of molecular markers and diagnostic ratios indicated that the sites were strongly affected by anthropogenic sources such as waste open burning, diesel private generators, cooking activities, road transport, power plant, and industrial emissions. Moreover, results showed different pattern during winter and summer seasons. Whereas, higher concentrations of biogenic markers were clearly encountered during the summer period.     

基于高分辨率在线观测数据分析上海市城区秋冬季大气有机气溶胶化学特征及污染来源

有机气溶胶(OA)不仅是大气细颗粒物(PM_2.5)的重要组成部分,其与臭氧(O₃)污染也密切相关.采用气溶胶在线热脱附(TAG)系统对上海市城区秋冬季大气PM_2.5中94种有机分子示踪物浓度进行了在线观测,分析了不同气流轨迹影响下有机气溶胶的组成分布特征以及大气氧化性对其生成的影响.结果表明,本地气团影响下的OA组成以饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸和正构烷烃等指示一次来源的有机分子示踪物为主,偏北长距离输送影响下的OA则含有较高比例的生物质燃烧示踪物.与本地气团和长距离输送气团不同,海面气团携带的OA主要由二羧酸和羟基羧酸类指示二次来源的有机分子示踪物构成,其生成受光化学和液相氧化过程影响显著.进一步运用正定矩阵因子分解法(PMF)对PM_2.5和OA污染来源进行解析,获得7类一次排放源和5类二次生成源,其中,二次硝酸盐对PM_2.5浓度贡献率最为突出(25.2%),移动源则对OA浓度贡献率最高(24.0%).污染过程中,燃煤源、移动源和餐饮源等人为源及其相关的二次生成源(二次硝酸盐、二...     

Compositions and sources of organic acids in fine particles (PM2.5) over the Pearl River Delta region, south China

Organic acids as important constituents of organic aerosols not only influence the aerosols' hygroscopic property, but also enhance the formation of new particles and secondary organic aerosols. This study reported organic acids including C14–C32fatty acids, C4–C9dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids in PM2.5collected during winter 2009 at six typical urban, suburban and rural sites in the Pearl River Delta region. Averaged concentrations of C14–C32fatty acids, aromatic acids and C4– C9 dicarboxylic acids were 157, 72.5 and 50.7 ng/m3, respectively. They totally accounted for 1.7% of measured organic carbon. C20–C32fatty acids mainly deriving from higher plant wax showed the highest concentration at the upwind rural site with more vegetation around, while C14–C18fatty acids were more abundant at urban and suburban sites, and dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids except 1,4-phthalic acid peaked at the downwind rural site. Succinic and azelaic acid were the most abundant among C4–C9dicarboxylic acids, and 1,2-phthalic and 1,4-phthalic acid were dominant aromatic acids. Dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids exhibited significant mutual correlations except for 1,4-phthalic acid, which was probably primarily emitted from combustion of solid wastes containing polyethylene terephthalate plastics. Spatial patterns and correlations with typical source tracers suggested that C14–C32fatty acids were mainly primary while dicarboxylic and aromatic acids were largely secondary. Principal component analysis resolved six sources including biomass burning, natural higher plant wax, two mixed anthropogenic and two secondary sources; further multiple linear regression revealed their contributions to individual organic acids. It turned out that more than 70% of C14–C18fatty acids were attributed to anthropogenic sources, about 50%–85% of the C20–C32fatty acids were attributed to natural sources, 80%–95% of dicarboxylic acids and 1,2-phthalic acid were secondary in contrast with that 81% of 1,4-phthalic acid was primary.     

餐饮源有机颗粒物排放特征

餐饮油烟是大气有机颗粒物的重要来源之一.本研究在深圳市内选择了西餐、茶餐厅、职工食堂和韩式料理这4种类型的餐馆,通过对这4类餐厅的外场采样,分析各类型餐厅油烟中有机颗粒物的化学组成,筛选了餐饮油烟污染源的有机特征组分.结果表明,各餐馆排放的PM_(2.5)中,有机物占60%以上.在所有定量的有机组分之中,脂肪酸含量最高,其次是二元羧酸和正构烷烃,而多环芳烃、甾醇和单糖等有机组分的含量较低.颗粒物的有机组成特征受到菜系的影响,西餐厅和韩式料理排放脂肪酸、正构烷烃和多环芳烃等有机物含量较高,但却排放了低含量的甾醇和单糖,茶餐厅和职工食堂则相反.餐饮源颗粒物中Fla/(Fla+Pyr)和LG/(Gal+Man)的比值受菜系影响较小,也区别于其他污染源的特征比值,可以作为餐饮源潜在的示踪物.餐饮源为深圳市大气颗粒物贡献了大量的脂肪酸和二元羧酸.     

