气相防锈剂在牵引电机制造过程中的应用

本文通过防锈性能试验(湿热试验)、防锈理化性能试验、实际验证试验研究了可剥离塑胶气雾剂(Y1)、气相防锈粉(Y2)、快干型防锈油(F1)以及气相防锈剂(F2)四种气相防锈剂对牵引电机产品材料的防锈效果,结果表明:Y1防锈效果好,但理化性能差;Y2不可长时间与明水接触,适用于短期防锈的产品;F1涂刷时应注意涂抹均匀,不可漏涂,适用于中短期防锈的产品;F2防锈效果最好,在高湿环境下防锈效果尤为突出,适用于长期防锈的产品。从而为牵引电机产品工序寻找出了合适的气相防锈剂,解决了牵引电机等产品制造工序中防锈需求问题。     

气相防锈材料对海上风电常用金属材料的缓蚀性影响研究

目的 海上风电电器设备安全运行是维持风机稳定运行的核心,因此,其防护尤为重要,而气相防锈技术以不挑设备形状、无孔不入等优势成为电器设备防护的主要方式之一,然而电器设备涉及的金属材料较多,各种防锈成分可能存在不相容问题,反而导致部分金属发生腐蚀促进现象,因此,需要准确判断各个成分对常用金属材料的缓蚀性。方法 本文主要通过浸泡试验以及电化学测试研究气相防锈材料对钢（Q235）、铜、锌、铝四种金属的缓蚀性研究,为多金属复合防锈剂的选配提供数据支持。结果 通过对四种金属在十种常用气相防锈成分中浸泡腐蚀研究,结果发现,苯丙三唑、水溶性羊毛脂、十二烷基磺酸钠对四种金属均具有良好的缓蚀效果,其他成分均有对某一金属具有腐蚀促进作用,通过电化学测试发现二甲基咪唑、酒石酸钾钠、柠檬酸钠对Q235具有良好的缓蚀效果,但酒石酸钾钠、柠檬酸钠对锌腐蚀促进效果较强。苯并三唑对铜、锌具有明显的缓蚀效果,而司盘40对铝表现出良好的缓蚀效果。结论 多金属用气相防锈材料复配应尽可能选择防锈效果良好且对其他金属相容性更好的成分,并选择缓蚀机理相同或相似的成分,通过协同效果增大缓释效率,达到良好的防锈性能。     

出口小家电产品环境适应性试验中常见问题及分析

本文介绍了小家电产品在环境检测中常见的安全问题,分析其通常存在的不符合IEC标准的条款和产生的原因,提出了解决类似问题的措施,从而提高出口小家电产品的安全性能.     

库车坳陷复合盐层高密度环保钻井液技术研究

通过对处理剂环保性能评价及作用效果优选、高密度环保钻井液配方及其钻井液的流变性、失水性、抗温性、抑制性、抗污染等综合性能评价等一系列实验研究,形成了一套适合山前构造带的环保钻井液体系。该钻井液具有无毒、易降解、密度高(2.0g/cm3和2.3g/cm3)、高温高压失水低、流变性好、抗高温可达130～140℃,性能稳定,抑制性、润滑性能好,抗污染能力强,既能够满足复合盐层钻井工程需求,又具环保性能好的特点。     

大棚保温被

大棚保温被解决了现有大棚用双层草帘覆盖保温效果差、用量大、费用高的问题。它把上、下保温层 ,防雨防寒层 ,耐磨层等周边缝合在一起 ,保温性能好 ;不易滋生各种害虫 ,耐磨耐用 ;覆盖大棚保温被比传统大棚提高棚内温度 1℃～2℃ ,大棚内的产品尤其是蔬菜可提前一周上市 ,以取     

基于红外对射光幕技术的小量程多介质液位传感器设计

针对水下发射舱可能出现的少量渗水定量测量问题,基于红外对射光幕原理研制了一种小量程液位传感器。该传感器不仅能对水、海水、防冻液等多种介质进行液位测量,而且精度高、体积小、抗电磁干扰能力强。经实验验证,传感器测量量程(0~20)mm准确度达0.57%FS,盲区小于2 mm,仅有少量水进入就会及时报警。在实际应用中,该产品性能稳定可靠,满足海面舰艇设备对传感器提出的各项要求。     

