离子色谱在砷化物形态分析中的应用

砷的分析方法最初有光度法、原子吸收光谱法和极谱法等，但这些方法仅能用于总砷，不能用于砷的形态分析．因而又发展了电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)、离子色谱法(IC)、气相色谱法、气相色谱-原子吸收光谱联用、液相色谱-质谱联用、离子色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱、离子色谱-原子吸收／发射光谱联用技术等．由于砷化物在水中多以离子形式存在，采用离子色谱法能同时分析不同形态的砷离子．同时，采用电感耦合等离子体质谱及原子吸收光谱测定砷化物具有较高的灵敏度，因此，离子色谱及离子色谱与电感耦合等离子体质谱、原子吸收／发射光谱的联用技术在砷化物的形态分析中得到了较多的应用^[1-8]。     

离子分析—Waters可提供更多的选择

Waters公司现在可为化学家提供三种仪器方法来分析离子,包括:单柱离子色谱、化学抑制离子色谱,以及毛细管离子分析仪(CIA:Capillary Ion Analysis).毛细管离子分析是最新、最先进的离子分析技术,在前几期的《Waters环境分析园地》中已向大家作了介绍.Waters公司是唯一一家可以提供这么多种离子分析方法选择的液相色谱公司.     

绪言

为了让更多的分析工作者了解离子色谱技术及发展趋势,以及国内外离子色谱领域的动态,我们与《环境化学》编辑部共同创办了《离子色谱园地》.在今后的每一期中,我们将在此园地中刊登各种有关离子色谱最新进展,还有美国DIONEX(戴安)公司的离子色谱仪在使用中的保养、常见故障的排除等;同时向您提供有关国内离子色谱方面的学术活动和展览会等信息;还准备刊登一些优秀的用户来稿,希望广大用户踊跃投稿.我们希望这块园地能够成为展示离子色谱发展趋势和最新应用的窗口;同时,在我们分析工作者之间架起沟通的桥梁.今天,我们首先向您介绍离子色谱的先驱——美国DIONEX(戴安)公司.     

戴安（DIONEX）园地：AS17-C色谱柱手册

IonPac AS17-C色谱柱是一支氢氧化物选择性的、专门进行梯度淋洗分离无机阴离子的阴离子交换分离柱，其主要应用于检测高纯水中的无机阴离子．配合淋洗液自动发生装置，使用AS17-C色谱柱进行梯度淋洗可以在10min内非常好地将氟离子、乙酸、氯离子、亚硝酸根离子、溴离子、硝酸根离子、碳酸根离子、硫酸根离子和磷酸根离子分离．使用AS17-C色谱柱可以给出低的硫酸盐背景并且实现快速的平衡，适合进行高纯水中痕量阴离子的分析．另外，AS17-C可以满足所有AS-17色谱柱的应用范围．     

离子色谱在大气环境中的离线和在线应用

回顾了离子色谱在大气环境中的离线和在线应用.离子色谱离线检测应用技术主要分析物种为无机水溶性组分、有机酸和糖类.在线离子色谱可获得高频数据,为研究相关污染形成机理和制定政策提供科学依据.     

《第九届全国离子色谱学术报告会》征文通知

中国仪器仪表学会分析仪器学会定于 2 0 0 2年 9— 1 0月在北京召开第九届全国离子色谱学术报告会 .欢迎对离子色谱感兴趣的各界人士参加会议 (可以不提交论文 ) ;欢迎相关仪器厂商到会展示和介绍产品 .现将征文内容及有关事项通知如下 :一、征文内容1 离子色谱理论、分析方法、样品前处理和实际样品分析的研究报告或综述2 离子色谱与其他分析方法的联用技术 (如ＩＣ/ＭＳ,ＩＣ/ＡＳＳ等 )3 采用其他色谱技术 (如ＨＰＬＣ ,ＣＥ等 )分析离子性成分的研究报告4 离子色谱仪器及功能部件的研制 (会议安排专门时间报告 )二、征文要求1 未正…     

美国DIONEX(戴安)公司简介

戴安公司的产品主要有离子色谱(IC)、高压液相色谱(HPLC)、毛细管电泳(CE)、超临界流体萃取(SFE)、超临界流体色谱(SFC)、快速溶剂萃取(ASE)等高科技领域的新型技术.戴安公司是世界知名的离子色谱先驱,其离子色谱仪的性能一直处于国际领先水平,是较早获得国际ISO-9001质量认证的公司.离子色谱法是有效分离离子和带电分子的分析技术,自1974年发明以来,已成为水质监测、环境废水污染监测和生产工艺中原料及产品在线检测等许多分析领域内必需的分析技术(例如图1-5).     

