珠江三角洲大气光化学氧化剂(Ox)与PM2.5复合超标污染特征及气象影响因素

基于粤港澳珠江三角洲区域空气监测网络12个监测子站的大气污染物数据,梳理2013~2017年大气光化学氧化剂O_x（NO₂+O₃）与PM_2.5质量浓度的变化趋势.O_x+PM_2.5复合超标污染定义为NO₂和PM_2.5质量浓度日平均值以及O₃浓度日最大8 h平均值（O₃ MDA8）同时超过二级浓度限值,分析了不同类型站点复合超标污染的时空分布特征以及气象因素影响.结果表明,2013~2017年珠三角PM_2.5年均质量浓度由（44±7）μg·m^-3下降至（32±4）μg·m^-3,实现PM_2.5连续3 a达标.O_x年均质量浓度由2013年（127±14）μg·m^-3下降至2016年（114±12）μg·m^-3,2017年反弹至（129±13）μg·m^-3,O₃浓度上升明显（10 μg·m^-3）.以O₃为首要污染物的污染过程占比由2013年33%增多至2017年78%,多个城市同时发生污染的区域特征明显.研究时段内O_x+PM_2.5复合超标污染事件共发生60次,主要在城区站点（78%）和郊区站点（22%）.秋季发生复合超标污染天数最多（52%）,是因为强太阳辐射有利于臭氧生成,大气氧化性增加,进而促进了PM_2.5二次生成.造成珠三角复合超标污染的天气形势主要为高压出海型（43%）、高压控制型（30%）和热带低压型（27%）.就具体气象因素而言,气温在20~25℃且相对湿度在60%~75%的范围内时,复合超标污染事件发生占比最高（22%）.在O₃重污染过程中,夜间高湿和低风速使得NO₂和PM_2.5浓度显著上升,日间高温加剧了复合超标污染.     

两湖盆地冬季区域大气颗粒物污染特征及独特的风场和下垫面影响

为认识近年来长江流域中游两湖（湖南-湖北）盆地大气环境变化特征,本文利用两湖盆地2015~2019年冬季近地面PM_2.5和PM₁₀观测数据,结合风速、地形和植被指数等资料,探讨两湖盆地冬季大气颗粒物PM_2.5和PM₁₀的变化特征及其与风速、地形和下垫面的关联.结果表明：①两湖盆地2015~2019年冬季PM_2.5污染频发,其中两湖盆地西北部的襄阳和荆门的冬季平均分别多达62 d和61 d出现PM_2.5污染（PM_2.5>75 μg·m^-3）,襄阳重污染（PM_2.5>150 μg·m^-3）多达19 d,表明两湖盆地是长江流域中游地区一个区域性PM_2.5污染中心.②在空间上,两湖盆地污染呈现出西北重东南轻、城市群污染较重的特征,这主要与冬季风驱动的大气污染物的区域传输和两湖盆地城市地区的强排放有关.③近地面风速与PM_2.5和PM₁₀地面浓度变化呈现特殊的"U"型非线性关系,PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度拐点值分别为153 μg·m^-3和210 μg·m^-3,揭示了两湖盆地局地大气颗粒物累积主导了轻/中度污染,大气污染物区域传输决定了重度污染的独特区域特征.④两湖盆地冬季PM_2.5和PM₁₀地面浓度与地形高度和植被指数均呈显著负相关,反映了两湖盆地地形和城市化下垫面变化的大气环境效应.     