阳离子淀粉-双氰胺-甲醛絮凝剂的合成及其絮凝性能

以阳离子淀粉、双氰胺、甲醛为主要原料,以硫酸铝为催化剂,并引入添加剂合成了阳离子淀粉 双氰胺 甲醛脱色絮凝剂。探讨了阳离子淀粉用量、甲醛用量、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间及添加剂对阳离子淀粉 双氰胺 甲醛树脂混凝脱色性能的影响,并对印染废水进行了混凝脱色试验。实验结果发现,当双氰胺23 5g、阳离子淀粉5 6g、甲醛57 8g、硫酸铝4 8g、添加剂12 5g、反应温度(70±1)℃、反应时间为1 5小时。试验表明产品的混凝脱色性能良好,CODCr去除率≥91%,脱色率≥99%。并对制得的产品进行了絮凝性能试验,结果表明该产品具有良好的絮凝性能。     

湿热试验与转子防锈处理

微型控制电机结构紧凑、体积小、精度高。定子、转子之间间隙往往只有0.03～0.04毫米,因此对转子、定子防锈处理工作带来一定的困难,既要保征防锈效果可靠,又必须使防锈层厚度保持在允许范围内。我厂在生产110BF步进电机过程中,定转子单边间隙为0.04毫米,要求定转子防锈层单边厚度在0.005毫米以下(5μ),这样才能保证电机正常的装配运转。为达到目的,我们在电机转子上进行了防锈涂复试验,共采用了六     

离心机试验机不平衡问题的模式识别方法研究

为解决离心机不平衡的判断问题,结合实际产品的理论分析,本文提出一种基于振动信号的模式识别方法。本文方法在离心机不平衡问题的理论分析基础上,首先根据分析得出的比例系数采集对应振动信号,其次将该振动信号作为实验数据与实际运行数据进行特征值分析、分类器辨识过程,得出实际的比例系数,随后计算出当前离心机运转过程中所存在的离心力,最终依据离心力大小判断离心机设备的不平衡程度。     

火炸药环境性能试验安全问题的探索

环境试验的安全问题在火炸药产品性能检测的过程中扮演着重要角色,因为只有通过安全的环境试验,才能保证各种环境条件对火炸药产品性能影响的试验得以顺利完成。在多年的研究工作中,我们完成了大量的有关火炸药产品性能的环境试验,本文详细地分析和探索了火炸药产品进行环境性能试验所涉及的安全措施、安全防护、安全概念以及试验前的安全准备等问题,这些分析和探索能够为火炸药样品环境性能试验及安全地完成试验提供了一定的参考。     

A critical review on plastic waste administration

The management of plastic waste through various methods such as landfilling, recycling, and incineration has several inherent shortcomings, such as a lack of resources, preparation, motivation, financial power, and expertise. Additionally, these methods are unable to handle the quantity and types of plastic waste, nor do they increase the public's interest in plastic waste management practices. According to research, environmental, economic, and social factors are the main drivers for reducing plastic waste. Experts from around the world have identified four significant areas of concern for which solutions have been proposed: methods of plastic waste reduction and management, the amount of plastic waste, the quality of waste/plastic, and awareness of plastic waste management/cost of plastic waste management. However, individual solutions proposed for these key areas of concern are facing several challenges, leading to delays in their adoption or less popularity globally. The review has identified the reasons for the less popularity of existing plastic waste management methods, which are less environmentally friendly and have a complex process, hence requiring serious reconsideration from technocrats and researchers to develop more sustainable and efficient procedures that do not produce more hazardous by-products. This study also found that financial incentives are one of the main drivers to ensure the mass participation of lower and working-class people.     

