环太湖丘陵地区农田氮素随地表径流输出特征

对环太湖丘陵地区农田氮素随地表径流的输出特征进行了研究，结果表明，地表径流中TN浓度随径流量而变化，浓度峰值出现时间滞后于径流量峰值；径流发生前期，NH3-N和NO3^--N浓度水平相当，后期NO3^--N浓度缓慢抬升，而NH3-N含量缓慢下降；NO3^--N浓度相对较低，随时间快速下降；对于TN和NO3^--N而言，溶解态含量高于悬浮态，而溶解态和悬浮态NH3-N的浓度相当；无机氮平均浓度高于有机氮，有机氮尤其是悬浮态有机氮浓度表现出随径流量而变化的特点。     

镉胁迫对龙葵幼苗氮代谢及其相关酶活性的影响

采用营养液培养方法,研究了系列镉浓度处理对龙葵（Solanum nigrumL）幼苗氮代谢的影响。结果表明：龙葵根系可溶性蛋白质较叶片受Cd影响更大。龙葵植株叶片和根系NO3--N含量、硝酸还原酶（NR）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性均随镉浓度提高而先增后降,且随处理时间的延长而逐渐下降。叶片NO3--N含量和NR活性均在25μm镉处理8d后达到峰值,而根系NO3--N则在50μm镉处理8d后最高。叶片NO3--N含量受镉处理影响较根系稍大。然而,龙葵叶片中NH4＋-N含量随镉浓度升高和时间延长逐渐升高,100μm镉处理16d后最高,表明镉胁迫下龙葵叶片铵态氮富集效应明显。龙葵叶片和根系中谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）活性随镉处理浓度提高和处理时间延长而逐渐升高,100μm镉处理16d后达到峰值。     

碟形沼泽湿地水中氮的动态变化及影响因素分析

通过对三江平原碟形湿地不同植被类型沼泽水体中氮含量的研究表明,漂筏苔草、毛果苔草和乌拉苔草沼泽水体中各形态氮含量具有明显的季节变化特征.总氮(TN)含量在5-10月份的植物生长季节表现为先增加后降低的趋势,不同植被类型沼泽水体TN含量明显不同.NH4+-N是无机氮的主要存在形态,含量比例在44.81%～98.89%之间.在整个生长季,乌拉苔草沼泽水NH4+-N含量呈先增加后降低的趋势,毛果苔草沼泽水NH4+-N含量在8月份具有峰值,漂筏苔草沼泽水NH4+-N含量较低,波动不大.硝态氮(NO3--N)在生长季中期含量较低,而亚硝态氮(NO2--N)含量较高;生长季末期NO3--N含量增高,而NO2--N含量降低.沼泽水体中不同形态氮浓度与植被类型、植被生长阶段密切相关,并且受到水温、降雨、蒸发、农田排水等因素的影响.     

水稻不同时期吸收的氮素的行为

为研究水稻不同时期吸收的氮素在其体内的行为，作者利用^15NH^4＋和^15NO3^-双标记，对Indica水稻亚种（品种Hinohikari）进行水培，在分蘖期、幼穗分化期、开花期施用，将培养液卢州）20mg／L的NH4NO3换成相同质量浓度的^15TH4NO3或NH4^15NO3；部分水稻在一周后收获，其他分别在分蘖期、幼穗分化期、开花期、成熟期收获。植株分成根系、地上部的底部、地上部的顶部、旗叶和穗部，对各自的全氮、^15N进行测定，计算植物的总吸收量。从施用量、植株总吸收量以及三部分总和的植株氮残存量的比较来研究氮素在两种水稻亚种中的行为。研究结果表明，各个时期的^15NH4NO3或NH4^15NO3处理下水稻的N吸收总量上没有差别，但1周后收获的^15NH4-N处理的水稻中^15N的含量比^15NO3-N要高得多，直到成熟期收获的水稻都有同样的结果，这意味着各个时期吸收的NH4-N和NO3-N有着不同的损失量，吸收的NO3-N比NH4-N要损失得多。水稻叶片的氮素损失可能以N2O和NH3的形式。不同氮肥形态的处理下转移到穗部的氮素的量和来源也不相同，在NH4^15NO3的处理中穗部的^15N主要来自地上部的底部，而在^15NH4NO3的处理中穗部的^15N主要来自分蘖期吸收的^15N，少量来自成熟期并且^15N主要来自植株的各个部分。     