离子色谱分析中的苦干注意事项

离子色谱作为一种新型的液相色谱技术.目前已在分析化学的各个领域得到了日益广泛的应用.扩大离子色谱法的应用范围、实现分析方法的标准化和简便化,是近年来国际上离子色谱研究的重点.如何采用离子色谱技术解决更多的实际问题,以及提高分析方法的选择性和可信度,延长分析柱和仪器的使用寿命,降低分析成本,也是在实际工作中经常会遇到的问题.本文结合笔者的工作经验,对离子色谱分析中需要注意的若干问题进行初步的讨论.     

先进的不用化学试剂的离子色谱系统--ICS-2500

ICS 2 5 0 0离子色谱系统是到目前为止Dionex公司推出的最先进的不用化学试剂的离子色谱系统 ,该系统以高度灵活多样的集成式系统配置为用户提供卓越的色谱性能 .这种优越的集成式离子色谱系统通过灵活多样的输液泵和检测器的配置 ,可以提供最为灵活多样和广泛的分析应用 .ICS     

美国DIONEX(戴安)公司与《环境化学》杂志的合作

七十年代以来,离子色谱作为一种新的分析技术,发展很快,特别是对阴离子的分析是一个突破.它与经典的化学分析方法和其它仪器分析方法比较.具有操作简单、快速、选择性好、灵敏度和准确度较高、能同时测定多组份的优点,因而应用范围越来越广.目前,离子色谱可分析各种类型的离子型化合物,包括各式各样有机物的分析,以及含有大分子和有机溶剂的多种复杂样品都可直接进作分析.美国DIONEX(戴安)公司与《环境化学》杂志,自1986年以来,在离子色谱技术的应用和推广等方面进行了友好的合作,尤其是对高效离子色谱HPIC、生物液相色谱BiO-LC和DX-500型离子/液相色谱仪,《环境化学》杂志做了重点介绍.另外,还刊载了     

德国高等职业教育的特点

基于了解德国“双元制”职业教育基础上，介绍了德国职业教育体系，研究了高等职业教育模式、入学条件、培养目标、培养模式、学制、文凭以及人才培养途径，分析了高等职业教育的师资培养措施与过程、经费保障以及法律保障，阐述了高等职业教育改革的基本目标、基本原则、改革重点、发展趋势以及基本理念．     

土壤中金属的生物可给性及其动态变化的研究

土壤中金属的生物可给性常应用于人体健康风险评价,如能准确地判定土壤中金属在胃肠阶段不同时间的溶出动态,研究者就可以更好地分析其对人体的健康风险。本文采集5种不同地区的重金属污染的土壤,利用改进的PBET方法,分别在胃阶段的20、40、60、80 min以及小肠阶段的1、2、3、4、5 h时取样并分析,探究土壤中8种金属元素（As、Al、Cd、Cr、Fe、Mn、Ni、Pb）的生物可给性和溶出动态,探讨造成金属溶出动态变化的影响因素,对其溶出机理进行初步探究。研究结果表明,Fe、Al的生物可给性较低,并且在胃肠阶段差异较小。与胃阶段相比,土壤中Pb、Cd的生物可给性在小肠阶段明显降低,而As、Mn、Cr、Ni的生物可给性在小肠阶段均升高。升幅最大的两个元素是Ni、Cr,其小肠阶段的平均生物可给性分别升高61.4%、29.9%。在溶出量随时间变化方面,在胃阶段,假定1 h时溶出率为100%。20 min时,土壤中Fe、Ni的平均溶出率较低,分别为59.3%、56.8%,其他6种金属元素的平均溶出率在71.2%~79.5%。As、Cd、Pb的溶出速率是先快后慢,Cr和Ni的溶出速率是先慢后快,而Fe、Mn、Al的溶出速率基本保持不变。在小肠阶段,假定4 h时溶出率为100%。Al、As、Cd、Mn的溶出率基本不变。1 h时,土壤中Cr（土壤A除外）、Ni的平均溶出率最低,分别为31.5%、32.7%,而5 h时,Fe、Cr、Ni的溶出率还在升高。由此可见,土壤中不同金属元素的生物可给性以及溶出动态是有明显差异的。     