Environmental evaluation of plastic waste management scenarios

The management of the plastic fraction is one of the most debated issues in the discussion on integrated municipal solid waste systems. Both material and energy recovery can be performed on such a waste stream, and different separate collection schemes can be implemented. The aim of the paper is to contribute to the debate, based on the analysis of different plastic waste recovery routes. Five scenarios were defined and modelled with a life cycle assessment approach using the EASEWASTE model. In the baseline scenario (P0) the plastic is treated as residual waste and routed partly to incineration with energy recovery and partly to mechanical biological treatment. A range of potential improvements in plastic management is introduced in the other four scenarios (P1–P4). P1 includes a source separation of clean plastic fractions for material recycling, whereas P2 a source separation of mixed plastic fraction for mechanical upgrading and separation into specific polymer types, with the residual plastic fraction being down-cycled and used for “wood items”. In P3 a mixed plastic fraction is source separated together with metals in a “dry bin”. In P4 plastic is mechanically separated from residual waste prior to incineration.A sensitivity analysis on the marginal energy was carried out. Scenarios were modelled as a first step assuming that marginal electricity and heat were based on coal and on a mix of fuels and then, in the sensitivity analysis, the marginal energy was based on natural gas.The study confirmed the difficulty to clearly identify an optimal strategy for plastic waste management. In fact none of the examined scenarios emerged univocally as the best option for all impact categories. When moving from the P0 treatment strategy to the other scenarios, substantial improvements can be obtained for “Global Warming”. For the other impact categories, results are affected by the assumption about the substituted marginal energy. Nevertheless, irrespective of the assumptions on marginal energy, scenario P4, which implies the highest quantities of specific polymer types sent to recycling, resulted the best option in most impact categories.     

Medical waste management in Korea

The management of medical waste is of great importance due to its potential environmental hazards and public health risks. In the past medical waste was often mixed with municipal solid waste and disposed of in residential waste landfills or improper treatment facilities (e.g. inadequately controlled incinerators) in Korea. In recent years, many efforts have been made by environmental regulatory agencies and waste generators to better manage the waste from healthcare facilities. This paper presents an overview of the current management practices of medical waste in Korea. Information regarding generation, composition, segregation, transportation, and disposal of medical wastes is provided and discussed. Medical waste incineration is identified as the most preferred disposal method and will be the only available treatment option in late 2005. Faced with increased regulations over toxic air emissions (e.g. dioxins and furans), all existing small incineration facilities that do not have air pollution control devices will cease operation in the next few years. Large-scale medical waste incinerators would be responsible for the treatment of medical waste generated by most healthcare facilities in Korea. It is important to point out that there is a great potential to emit air toxic pollutants from such incinerators if improperly operated and managed, because medical waste typically contains a variety of plastic materials such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Waste minimization and recycling, control of toxic air emissions at medical waste incinerators, and alternative treatment methods to incineration are regarded to be the major challenges in the future.     

Mechanical performance of woodfibre–waste plastic composite materials

Plastic products used for packaging are often discarded after a single use resulting in an inexhaustible supply of waste polymeric materials. The stiffness and strength of polymeric materials have been known to improve with the addition of lignocellulosic fibres available in abundance in nature. Hence, composite materials containing natural fibres and waste plastics would result in the reduction of solid wastes and the use of cheap, renewable resources. Composite specimens, consisting of waste plastics obtained from a Kerbside collection (high density polyethylene (HDPE) waste, Janitorial waste, Kerbside waste I and Kerbside waste II) and Pinus radiata woodfibres (medium density fibres (MDF)), have been produced through melt blending and injection moulding. The effects of fibre content, matrix type and interfacial bonding on the tensile and flexural properties of these composite materials have been determined through extensive testing at various conditions. The mechanical properties of these composites at room temperature and humidity depend on the amount of woodfibres, the mechanical properties of the waste plastics used and the presence of a suitable coupling agent. The tensile strengths of MDF/waste plastic composites do not generally change with fibre content except for 40% MDF/HDPE waste and 40% MDF/Kerbside waste II (plus 1% Epolene™) composites, where the tensile strengths increase by about 25% compared to those of the corresponding waste plastics. Flexural strengths of MDF/waste plastic composites increase with the addition of medium density fibres with the exception of MDF/Kerbside waste I composites. The tensile and flexural moduli of MDF/waste plastic composites mostly increase with increasing fibre content.     

新疆阿瓦提县废旧地膜回收利用研究

阿瓦提县地膜的过量使用使当地土壤环境逐渐恶化,严重污染了农村环境,并影响了农机作业质量的提高。通过分析2011年阿瓦提县地膜使用相关数据及地膜回收利用情况,提出了阿瓦提县地膜回收利用的优化对策:加大对"白色污染"危害性的宣传,提升广大农民群众的生态文明意识;发展废旧地膜回收利用企业,拓宽回收渠道;制定优惠政策,加大支持力度,促进废旧地膜回收利用;从农艺上防治和减少地膜残留;采取人工和机械回收相结合的措施,加大残留地膜回收力度。     

A discussion to promote global sustainability techniques for motivating plastic waste to minimize carbon footprints