模拟氮沉降对大豆萌发和幼苗生长的影响

氮沉降是当今倍受关注的全球性环境问题.采用大田试验和室内培养的方法,研究大豆种子萌发和幼苗生长对氮沉降的响应.实验设4组处理(CK、T1、T2、T3),所施氮肥为NH4NO3,在室内培养实验中,4组处理的浓度分别为0、0.08、0.16、0.24mol/L.大田实验中,4组处理的氮施入量分别为0,50,100,150 kg·hm-2·a-1.结果表明:过量氮沉降对种子萌发有一定的抑制作用,降低了种子的发芽速度和发芽率;抑制了幼苗的生长速度,降低了植株的株高、叶面积和生物量,并减小了根冠比;随着氮施入量的增加幼苗的蒸腾速率逐渐降低,但叶片叶绿素含量逐渐增加.     

利用根箱法解析水稻根际土壤中氮的行为

为研究水田土壤中氮的行为,施给15NH4 或15NO3-标记的硝胺(NH415NO3或15NH4NO3)的沙壤土(Shirasu soil)添充在根箱里,对Japonica水稻(品种Hinohikari)进行温室栽培6周.收割后,水稻植株分地上部和根部,对各自的全氮,15N atom％进行测定.根箱各区域的土壤按着鲜土形态进行采取后,对此全氮,NO3-N,水溶性NH4-N,KCl抽出NH4-N和其各自的15N atom％进行测定.研究结果表明,土壤全氮含量与栽培前相比,在非根际明显降低,但在根际比非根际要高,保持了与栽培前相同的水平.土壤NO3-N浓度从非根际到根际递增,但与其栽培前相比显著地降低,在整个根箱里,施给NO3-N的79％为因脱氮而损失.土壤中NO3-N的大部分来自于土壤氮化合物,来自施肥的比例却较低,尤其是在根际.反而,施给NO3-N的残存率约仅为16％左右,但其中有机态氮所占的比率在非根际里55％～86％,在根际却达到了93％.土壤水溶性NH4-N和KCl抽出NH4-N浓度靠近根际逐渐降低,而且在非根际两者匀由1∶10的比例存在,但在根际里水溶性NH4-N没被检索到.在非根际里,土壤KCl抽出NH4-N的35％～66％为来自施肥,但其比例在根际里却降到15％左右.在土壤中残存的来自施给NH4-N的氮化合物之中,有机态氮所占的比例在非根际里约为11％～65％,但在根际却达到了92％.以上结果表明,在水稻根际,氮的无机化和有机化的活性比非根际显著.     

农田非点源氮污染研究进展

论述农田生态系统中氮素非点源污染的特征、排放途径和污染方式，两种重要氮素形态(NH4^4-N、NO3^- -N)在土水界面的扩散过程及迁移机理，农田非点源氮迁移过程及其影响因素，由农田氮素造成的非点源污染的污染负荷定量计算方法及评价指标，并指出国内外污染负荷定量模型的优缺点和发展趋势；提出了农田非点源氮污染的控制对策。     