Photochemical formation of particulate dicarboxylic acids under long-range transport in central Japan

Long-range transport (LRT) of photochemical air pollution from the coastal area with large emission sources to the inland mountainous region occurs very frequently in the central Japan region on clear summer days. It is caused by local winds and the transport route is almost-fixed geographically. Along this route, behavior of dicarboxylic acids in the airborne aerosols was investigated in the cooperative field observation of meteorology and chemistry. Measurements were made every 3-h at inland sites.The concentrations of dicarboxylic acids as well as NO₃⁻ and total organic C increased in the daytime and decreased at night. The maximum are attained when the transported air mass was arrived at the sampling sites. These diurnal variations were similar to that of O₃.In the daytime, although the phthalates (di-n-butyl and dioctyl), n-alkanes (C₂₁C₃₂) and pinon aldehyde were abundant in the airborne aerosols, the dicarboxylic acids (C₂C₁₀) were the most abundant species and the total concentrations attained from 30 to 50% of the total organic particulate matter. In addition, of the dicarboxylic acids, more than 70% were estimated to be produced by photochemical reactions in the daytime. Thus, it was concluded that most of the dicarboxylic acids were produced by the photochemical oxidation of anthropogenic compounds during LRT.     

Seasonal variation and sources of derivatized phenols in atmospheric fine particulate matter in North China Plain

Qualitative and quantitative analyses of derivatized phenols in Beijing and in Xinglong were performed from 2016 to 2017 using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.The results showed substantially more severe pollution in Beijing.Of the 14 compounds detected,the total average concentration was 100 ng/m~3 in Beijing,compared with 11.6 ng/m~3 in Xinglong.More specifically,concentration of nitro-aromatic compounds(NACs)(81.9 ng/m~3 in Beijing and 8.49 ng/m3 in Xinglong) was the highest,followed by aromatic acids(14.6 ng/m~3 in Beijing and 2.42 ng/m~3 in Xinglong) and aromatic aldehydes(3.62 ng/m~3 in Beijing and 0.681 ng/m~3 in Xinglong).In terms of seasonal variation,the highest concentrations were found for 4-nitrocatechol in winter in Beijing(79.1±63.9 ng/m~3) and 4-nitrophenol in winter in Xinglong(9.72±8.94 ng/m~3).The analysis also revealed diurnal variations across different seasons.Most compounds presented higher concentrations at night in winter because of the decreased boundary layer height and increased heating intensity.While some presented higher levels during the day,which attributed to the photo-oxidation process for summer and more biomass burning activities for autumn.Higher concentrations appeared in winter and autumn than in spring and summer,which resulted from more coal combustions and adverse meteorological conditions.The significant correlations among NACs indicated similar sources of pollution.Higher correlations presented within each subgroup than those between the subgroups.Good correlations between levoglucosan and nitrophenols,nitrocatechols,nitro salicylic acids,with correlation coefficients(r) of 0.66,0.69 and 0.69,respectively,indicating an important role of biomass burning among primary sources.     

Atmospheric gaseous organic acids in winter in a rural site of the North China Plain

Organic acids are important contributors to the acidity of atmospheric precipitation,but their existence in the Chinese atmosphere is largely unclear.In this study,twelve atmospheric gaseous organic acids,including C₁-C₉ alkanoic acids,methacrylic acid,pyruvic acid,and benzoic acid,were observed in the suburb of Wangdu,Hebei Province,a typical rural site in the northern China plain from 16^th December,2018 to 22^nd January,2019,using a Vocus@Proton-Trans...     

Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from leaves and fruits of apple and peach trees during fruit development

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are widely involved in a variety of atmospheric chemical processes due to their high reactivity and species diversity. To date, however, research on BVOCs in agroecosystems, particularly fruit trees, remains scarce despite their large cultivation area and economic interest. BVOC emissions from different organs (leaf or fruit) of apple and peach trees were investigated throughout the stages of fruit development (FS, fruit swelling; FC, fruit coloration; FM, fruit maturity; and FP, fruit postharvest) using a proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer. Results indicated that methanol was the most abundant compound emitted by the leaf (apple tree leaf 492.5 ± 47.9 ng/(g·hr), peach tree leaf 938.8 ±  154.5 ng/(g·hr)), followed by acetic acid and green leaf volatiles. Beside the above three compounds, acetaldehyde had an important contribution to the emissions from the fruit. Overall, the total BVOCs (sum of eight compounds studied in this paper) emitted by both leaf and fruit gradually decreased along the fruit development, although the effect was significant only for the leaf. The leaf (2020.8 ±  258.8 ng/(g·hr)) was a stronger BVOC emitter than the fruit (146.0 ± 45.7 ng/(g·hr)) (P = 0.006), and there were no significant differences in total BVOC emission rates between apple and peach trees. These findings contribute to our understanding on BVOC emissions from different plant organs and provide important insights into the variation of BVOC emissions across different fruit developmental stages.     

北京大气颗粒物中一元羧酸的季节变化和来源分析

通过膜采样溶剂提取、衍生化GC/MS分析,对2006年9月~2007年8月间北京大气PM10和PM2.5中的一元羧酸进行了观测研究.结果表明,可检出C10~C30的烷酸以及油酸、亚油酸和桐油酸3种烯酸,其中含量最高的是C16和C18 2种烷酸.PM10中,一元羧酸总浓度为61.7~1652.3ng/m3,年平均为426.2ng/m3;PM2.5中,一元羧酸总浓度为34.5~992.1ng/m3,年平均为319.6ng/m3.75%的一元羧酸分布在细粒子中,且冬、春季浓度明显高于夏、秋季.春、夏、秋、冬4个季节PM10中一元羧酸浓度分别为(625.1±403.8), (200.0±95.3), (263.0±201.1), (659.9±433.5)ng/m3; PM2.5中一元羧酸浓度为(431.7±211.0), (194.4±95.8), (207.9±160.8), (463.6±262.1)ng/m3.源解析显示,燃煤排放是冬季最主要的人为污染源;机动车排放则在其他季节贡献最大.     

上海夏季PM2.5中有机物的组分特征、空间分布和来源

有机物是大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))的重要组成部分,其来源和组分非常复杂,是大气科学研究的难点和热点.本研究定量表征了上海地区夏季3个不同功能站点PM_(2.5)中78种有机组分,分析了其组成特征及空间差异,并采用后向轨迹、指示物、特征比值等方法对其来源进行了探讨.结果表明,上海西部郊区青浦和徐汇的有机组分检出浓度相近,约为(317±129)ng·m~(-3),高于东部沿海.78种有机组分中,脂肪酸类物质的占比最高,之后依次为左旋葡聚糖、正构烷烃和多环芳烃,藿烷的占比最低.基于示踪物比值法初步分析结果表明,上海地区的颗粒有机物主要来源于汽油车尾气排放,此外中心城区和西部郊区在观测期间受到了一定程度的生物质燃烧污染,可能与西北方向的污染输送有关.就具体组分而言,在西部郊区青浦,脂肪酸主要来自于陆生植物排放,而在东部沿海地区临港,其还会受到海洋浮游植物和微生物的影响;PAH特征比值的分析表明煤燃烧和机动车尾气对多环芳烃具有重要贡献.相关研究结果有助于对上海有机气溶胶的污染特征及来源的深入认识,为开展颗粒有机物的防治提供一定的基础支撑.     

北京自备井水源内毒素污染及与其他水质参数的相关分析

本研究采集驻京部队14个自备井水源样品,采用动态浊度东方鲎试验定量检测内毒素活性,同时检测了细菌总数(流式细胞术法)、异养菌平板计数(HPC)、菌落总数(平板法)、总大肠菌群、颗粒物特征、浊度、溶解性有机碳(DOC)和UV254值,比较了内毒素与这些水质参数的相关性.结果表明自备井水源的总内毒素活性为0.15~13.20 EU·m L~(-1),其中游离态内毒素活性为0.10~5.29 EU·m L~(~(-1)),结合态内毒素活性为0.01~8.60 EU·m L~(-1).对于内毒素污染较严重的自备井水源来说,结合态内毒素所占比例明显高于游离态内毒素.总内毒素与其他水质参数关联顺序为细菌总数(流式细胞术法)(r=0.88)HPC(r=0.79)DOC(r=0.77)UV254(r=0.57)总大肠菌群(r=0.50)菌落总数-平板法(r=0.49)=浊度(r=0.49)颗粒物总数(r=0.41).结合态内毒素与其他水质参数关联顺序为细菌总数-流式细胞术法(r=0.81)HPC(r=0.66)总大肠菌群(r=0.65)浊度(r=0.62)颗粒物总数(r=0.58)菌落总数(平板法)(r=0.22).游离态内毒素与水中DOC、UV254的相关系数r分别为0.58和0.26,结果表明游离态内毒素与水中DOC的相关性较大,与UV254相关性很小.     