This paper emphasizes the significant challenges facing the sustainable environment, including managing and handling plastic waste and reducing carbon footprints. To tackle these challenges, it is essential to identify people's awareness levels of waste handling techniques and their pro-environmental behaviors. The study focuses on Guwahati, one of the most important cities in Northeast India, which generates increasing plastic waste daily. The paper aims to identify the factors contributing to the reduction of carbon footprints resulting from plastic waste management activities. The data collected from 1326 respondents was analyzed using factor analysis, and the reliability of the dataset was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha (0.84 for the awareness level of waste management techniques and 0.780 for the prevalent mode of plastic waste management techniques). KMO (0.796), Bartlett's test of sphericity (p < 0.001), and determinant score (0.019) were used to assess the data adequacy and factorability of the dataset, and the results were found to be satisfactory. Principal component analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and varimax orthogonal rotation method were used to identify high-loaded factors by reducing the number of variables. The results showed that two highly loaded components, namely awareness level of waste management techniques (AWMT) and prevalent mode of plastic waste management techniques (PWMT), explained 27.53% and 24.34% of the total variance, respectively, with eigenvalues of 3.35 and 2.88. The regression model confirmed the statistical significance of these factors (p < 0.001) and their relationship with the dependent variable, greenhouse reduction (GHGR). The study proposes that minimizing carbon footprints in the environment can be achieved by focusing on a limited number of controllable factors such as AWMT and PWMT. This study provides valuable insights to the authorities in controlling waste generation and achieving a pollution-free environment.     

Assessment of plastic packaging waste: Material origin,methods, properties

The global plastics production has increased annually and a substantial part is used for packaging (in Europe 39%). Most plastic packages are discarded after a relatively short service life and the resulting plastic packaging waste is subsequently landfilled, incinerated or recycled. Laws of several European and Asian countries require that plastic packaging waste collected from households has to be sorted, reprocessed, compounded and reused. These recycling schemes typically produce milled goods of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(ethylene) (PE), isotactic poly(propylene) (PP), mixed plastics, and agglomerates from film material. The present study documents the composition and properties of post-consumer polyolefin recyclates originating from both source separation and mechanical recovery from municipal solid refuse waste (MSRW). The overall composition by Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were determined and compared with the sorting results of the sorted fractions prior to the reprocessing into milled goods. This study shows that the collection method for the plastic packaging waste has hardly any influence on the final quality of the recyclate; however, the sorting and reprocessing steps influence the final quality of the recyclate. Although the mechanical properties of recyclate are clearly different than those of virgin polymers, changes to the sorting and reprocessing steps can improve the quality.     

Waste scavenging in Third World cities: A case study in Ilorin, Nigeria

Solid waste poses a serious problem to government agencies and people in third world cities. Recycling as a way of managing waste has received relatively little attention. This paper examines the role of waste scavengers in the waste recycling process. The preliminary findings reported here indicate that the waste scavenger could be incorporated formally into the recycling process. Using plastic waste as an example, it is demonstrated that such recycling is economically viable.     

A comprehensive waste collection cost model applied to post-consumer plastic packaging waste

Post-consumer plastic packaging waste (PPW) can be collected for recycling via source separation or post-separation. In source separation, households separate plastics from other waste before collection, whereas in post-separation waste is separated at a treatment centre after collection. There are also two collection schemes, either curb side or via drop-off locations. These different schemes have impact on total costs of collection at the municipal level. It can also influence the facility choices and network design. Therefore, a method which can compare costs of various collection schemes is needed.A comprehensive cost model was developed to compare costs of municipal collection schemes of PPW. The ‘municipal waste collection cost model’ is based on variables including fixed and variable costs per vehicle, personnel cost, container or bag costs as well as on emission costs (using imaginary carbon taxes). The model can be used for decision support when strategic changes to the collection scheme of municipalities are considered. The model takes into account the characteristics of municipalities, including urbanization degree and taxation schemes for household waste management.The model was applied to the Dutch case of post-consumer plastic packaging waste. Results showed that that in general post-separation collection has the lowest costs and curb side collection in urban municipalities without residual waste collection taxing schemes the highest. These results were supported by the conducted sensitivity analysis, which showed that higher source separation responses are negatively related to curb side collection costs. Greenhouse gas emission costs are a significant part of the total costs when collecting post-consumer plastic packaging waste due to the low density to weight ratio of the materials collect. These costs can amount to 15% of the total collection costs.