氮在水稻中的行为及其品种间的差别

目前氮肥的利用效率很低，很多研究重点放在氮肥在土壤过程中的损失，对植物本身的氮素损失较少注意。作者利用^15NH4^ 和^15NO3^-双标记，对Indica和Japonica水稻亚种进行水培，在分蘖期、幼穗分化期、开花期施用，将培养液ρ(N)20mg／L的NH4NO3换成相同质量浓度的^15NH4^ NO3或NH^15NO3^；部分水稻在一周后收获，其他分别在分蘖期、幼穗分化期、开花期、成熟期收获。植株分成根系、地上部和穗部，对各自的全氮、^15N进行测定，计算植物的总吸收量。从施用量、植株总吸收量以及三部分总和的植株氮残存量的比较来研究氮素在两种水稻亚种中的行为。研究结果表明，两种植物都近100％吸收了所施用的^15NH4NO3或NH4^15NO3，但^15NH4^ 和^15NO3^-在Japonica的残存量要比Indica多，损失的部分可能往大气中散失了，意味着两种水稻亚种有着明显不同的氮素利用率。比较^15NH4^ 和^15NO3^-的残存量，结果表明^15NH4^ 留在植株体内要比^15NO3^-多，尤其在抽穗期施用的情况下，植物体在后期对^15NO3^-的转化能力大大减弱，但这部分的氮如何损失掉尚不清楚。比较植株体内各部分的氮素含量，发现Japonica的穗部比Indica含有更多的氮素，表明氮在前者的体内转化效率和利用效率高。试验结果表明，不同水稻亚种对氮素的利用以及不同氮素形态在其体内的行为不同。     

上海市浦东农业区降水氮浓度的时间分布

于2008年在上海市浦东农业区设置采样点按月收集降水样品,测定降水NO3--N和NH4+-N浓度,分析氮浓度的变化规律及其影响因素,并计算氮沉降通量。结果表明,浦东农业区降水氮浓度和年沉降通量均较高,ρ(NO 3--N)平均值为0.44 mg.L-1,年沉降通量为5.19 kg.hm-2.a-1;ρ(NH 4+-N)平均值为1.36 mg.L-1,年沉降通量为15.91 kg.hm-2.a-1;TN年沉降通量为21.10 kg.hm-2.a-1,其中NH4+-N占75.4%。降水NO3--N和NH 4+-N浓度在主要生长季(4—10月)低于非主要生长季(11月至次年3月);而NH 4+-N沉降量在主要生长季高于非主要生长季,NO3--N沉降量在主要生长季和非主要生长季差异较小,这主要是人为活动、降水日数与降水量以及风向等因素的综合作用所致。降水氮输入对研究区初级生产力的提高具有积极意义,但降雨氮浓度已超过水体富营养化阈值,可能加剧农业区内水体富营养化。     

利用根箱法解析甜椒根际土壤中氮的行为(英文)

为研究甜椒根际土壤中氮的行为,与既报同样的方法进行研究,即,利用15NH4+,15NO3-双标记的硝胺(NH,4>15NO3,15NH4NO3),在温室里对甜椒进行6周的根箱栽培.收割后,对土壤全氮,NO3-N,水溶性NH4-N,KCl抽出NH4-N和其各自的15N atom%进行测定.结果表明,土壤全氮从非根际到根际逐渐增加,与栽培前相比,土壤全氮在非根际中减少,却在根际中增大.土壤NO3-N浓度朝根际增加到离根际2 mm处,然后激减到根际.NO3-N的来自施给NO3-N的比例靠近根际逐渐升高,在根际达到了69%,反而,来自施给NH4-N的比例靠近根际逐渐降低,在根际将至7%左右.水溶性NH4-N和KCl抽出NH4-N浓度靠近根际逐渐降低,而且,从非根际到根际,二者匀保持3∶10的比例.KCl抽出NH4-N的来自施给NO3-N的比例靠近根际逐渐升高,但在根际仍低于3%,反而,其来自施给NH4-N的比例在非根际约为47%～55%,在根际降到41%.在整个根箱里,施用NO3-N的有機率达到62%,但其值在根际比非根圈要低.相反,施用NH4-N的有機率仅11%左右,但其值在根际比非根际要高.以上结果表明,在甜椒根际土壤中氮的无机化-有机化活性与水稻相比显著低.     