环境空气PM2.5化学组分监测数据审核指标的建立:以长三角地区为例

本研究基于2014~2017年长三角地区2100余组环境空气PM_2.5组分监测数据,建立了组分监测数据有效性的审核指标.以百分位数法（P_2.5,P_97.5）确定了长三角地区阴离子（A）与阳离子（C）电荷当量浓度比（A/C）、所测组分浓度之和（∑组分）与PM_2.5实测浓度比、基于物质重构的PM_2.5质量浓度（PM_2.5,重构）与PM_2.5实测浓度比、S/SO₄^2-和K/K⁺的双侧95%参考范围分别为：（0.82,1.35）、（0.63,0.94）、（0.62,1.00）、（0.28,0.50）和（0.66,2.31）,且上述指标各月的平均值和参考范围基本不受季节变化影响.NH₄⁺的理论浓度与实测浓度检验结果表明,NH₄⁺的化学形态呈现季节性变化,春夏季主要以NH₄NO₃和（NH₄）₂SO₄形态存在,秋冬季则主要以NH₄NO₃、（NH₄）₂SO₄和NH₄Cl形态存在.相关研究的验证结果表明,A/C指标的通过率为87.1%,其他4项指标的通过率高达100%,说明上述审核指标的参考范围不仅适用于长三角地区,在我国其他地区也具有参考价值.本研究还发现,审核指标的使用有一定条件,对于S/SO₄^2-,夏季数据适用条件为PM_2.5≥40 μg ·m^-3,春秋冬三季数据适用条件为60 μg ·m^-3≤PM_2.5≤140 μg ·m^-3;对于其他审核指标,当PM_2.5≥60 μg ·m^-3时,上述参考范围基本能够全年普遍适用.     

承德市PM2.5中碳质组分的季节分布特征及来源解析

为研究承德市PM_2.5中碳质组分的季节变化及污染来源,于2019年1、4、7和10月采集大气PM_2.5样品,测定碳质组分浓度.通过有机碳（OC）与元素碳（EC）比值、总碳质气溶胶（TCA）及二次有机碳（SOC）的估算,分析碳质组分的变化特征;结合后向轨迹和主成分分析（PCA）方法,分析污染来源.结果表明,采样期间PM_2.5、OC和EC的平均质量浓度分别为（31.26±21.39）、（13.27±8.68）和（2.80±1.95）μg ·m^-3.PM_2.5的季节变化趋势为：冬季[（47.68±30.37）μg ·m^-3]>秋季[（28.72±17.12）μg ·m^-3]>春季[（26.59±15.32）μg ·m^-3]>夏季[（23.17±8.38）μg ·m^-3],与总碳（TC）、OC和EC季节变化趋势一致,冬季（R²=0.85）的OC与EC来源较一致;OC/EC值得出4个季节均受到交通和燃煤源排放的影响,且冬季受烟煤排放影响显著.TCA的平均浓度为（21.38±13.68）μg ·m^-3,占PM_2.5比例达68.39%,二次转化率（SOC/OC）为：春季（54.09%）>秋季（37.64%）>夏季（32.91%）>冬季（25.43%）.后向轨迹模拟结果表明,春季和夏季气团携带的污染物浓度相对较低,秋季污染物的传输通道为西南方向,冬季为西北方向,主成分分析（PCA）表明,承德市PM_2.5削减的关键是控制机动车尾气、燃煤和生物质燃烧源的排放.     

沿海农村地区大气PM2.5中多环芳烃（PAHs）季节污染特征、气象条件影响及健康风险评估

东部沿海地区是我国多环芳烃排放量最高的地区之一,了解我国东部沿海农村地区大气多环芳烃（PAHs）污染特征和健康风险是大气污染控制的重要基础之一.在本研究中,对青岛农村地区进行了春、夏、秋、冬季的大气PM_2.5样品采集,并对其18种PAHs的季节变化、分子组成和与气象要素关系进行了分析,利用总致癌当量毒性（∑TEQ）模型对PAHs进行了健康风险评估.PM_2.5浓度季节变化趋势与PAHs浓度季节变化趋势具有一致性,变化趋势为：冬季＞秋季＞春季＞夏季,PM_2.5年均浓度为（33.91 ± 28.96） μg·m^-3,PAHs年均浓度为（11.66 ± 20.00） ng·m^-3.PAHs（除BkF外）与相应期间内的PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、CO和气压呈正相关性（p<0.01）,但是与O₃、气温呈负相关性（p<0.01）.通过诊断比率计算,表明煤燃烧和机动车排放是农村地区PAHs的重要来源.冬季大气PM_2.5中PAHs的总致癌当量毒性（∑TEQ）超过WHO限值（TEQ 1 ng·m^-3）,对人类具有明显危害,应对沿海农村地区冬季PAHs的污染给予重视.     