四乙基愈创木酚液相·OH氧化SOA产率及特征分析:初始浓度的影响

液相化学过程作为二次有机气溶胶（SOA）形成的一种必不可少的途径,引起了学界对大气化学的广泛关注.由于其反应复杂性,反应机制、产物特性及对SOA质量的贡献还没有完全理解.本文选择四乙基愈创木酚（4-ethylguaiacol,EG）为前体物,系统地研究了初始浓度（0.03、0.3和3 mmol·L^-1）的EG液相·OH氧化形成的液相二次有机气溶胶（aqSOA）特性的影响.用黑炭-气溶胶质谱（SP-AMS）测定aqSOA产率和氧化特性,气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC/MS）、离子色谱（IC）测定产物和低分子有机酸.紫外分光光度计（UV-vis）和高效液相色谱测定了类腐殖质（HULIS）等表征光吸光产物的形成.结果表明,不同初始浓度（mmol·L^-1）下aqSOA的O/C都表现为随着反应时间延长而升高,分别在0.42~0.61（0.03 mmol·L^-1）、0.49~0.84（0.3 mmol·L^-1）和0.49~0.63（3 mmol·L^-1）之间变化.SP-AMS测定aqSOA组分发现高初始浓度时二聚体（C₁₆H₁₈ O₂⁺,m/z 302）量明显高,说明高浓度下更容易发生聚合反应.UV-vis分析表明,随光氧化反应的进行,250 nm处吸光明显增强,可能是由于250 nm处新的吸光性产物生成所致.反应过程中生成的HULIS浓度不断升高,与UV-vis测定的300~400 nm区域内吸光度增强结论一致,说明水相反应形成了棕色碳.IC检测到产物中含有小分子有机酸：甲酸、乙醇酸和草酸,其中甲酸浓度最高.GC/MS检测到aqSOA中含酮、单聚体和二聚体等,说明发生了官能团化和聚合化过程.     

On-going nitrification in chloraminated drinking water distribution system (DWDS) is conditioned by hydraulics and disinfection strategies

Within the drinking water distribution system (DWDS) using chloramine as disinfectant, nitrification caused by nitrifying bacteria is increasingly becoming a concern as it poses a great challenge for maintaining water quality. To investigate efficient control strategies, operational conditions including hydraulic regimes and disinfectant scenarios were controlled within a flow cell experimental facility. Two test phases were conducted to investigate the effects on the extent of nitrification of three flow rates (Q = 2, 6, and 10 L/min) and four disinfection scenarios (total Cl₂=1 mg/L, Cl₂/NH₃-N=3:1; total Cl₂=1 mg/L, Cl₂/NH₃-N=5:1; total Cl₂=5 mg/L, Cl₂/NH₃-N=3:1; and total Cl₂=5 mg/L, Cl₂/NH₃-N=5:1). Physico-chemical parameters and nitrification indicators were monitored during the tests. The characteristics of biofilm extracellular polymetric substance (EPS) were evaluated after the experiment. The main results from the study indicate that nitrification is affected by hydraulic conditions and the process tends to be severe when the fluid flow transforms from laminar to turbulent (2300<Re<4000). Increasing disinfectant concentration and optimizing Cl₂/NH₃-N mass ratio were found to inhibit nitrification to some extend when the system was running at turbulent condition (Q = 10 L/min, Re = 5535). EPS extracted from biofilm that was established at the flow rate of 6 L/min had greater carbohydrate/protein ratio. Furthermore, several nitrification indicators were evaluated for their prediction efficiency and the results suggest that the change of nitrite, together with total organic carbon (TOC) and turbidity can indicate nitrification potential efficiently.