硝酸盐氮,亚硝酸盐氮总量紫外吸收快速测定

水体中尤其是海水中硝酸盐氮的测定较繁琐，干扰物质多，分析时间长，重现性差，准确性不高。文章通过实验介绍一种省时、省力、简便可行不消耗化学试剂且抗氯化物干扰、精度和准确度较高的硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮总量测定方法。     

氮磷营养盐因子对缘管浒苔生长、叶绿素荧光特性和氮磷富集的影响

为探讨大型海藻缘管浒苔(Ulva linza)对氮、磷加富的生理响应及其机制,分析了氮、磷浓度变化对藻体相对生长速率(Rr.g),氮、磷富集,叶绿素(Chl)含量,类胡萝卜素(Car)含量,色素比值(Chl a/Chl b、Chl/Car)以及叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明,在30μmol·L-1P浓度不变条件下,随着N浓度的增加,藻体P含量持续降低,而其Rr、g、N含量、Chl含量、Car含量、色素比值(Chl a/Chl b、Chl/Car)和叶绿素荧光参数均逐渐上升,N3处理(500μmol· L-1 N)缘管浒苔Rr.g和叶绿素荧光参数均达到最大值,N4处理(1 000 μmol·L-1)缘管浒苔Chl含量、Car含量和Chl a/Chl b比值均达到最大值.在500 μmol·L-1N浓度不变条件下,依次增加P浓度,缘管浒苔Rr,g没有显著差异,N含量没有显著变化,而P含量则呈明显上升趋势,其他指标变化幅度小.综上所述,与P相比,N的变化对缘管浒苔生长、光合色素和光合作用的影响更明显,在N浓度为500 μmol·L-1、P浓度为30 μmol ·L-1、N/P比值为16.67条件下,藻体生长最佳.当水体富营养化加剧时,缘管浒苔富集氮、磷的能力持续上升.     

冻融交替对高寒草甸土壤微生物量氮和有机氮组分的影响

采用Bremner氮素分级方法,研究冻融交替对高寒草甸土壤微生物量氮和有机氮组分的影响.结果表明:随着冻融时间的变化,微生物量氮含量先减少后增加,在冻融1 d后达到最小值,4℃、-4℃、-4～4℃和-20～4℃处理下分别下降了50.37%、57.47%、37.79%和37.51%;氨基酸氮和氨基糖氮变化趋势相同,先增加后减少,均在冻融1 d后达到最大值,各处理氨基酸氮含量分别为处理前的1.6倍、1.47倍、1.44倍和1.5倍,氨基糖分别为处理前的1.66倍、1.58倍、1.65倍和1.91倍;氨态氮含量先增加后减少,-20～4℃处理在冻融1 d后为处理前的1.25倍,其余3个处理在冻融3 d后达到最大值;各处理酸解未知氮的变化趋势大体相同,在冻融25 d后达到最小值.研究表明冻融时间对微生物量氮和有机氮组分影响显著,微生物量氮含量是有机氮组分变化的主要原因.     

紫外分光光度法同时测定生活饮用水中的硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮

提出了紫外分光光度法同时测定生活饮用水中的硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的含量。方法操作简便快速,精密度和准确度都是令人满意,大大提高分析效率。     

Optimum Nitrogen Use and Reduced Nitrogen Loss for Production of Rice and Wheat in the Yangtse Delta Region