宿迁市PM2.5中水溶性无机离子的季节特征和来源分析

为了研究宿迁市PM_2.5中水溶性无机离子的季节特征和来源,于2017年5月至2018年1月在宿迁市水汽通道上的3个监测点位采集了171份PM_2.5样品,分析了PM_2.5质量浓度以及9种水溶性无机离子含量.结果表明,宿迁市PM_2.5中水溶性无机离子的年均浓度为（44.08±34.61）μg ·m^-3,占PM_2.5质量的41.8%,9种水溶性离子浓度大小排序为ρ（NO₃^-） > ρ（SO₄^2-） > ρ（NH₄⁺） > ρ（Cl^-） > ρ（Na⁺） > ρ（Ca²⁺） > ρ（K⁺） > ρ（F^-） > ρ（Mg²⁺）,其中NO₃^-、SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺是主要的离子组分,占总水溶性无机离子浓度的75.6%.ρ（NO₃^-）/ρ（SO₄^2-）年均值为1.53±0.88,表明移动污染源对PM_2.5的贡献高于固定污染源.水溶性无机离子相关性分析表明,NH₄⁺与NO₃^-、SO₄^2-可能以（NH₄）₂ SO₄、NH₄HSO₄和NH₄NO₃的形式存在.结合主成分分析,水溶性无机离子主要来源于二次转化、工业源、生物质燃烧和扬尘.PM_2.5浓度与相对湿度在冬季呈显著正相关,水汽传输在冬季更容易对PM_2.5浓度增长有促进作用.     

河南省18个城市大气污染物分布特征、区域来源和传输路径

河南省大气污染严重且与周边区域污染传输及交互影响明显,以2017年1、4、7和10月为研究对象,将河南省内18个地市的排放源分别标记,并应用于WRF-CMAQ溯源模型进行模拟.污染物分布结果表明,由于排放和气象的共同影响,河南省PM_2.5、NO₂和SO₂浓度表现为冬季最高,夏季最低.O₃-8h浓度的季节变化则为夏季最高,春季次之,冬季最低.不同季节间污染物浓度差距较大,河南省PM_2.5、NO₂和SO₂冬季浓度平均值分别是夏季的4.17、4.12和6.24倍,而O₃-8h在夏季的浓度是冬季的2.24倍.由于PM_2.5、NO₂和SO₂与一次排放关系密切且具有一定的同源性,这3种污染物的高值分布为北高南低,季节趋势较为一致.而O₃-8h季节分布差异较大,夏季气象条件有助于O₃的生成,O₃-8h高值主要分布于河南省东北区域;冬春秋季由于气象条件的抑制和NO_x的消耗O₃-8h高值主要分布在河南省的南部.传输结果表明,冬季省外传输和天然源对河南省PM_2.5、O₃-8h、NO₂和SO₂浓度的贡献率都是最大的,分别为36.20%~72.32%、77.96%~96.08%、49.45%~78.80%和59.05%~88.85%.在仅考虑本地排放和省内传输时,夏季河南省内各市的排放对本地4种污染物浓度的贡献率均为最高;春季省内传输对各市PM_2.5和O₃-8h浓度的贡献率较大,分别为25.63%~74.69%和30.21%~80.01%,冬季省内传输对各市NO₂和SO₂浓度的贡献率较大,分别为26.02%~76.96%和20.30%~82.34%.河南省内PM_2.5、NO₂和SO₂的传输路径相似,冬季多由北向南传输,春季多由西向东,西南向东北传输,夏季多由西南向东北传输,秋季多由北向南传输,但PM_2.5的传输更加复杂.而O₃-8h传输路径与其他3种较为不同,特别是在秋季O₃-8h由西南向东北的传输路径明显.     

