沸腾炉底灰的特性研究

用化学分析、Ｘ射线能谱、扫描电子显微镜、偏光显微、激光粒度分析仪等仪器地沸腾炉燃烧所产生的底灰的化学成分、颗粒形貌、粒度、物理性质和工艺性质等系统的分析，并一全国电厂煤粉炉产煤灰的特性进行了对比，结果表明，沸腾炉产底灰具有形态不规则、矿物相中无莫来石矿物、未燃烬炭量低、细底低、比表面积小、火山炭活性高等特点，为沸腾炉底灰的加工利用提供了重要的科学依据。     

粉煤灰的综合利用

粉煤灰是燃煤火力发电厂排放的废渣,为大小不等,形状不规则的粒状体。颗粒内有蜂窝状结构,颗粒直径在50微米～150微米的约占50％以上,>0.01mm的物理性砂粒占87.5％。粉煤灰平均比重为1∶9/cm~3～2.6g/cm~3,自然沉降后毛管孔降率为68.3％,稳定渗漏量约为1.70mm/n,按土壤质地分类标准属砂土质。粉煤灰的颗粒组成决定其可用作土壤改良剂,改善粘质土壤的物理性状。同时,以细砂-粉砂为主组成的粉煤灰极易产生风蚀,是大气粉尘污染源之一。 粉煤灰的矿物组成中70％～90％是无定形的铁铝硅酸盐,其余矿物以石英、多铅红柱石赤铁矿、磁铁矿以及部分未燃烧的碳(1％—     

关于燃煤电厂粉煤灰流动性问题分析

针对某燃煤电厂粉煤灰流动性差的问题,本文对粉煤灰样本进行显微表观观察和粒径分析,发现该厂粉煤灰中颗粒外形多呈现不规则状,球形颗粒较少,且粒径达到96.0μm。根据粉煤灰形成机理,结合粉煤灰微观形貌特征,初步分析炉炉膛内粉煤灰熔融不充分是造成该厂粉煤灰流动性差的原因,建议通过控制制粉系统调节,提高入炉煤粉细度,配合锅炉配风优化,改善炉膛内燃烧环境,促进粉煤灰中有机质、矿物等的充分玻璃体化。     

湿法脱硫石膏颗粒特性与杂质赋存状况分析

以电厂湿法脱硫石膏为原料,利用XRD、SEM、EDS和XRF等分析技术,对其颗粒形貌与化学组成、杂质赋存状况、粒径分布等基本颗粒特性进行了研究,重点研究了脱硫石膏中不同形貌颗粒的化学组成与杂质的赋存状况。研究结果表明:脱硫石膏颗粒主要由圆饼状、板状、球状和不规则颗粒状组成;其中,板状颗粒主要由CaSO4·2H2O组成,圆饼状颗粒则由CaCO3和CaSO4·2H2O组成,且CaCO3分布于颗粒芯部,球状和不规则颗粒主要由铝硅质、钙硅质矿物组成。对于不同的杂质,其引入方式也不相同。与精细化工与先进材料制备所要求的颗粒粒径与分布相比,湿法脱硫石膏粒径较粗,且分布较宽。     

云天化粉煤灰理化性能的测试及研究

利用现代分析测试技术 ,对云天化集团有限责任公司自备电厂所排粉煤灰的理化性能进行了系统的测试。这些粉煤灰的化学成分以Fe2 O3含量高为特征 ,残留碳含量较低 ;物相较简单 ,未发现高温相的莫来石 ,玻璃微珠也较少见 ;颗粒呈不规则碎屑状 ,平均粒径较细 ,需水量比值较高 ;其所含的微量元素和放射性元素种类较多 ,但与国家的相关标准相比较 ,均未超标     

燃煤电厂脱硫粉煤灰理化特性及排放特征

以徐州某电厂脱硫粉煤灰为研究对象,分别研究了脱硫粉煤灰的粒径分布、微观形态、矿物组成和元素含量4方面的物理化学特性,并在此基础上研究了该电厂脱硫粉煤灰颗粒及其中所含元素的排放特征.结果显示,该电厂粉煤灰颗粒物以拉径在3～45 μm的颗粒为主,数量占80％以上,并以表面光滑的球形颗粒居多,并含有少量表面附着小颗粒晶体的球形颗粒和表面有孔的球形颗粒,以及一些不规则颗粒,其主要的矿物组成是莫来石和石英.该电厂粉煤灰颗粒物的排放因子达到了1.95 kgt.粉煤灰的元素组成选取了Mn,Zn,Cr,Cu,Pb,Ni,Cd 7种元素,其中Mn在粉煤灰中的含量最高,相对应的Mn元素的排放因子也高,达到了125.04 g/t.由于该厂粉煤灰含有一定量的重金属元素,随意堆放和处理会对人体和环境产生一定的影响,因此必须做好粉煤灰的处理与处置,降低粉煤灰对人体和环境的危害作用.     

重庆电厂粉煤灰的现状、性质及其活性的评价

一、重庆电厂粉煤灰现状重庆电厂是以煤粉为燃料,用蒸汽来推动汽轮发电机发电的火力发电厂。目前燃用的是南桐和中梁山的混合烟煤,并掺用了部分煤矸石。所排粉煤灰是煤粉在中温中压锅炉内燃烧后由文丘里水膜除尘器捕集而得的产物,这部分灰量约占总灰量的85～90％,其余部分粘结成较大颗粒和焦块,从炉底排出,称炉底渣。这二部分灰通称为粉煤灰渣。     

粉煤灰农用的效益及其环境问题

粉煤灰是燃煤火力发电厂排放的废渣。它是一种大小不等,形状不规则的粒状体。颗粒内有蜂窝状结构,颗粒直径在50～150μm 的约占50％以上,>0.01mm 的物理性砂粒含量约占87.5％。粉煤灰比重为2.00～2.08,自然沉积后毛管孔隙率为68.3％,     

用煤矸石沸腾炉渣作水泥混合材

用煤矸石沸腾炉渣作水泥混合材山东省泰安市建材工业局鲁法增煤矸石沸腾炉渣是煤矸石在沸腾炉内，经８５０～１０００℃的温度充分燃烧后排出的残渣。这种炉渣具有较高的活性，而且粒度较为均齐，所以作为生产水泥的混合材料时，具有较好的使用效果。一、煤矸石沸腾炉渣的...     

兖州矿山煤泥电厂粉煤灰特性研究

利用现代测试技术，详细分析了兖州矿业集团所属三个煤泥电厂粉煤灰的一些理化特性，如矿物组成、化学成分、微量元素含量、颗粒类型等，并以此为基础，提出了今后粉煤灰利用的几条建议。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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