A long-term field and lysimeter experiment under different amount of fertilizer-N application was conducted to explore the optimal N application rates for a high productive rice–wheat system and less N leaching loss in the Yangtse Delta region. In this region excessive applications of N fertilizer for the rice–wheat production has resulted in reduced N recovery rates and environment pollution. Initial results of the field experiments showed that the optimal N application rate increased with the yield. On the two major paddy soils (Hydromorphic paddy soil and Gleyed paddy soil) of the region, the optimal N application rate was 225–270 kg N hm^–2 for rice and 180–225 kg N hm^–2 for wheat, separately. This has resulted in the highest number of effective ears and Spikelets per unit area, and hence high yield. Nitrogen leaching in the form of NO ₃ ^– -N occurs mainly in the wheat-growing season and in the ponding and seedling periods of the paddy field. Its concentration in the leachate increased with the N application rate in the lysimeter experiment. When the application rate reached 225 kg N hm^–2, the concentration rose to 5.4–21.3 mgN l^–1 in the leachate during the wheat-growing season. About 60% of the leachate samples determined contained NO ₃ ^– -N beyond the criterion (NO ₃ ^– -N 10 mg l^–1) for N pollution. In the field experiment, when the N application rate was in the range of 270–315 kg hm^–2, the NO ₃ ^– -N concentration in the leachate during the wheat-growing season ranged from 1.9 to 11.0 mg l^–1. About 20% of the leachate samples reached close to, and 10% exceeded, the criterion for N pollution. Long-term accumulation of NO ₃ ^– -N from leaching will no doubt constitute a potential risk of N contamination of the groundwater in the Yangtse Delta Region.     

A study on the Spatial Distribution of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Balance, and Regional Nitrogen Flow Through Crop Production

The spatial distribution patterns of the nitrogen and phosphorus input/intake amounts in crop production within two small basins are examined, based upon a cropping unit distribution map that is obtained from remote sensing data analysis. Firstly, we examine the availability and suitability of approaches to the spatial distribution analysis of cultivation patterns classified from material flow characteristics of crop production using seasonal remote-sensing data. Secondly, material flow units in crop production are grouped according to the cultivation patterns obtained from the remote-sensing data analysis. Consequently, the spatial patterns of the amounts of both nitrogen and phosphorus inputs/intakes through crop production on farmland are examined and their spatial distribution maps are prepared according to the material flow units. In addition, we developed a nitrogen flow and runoff model and the model is simulated based on the examination of the results of spatial distribution patterns of the material flow units. The annual nitrogen runoff from small catchments, where various crops are cultivated, varies from 2.7 kg ha^–1 year^–1 to 108 kg ha^–1 year^–1 and the annual balanced losses of nitrogen in small catchments varied from –30 kg ha^–1 year^–1 to 101 kg ha^–1 year^–1. Also, the monthly changes in soil nitrogen of each material flow unit is estimated at –55 kg ha^–1 as a maximum decrease and 114 kg ha^–1 as a maximum increase. These results indicate that the spatial distribution patterns of nutrient input and intake through agricultural activities should be considered when analyzing the material flows and nutritient movement in soil–water systems in rural areas for watershed environmental control and regional agricultural management.     

The Effect of Altered Habitat on Nitrogen Metabolism in Some Free-Living and Symbiotic Relationships Involving Nitrogen Fixing Organisms

Citrulline, one of the forms in which fixed nitrogen is assimilated in free-living blue-green algae and additionally in the blue-green algae/cycad symbiosis in Macrozamia, is similarly assimilated in the nitrogen fixing root nodules of Alnus glutinosa. By investigating the localisation of ornithine carbamoyl transferase in both cases it has been shown that in these symbiotic systems the ornithine carbamoyl transferase is only active in host tissue. This suggests that the host exerts an influence on the assimilation of fixed nitrogen in the microsymbiont resulting in the blocking of the enzyme trans-carbamylase with the subsequent excretion of the fixed nitrogen as ammonia to the host for further assimilation. This is discussed in the light of work on nitrogen metabolism in other symbiotic relationships involving nitrogen fixing organisms, where the effect of altering the habitat of the micro-organism has in fact resulted in a change in its metabolism.     