武汉地区2014年PM2.5时空分布与来源贡献的数值模拟研究

利用耦合了污染源在线追踪模块的化学传输模式NAQPMS （Nested Air Quality Prediction Model System）,结合地面细颗粒物（PM_2.5）的小时观测数据,模拟了2014年1、4、7、10月4个月份武汉地区PM_2.5浓度时空分布特征,量化了本地、武汉城市圈及远距离地区对武汉PM_2.5浓度贡献.研究发现,2014年武汉市PM_2.5年均浓度为85.3 μg·m^-3,污染天（PM_2.5日均值≥75 μg·m^-3）占全年总天数的47.9%.细颗粒物的月均值呈现出季节性特征,即冬季污染最为严峻,1月均值为199.1 μg·m^-3,PM_2.5浓度超标持续一整月;夏季空气质量最好,春秋介于两者之间.模拟的PM_2.5平均浓度在空间上大致呈现"城区高,郊区低"的分布态势.污染物区域来源解析发现,武汉市本地排放源贡献在1月最低,为34.1%,表明外来源贡献对长期灰霾的形成起决定性作用.7月本地源影响最显著（65.7%）,和毗邻城市源（23.1%）一起成为夏季污染物的主要来源.4月和10月本地排放贡献比分别为49.1%和42.1%.4个月份,武汉城市圈对该市PM_2.5浓度的贡献差异不大,范围在20.8%~24.1%.受大尺度天气系统的影响,远距离传输贡献率趋势与本地来源相反,占10.6%~35.3%.研究结果表明污染气团跨界输送对武汉不同季节PM_2.5浓度有重要贡献.在冬季大范围污染背景下,污染物区域大范围协同控制才能有效减缓武汉PM_2.5污染问题;而夏季对本地及近周边城市的减排措施可以有效改善武汉的空气质量.     

2015—2017年天水市大气污染物变化特征及来源分析

据天水市2015-2017年大气污染物（SO₂、NO₂、CO、O₃、PM_2.5和PM₁₀）的监测数据及气象资料,分析了天水市大气污染物的浓度变化特征,并利用排放源清单和HYSPLIT模型对污染物来源进行了解析.结果表明：①天水市空气质量有所下降,总体优良率达84.9%.SO₂、NO₂、CO均达标,污染物以颗粒物和O₃为主.②一次污染物SO₂、NO₂、CO、PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度具有相似的季节变化和日变化特征,冬季最高,夏季最低,日变化呈早晚双峰型.二次污染物O₃夏季浓度最高,冬季最低,日变化呈单峰型.③天水市空气质量主要受污染物的本地排放和外来输送的影响,本地民用和工业部门对SO₂、CO、PM_2.5和PM₁₀的贡献最大,交通和工业部门对NO_x的分担率最高,民用部门是CO的最大排放源;西北和东部气流是污染物外来的最主要输送路径.此外,污染物在城市大气中的稀释、扩散和转移也受当地气象因素（气温、降水、风向等）的影响.     

武汉市2014-2017年大气污染物分布特征及其潜在来源分析

利用武汉市2014—2017年大气污染物（SO₂、NO₂、CO、O₃、PM_2.5和PM₁₀）和气象要素的观测数据,分析了大气污染物的变化特征及其影响因素.使用HYSPLIT模式计算了影响武汉市的主要气团类型,并利用潜在源区贡献（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹（CWT）分析方法,揭示了研究期内武汉市不同大气污染物的潜在源区分布及其贡献特性.结果表明,武汉市2014—2017年空气质量逐年好转,SO₂、O₃、PM_2.5和PM₁₀的浓度呈逐年下降的趋势,但NO₂和CO的浓度先下降后上升.2017年SO₂、O₃、PM_2.5、PM₁₀、NO₂和CO的浓度分别为9.6、50.8、52.7、89.2、47.5 μg·m^-3和1.1 mg·m^-3,分别比2014年降低了64.3%、23.0%、24.7%、18.8%、3.5%和5.9%.大气污染物存在显著的季节变化和月变化.大气污染物在四个季节中日变化类似,SO₂和O₃均为单峰型分布,NO₂、CO、PM_2.5和PM₁₀均为双峰型分布.武汉市空气污染以PM_2.5为主,随着污染程度的加剧PM_2.5/PM₁₀的值逐渐增大,在空气质量为严重污染时,PM_2.5/PM₁₀高达90%,比空气质量为优时高了31.34%.局地气团（45%）和来自山西、陕西和河南一带的西北气团（12.1%）下大气污染物浓度较高.大气污染物的潜在源区贡献（WPSCF）和浓度权重轨迹（WCWT）的较大值主要集中在武汉市本地及其周边地区,局地污染对武汉市大气污染物的贡献较大,但不同大气污染物受到排放源分布和停留时间等影响其WPSCF和WCWT的分布范围不同.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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