常用杀菌剂对啶虫脒中华蜜蜂毒性潜在增效作用研究

啶虫脒对蜜蜂急性毒性较低,且允许在作物花期施用,而杀菌剂也是蜜源植物花期常用药剂。本文采用点滴法和摄入法测定了10种常用杀菌剂对啶虫脒中华蜜蜂毒性的潜在增效作用。结果表明,点滴田间实际暴露剂量的杀菌剂使啶虫脒对中华蜜蜂的毒性不同程度的增加。点滴杀菌剂和啶虫脒24 h、48 h后,咪鲜胺、丙环唑、腈菌唑、戊唑醇、苯醚甲环唑、嘧菌酯、己唑醇、吡唑醚菌酯、三唑酮、氟硅唑使啶虫脒毒性分别增加14.02、10.74、8.50、7.92、4.77、4.28、4.19、4.07、2.74、2.67倍和8.01、10.14、4.80、7.09、2.66、2.56、3.62、2.69、2.24、1.49倍。摄入田间实际暴露剂量的杀菌剂和啶虫脒混剂24 h、48 h后,啶虫脒对中华蜜蜂的毒性增加。其中,丙环唑、氟硅唑、苯醚甲环唑、嘧菌酯、咪鲜胺使啶虫脒的毒性分别增加3.62、2.46、2.10、1.98、1.56倍和2.07、2.81、2.20、2.58、2.23倍。因此蜜源植物花期应避免丙环唑、咪鲜胺、戊唑醇、腈菌唑与啶虫脒先后喷施或混合喷施,慎用己唑醇等其他6种杀菌剂,以防啶虫脒残留导致中华蜜蜂采集蜂中毒。     

癌症与土壤环境中Sn元素的关系

利用土壤环境资料中关于锡元素的32335个数据,癌死亡调查资料787080例,研究了胃癌、食管癌、肝癌、宫颈癌、肺癌、大肠癌、白血病、鼻咽癌、乳腺病死亡率与人鲜生活区土壤环境中锡元素的关系,结果表明。食管癌死亡率与生活区土壤中锡元素质量分数的相关性显著,肝癌、宫颈癌、鼻咽癌死亡率与生活区土壤中锻元素质量分数的相关性极显著,而胃癌、肺癌、大肠癌、白血病、乳腺癌死亡率与生活区土壤中锡元素质量分数的相共性下显著。     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

The emergence of stable isotopes in environmental and forensic geochemistry studies: a review

In the past decade, environmental forensics has emerged as a discipline directed toward determining parties liable for causing spills of contaminants into the environment. Such investigations, while geared toward determining the guilty parties in order to recover costs of the cleanup and remediation, require various questions to be addressed. These include determination of the nature of the product; Where did it come from?; Extent of weathering, if any; How long has it been there?; and Is it degrading naturally? Traditionally, these studies have been addressed through utilization of techniques such as gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS). However, in recent years, stable isotopes, primarily determined through the use of combined gas chromatography–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GCIRMS), have emerged as an equally important tool in environmental forensics. For relatively low molecular, volatile compounds such as MTBE, BTEX, or chlorinated solvents, the isotopes, primarily carbon and hydrogen, have been used extensively for evaluating the onset of natural attenuation. For larger molecules such as PCBs or PAHs, in which the effects of biodegradation on the isotope composition of these molecules is minimal, the isotopic fingerprints of the individual compounds can be used for correlation purposes. In this paper, a brief introduction to isotope geochemistry will be given, followed by a review of applications of stable isotopes to a variety of environmental problems. While the review may not necessarily be exhaustive, it will provide a comprehensive overview of areas where isotopes have been used and potential applications for the future. Most of the review is concerned with carbon and hydrogen isotopes, although a brief overview of the emerging area of chlorine isotopes will also be discussed.     

注意力经济--文化产业的策略选择

随着信息技术的无限进展,信息的丰富造成了注意力的贫乏,这是现代社会人民遇到的一个矛盾.作为从计划经济步入市场经济的我国文化产业,已经完全进入市场化的运作,文化产品可经选择的多样性决定了受众的主体地位,大众不再是商家和媒体教育的对象,而是他们的服务对象.我国文化产业要得以长足发展,其首要任务是吸引最大多数人的关注,赢得他们的关心.文化产业的发展需要为大众的注意力买单,要寻找与发掘大众注意力兴奋点,实行吸引受众注意力的产业营销策略.这就是遵从大众认知心理,强化娱乐功能;认同受众的好奇心理,提升品牌形象;紧扣受众的表现心理,倡导时尚消费;认同受众遵从心理,因势利导;巧借受众移情心理,打造个性品牌.     