不同施氮水平条件下烤烟对氮素的利用研究

大田中设置盆栽试验，采用１５Ｎ示踪法对不同施氮水平条件下的烤烟的氮素吸收、肥料氮素的利用和土壤ＡＮ值进行研究．试验结果表明，烤烟全生育期吸收的氮素主要来自于土壤可利用性氮．随着氮肥用量的增加，烤烟对肥料氮的吸收量增加，对土壤氮的吸收量减少，土壤对肥料氮素的固定和氮肥损失量增加．ＡＮ值有随氮素用量的增加而逐渐减小的趋势，但以处理４的（６７．５ｋｇ氮素／ｈｍ２）最小．肥料中的氮素利用率以处理４最高，达到５２．３％。     

Nitrogen retention in urban lawns and forests

Lawns are a dominant cover type in urban ecosystems, and there is concern about their impacts on water quality. However, recent watershed-level studies suggest that these pervious areas might be net sinks, rather than sources, for nitrogen (N) in the urban environment. A 15N pulse-labeling experiment was performed on lawn and forest plots in the Baltimore (Maryland, U.S.A.) metropolitan area to test the hypothesis that lawns are a net sink for atmospheric-N deposition and to compare and contrast mechanisms of N retention in these vegetation types. A pulse of 15N-NO3-, simulating a precipitation event, was followed through mineral soils, roots, Oi-layer/thatch, aboveground biomass, microbial biomass, inorganic N, and evolved N2 gas over a one-year period. The 15N label was undetectable in gaseous samples, but enrichment of other pools was high. Gross rates of production and consumption of NO3- and NH4+ were measured to assess differences in internal N cycling under lawns and forests. Rates of N retention were similar during the first five days of the experiment, with lawns showing higher N retention than forests after 10, 70, and 365 days. Lawns had larger pools of available NO3- and NH4+; however, gross rates of mineralization and nitrification were also higher, leading to no net differences in NO3- and NH4+ turnover times between the two systems. Levels of 15N remained steady in forest mineral soils from day 70 to 365 (at 23% of applied 15N), but continued to accumulate in lawn mineral soils over this same time period, increasing from 20% to 33% of applied 15N. The dominant sink for N in lawn plots changed over time. Immobilization in mineral soils dominated immediately (one day) after tracer application (42% of recovered 15N); plant biomass dominated the short term (10 days; 51%); thatch and mineral-soil pools together dominated the medium term (70 days; 28% and 36%, respectively); and the mineral-soil pool alone dominated long-term retention (one year; 70% of recovered 15N). These findings illustrate the mechanisms whereby urban and suburban lawns under low to moderate management intensities are an important sink for atmospheric-N deposition.     

Nitrogen and plankton dynamics in the lagoon of Venice

The nitrogen cycle in the lagoon of Venice, which is the largest Italian lagoon, was investigated by means of a 3D fully coupled transport – water quality model, which had been validated against a substantial amount of real-world data. Nitrogen fluxes among different ecosystem compartments were computed for each month of a reference year, and for each one of the three sub-basins into which the lagoon is conventionally subdivided. The computation included the loads of nitrogen discharged by the tributaries, the direct inputs from the industrial area and the city of Venice, the atmospheric loads, the fluxes at the three lagoon inlets and the internal fluxes between sediment and water compartments and among the three sub-basins. The results of the analysis show that the lagoon, as a whole, exports nitrogen towards the sea. Approximately 4000 tN/year are recycled by the system, while 4640 tN/year is the net input from the drainage basin and the other sources, thus leading to about 8640 tN/year of dissolved inorganic nitrogen that enter the water compartment. Around half of the this amount is used by primary producers, one fourth is exported towards the sea, and one fourth is transferred into the sediment compartment, or lost to atmosphere. These findings suggest that the exchanges through the inlets play an important role in keeping nitrogen concentration at an acceptable level. A more detailed analysis of the model results shows that the non-homogeneous spatial distribution of tributary discharges and point sources is the main cause of the differences in the ecosystem response and water quality among the three sub-basins. Nutrient poorer sub-basins fix a ration of available inorganic nutrient higher than nutrient rich ones. However, they are more efficient in transferring the biomass to the highest trophic levels. Results also include estimates of fluxes that were not quantified so far (such as grazing and recycling), and a validated model, which could have a practical use, for example for assessing implications of reduction of nutrient loads.