Elemental composition of Jamaican foods 1: A survey of five food crop categories

The concentrations of 27 elements in Jamaican food categories consisting of fruit, legumes, leafy and root vegetables and other root crops are reported. The main analytical techniques used were neutron activation analysis and flame and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results are compared, where possible, with values from Denmark, the United Kingdom, the United States and Nigeria, and with some regulatory limits. Over 75% of the results for antimony, arsenic, barium, cerium, thorium and uranium were below the respective sample detection limits but even among these, some of the maximum values observed indicate that further examination may be useful for those foods grown in the regions of highest uptake and consumed in large amounts. The other elements reported are bromine, cadmium, calcium, caesium, cerium, chromium, copper, europium, hafnium, iron, lanthanum, lead, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, rubidium, scandium, samarium, sodium, strontium, thorium, uranium, and zinc. Many of these elements occur at concentration levels above those reported from the other countries but it seems unlikely that most of these will contribute significantly to public health risk. However, at this stage cadmium clearly appears to be the element of greatest concern in the Jamaican food chain. The observed range of cadmium concentrations suggests that factors such as land selection, coupled perhaps where necessary, with suitably modified agricultural practices, is a feasible way to reduce the cadmium content of certain local foods.     

Predictors of occupancy trend across spatial scale

Many explorations of extinction probability have had a global focus, yet it is unclear whether variables that explain the probability of extinction at large spatial extents are the same as those at small spatial extents. Thus, we used nearly annual presence-absence records for the most recent 40 years of a 110-year data set from Palenque, Mexico, an area with ongoing deforestation, to explore which of >200 species of birds have probabilities of extirpation that are likely to increase. We assessed associations between long-term trends in species presence (i.e., detection in a given year) and body size, geographic range size, diet, dependence on forest cover, taxonomy, and ecological specialization. Our response variable was the estimated slope of a weighted logistic regression for each species. We assessed the relative strength of each predictor by means of a model ranking scheme. Several variables associated with high extinction probability at global extents, such as large body size or small geographic range size, were not associated with occurrence of birds over time at our site. Body size was associated with species loss at Palenque, but occurrence trends of both very large and very small species, particularly the latter, have declined, or the species have been extirpated. We found no association between declining occurrence trend and geographic range size, yet decline correlated with whether a species depends on forest (mean occupancy trend =-0.0380, 0.0263, and 0.0186 for, respectively, species with high, intermediate, or low dependence on forest) and with complex combinations of diet and foraging strata (e.g., occurrence of canopy insectivores and terrestrial omnivores has increased, whereas occurrence of mid-level frugivores and terrestrial granivores has decreased). Our findings emphasize that analyses of local areas are necessary to explicate extirpation risk at various spatial extents.     

NaCl胁迫对不同柑橘砧木品种抗氧化系统的影响

采用土培的方式,研究了不同浓度的NaCl（0,50,100,150,250,350mmol·L-1）对岑溪酸橘Citrus reticulata Blanco、龙州土柠檬CitruslimoniaOsbeck和临桂砧板柚Citrus grandis Osbeck叶片抗氧化酶（SOD、POD、CAT、APX）活性以及谷胱甘肽（GSH）、丙二醛（MDA）、超氧自由基（02]含量的影响。结果表明,随着NaCI处理浓度的增加,岑溪酸橘、龙州土柠檬和临桂砧板柚3种柑橘叶片中02均有不同程度的增加,表明在NaCI处理下3种柑橘均受到了不同程度的O2-胁迫。NaCI处理对岑溪酸橘和龙州土柠檬SOD、POD活性,临桂砧板柚MDA含量的影响不显著C〉0．0S）,但引起临桂砧板柚SOD活性、岑溪酸橘和龙州土柠檬APX活性显著增加（P〈0．05）。在不同浓度的NaCI处理下,3种柑橘叶片的CAT活性均有不同程度的下降,但GSH的含量随着NaCl浓度的增加而增加,在NaCl处理浓度为350mmol·L-1时,岑溪酸橘、龙州土柠檬、临桂砧板柚GSH含量分别比对照提高了137％、59．1％、90．8％,表明GSH在解毒NaCl胁迫时起重要作用。