江苏省能源消费与经济增长耦合关系研究

能源消费与经济增长之间的关系是环境经济学研究的重要领域。以江苏省为研究区域，基于1990～2005年的年度数据，运用“脱钩”和“复钩”理论，协整分析技术和Granger因果关系检验方法，辨识和分析了的能源消费总量、电力消费和地区生产总值之间的耦合关系，实证研究表明，1990～2000年，江苏能源消费与地区生产总值处于弱“脱钩”状态，进入2000年后，二者呈现出扩张性“复钩”趋势。研究同时还发现江苏的能源消费总量与GDP之间存在长期均衡关系，表现出能源消费促进经济增长的单向格兰杰因果关系。研究结果表明了当前能源是影响江苏经济增长的关键要素，江苏在经济增长和能源利用战略等方面应当采取更加积极有效的对策。〖     

中国经济增长与能源消耗的脱钩——东部地区的时空分异研究

工业时代的经济增长是以大量消耗能源为代价的,直接导致环境污染和资源枯竭。将经济增速与环境压力脱钩的同时,实现将人类福祉与资源消耗的脱钩,是实现绿色可持续发展的焦点问题。采用Tapio基本模型构建中国能源消耗与经济增长的脱钩模型,将1979-2014年的脱钩指数划分为8种脱钩类型。结果说明,绝对而稳态的脱钩是不存在的。虽然大部分年份的中国处于弱脱钩状态,但长时间尺度上,经济增长与能源消耗存在"连接-脱钩-复钩-再脱钩"的动态反复过程。以中国东部地区10省份为例,研究脱钩指数变化的趋势和时间分异情况。结果显示,进入21世纪后该地区复钩的可能性不断增加,特别在经济增速趋缓的背景下,需要警惕以能源消耗驱动经济发展的模式重现。计算并比较脱钩指数的5年均值,研究中国东部地区脱钩的空间分异情况。结果表明,经济增长与能源消耗是否脱钩与宏观政策的调整密切相关。不断提高利用效率以减少能源消耗总量,保持弱脱钩是中国经济发展与能源消耗关系的常态。     

无锡市能源消费、碳排放与经济增长关系分析

经济增长对资源消耗存在很大的依赖性,研究能源消费、碳排放与经济增长关系,可为经济增长方式转变和低碳城市建设提供重要科学依据。基于IPCC国家温室气体排放清单指南中的方法估算了无锡市能源消费碳排放,并建立“脱钩”模型探讨能源消费、碳排放与经济增长之间的关系。结果表明：（1）2000~2010年,无锡市碳排放从84335万t增加到2 52804万t,总量不断增加,但趋势有所减缓,且各县市碳排放特征差异显著;（2）无锡市碳排放与经济增长整体处于弱脱钩状态,且脱钩状态有不断增强的趋势,市区经济发展已不依赖于能源消费,朝着环境友好方向发展,江阴和宜兴节能减排压力仍然很大;（3）优化产业结构、调整工业结构和提高能源利用效率是改善无锡市能源消费、碳排放和经济增长关系的有效途径,各县市根据具体情况,侧重点有所不同     

山东省能源消费与工业经济增长的灰色关联分析

能源消费与经济增长的关系问题是能源经济学的研究核心之一。目前中国经济正处于高速增长时期,工业经济高能耗的粗放增长方式必然导致能源短缺。这种能源短缺反过来又会制约经济的增长。因此分析能源消费和工业经济增长的关系并进而正确处理这种关系。对于中国乃至各区域的可持续发展都非常重要。本文运用灰色相对关联度方法．利用山东省1998-2006年能源消费数据。从能源消费总量与能源利用效率两方面分析了山东省能源消费与工业经济增长之间的关联度。研究表明：能源消费与工业经济增长之间有着显着的正相关关系。但是比较而言．能源消费总量与工业GDP的关联度要大于能源利用效率与工业GDP的关联度，体现了目前工业经济仍然是粗放式增长模式，能源消费总量仍然是影响经济增长的关键因素。     

江苏省资源消费与经济增长的协整分析

资源消费与经济增长之间的关系是环境经济学研究的重要领域。目前国内外研究主要集中于探讨能源消费与经济增长之间因果关系,而未有对区域资源总体消费与经济产出二者关系开展实证研究。本文以江苏省为例,运用协整理论和物质流分析方法首次尝试对江苏省1990-2007年资源消费和实际GDP二者因果关系进行检验和分析。研究结果表明,江苏省经济增长与资源消费之间存在协整关系,表现为资源消费拉动经济增长的长期的单向格兰杰因果关系。研究同时还对江苏省经济增长和资源保护战略提出了政策建议。研究结果表明了当前资源是江苏经济增长的关键要素,江苏在经济增长和资源利用战略等方面应当采取更加积极有效的对策。此外,研究提出的将基于物质流分析的资源消费核算方法与时间序列分析相结合的研究思路和研究方法集成具有较强的普适性,可以适用于同样正在经历快速工业化和城市化的国家和地区关于资源消费和经济增长的问题的讨论和研究。     

中国煤炭利用效率评价及与经济增长脱钩分析

绿色发展逐渐成为世界各国解决资源环境多重挑战的共识方案。我国绿色发展的关键在于能源的绿色发展问题,提高能源利用效率是推动我国能源绿色发展的有效途径。煤炭是我国最重要的基础能源,以煤炭为代表的化石能源作为我国能源的主体地位短期内还难以改变,因此,提高煤炭利用效率对提高能源利用效率意义重大。针对当前煤炭资源利用效率测度存在的问题,选取各地区每年煤炭消费量作为衡量能源投入的指标,第二产业从业人员作为人力投入,能源工业固定资产投资与煤炭采选业固定资产投资之和作为资本投入,第二产业增加值作为期望产出,煤炭资源碳排放量作为非期望产出,构建了包含非期望产出的SBM模型,对2000-2012年间我国30个省级行政区进行煤炭资源利用效率评价,研究表明:样本期内,我国煤炭资源利用效率总体水平不高,平均效率值仅为0.269;四大区域按照煤炭利用效率均值高低排序依次为东部地区、东北地区、中部地区和西部地区,且中、西部地区低于全国平均水平,未来重点提升这类地区煤炭资源利用效率是提高全国整体效率的关键所在。近年来,我国年均GDP增速远大于能源强度的下降速度,能源消耗与经济增长的脱钩关系成为研究热点,但对于能源效率与经济发展的"挂钩"问题则未引起足够重视,只有在实现能源消耗与经济增长脱钩的同时也要让经济发展与能源利用效率不脱钩,才能切实提高经济增长质量。基于上述认知引入脱钩理论,分别用煤炭消费和煤炭利用效率的GDP弹性系数来分析我国及各地区煤炭消费、煤炭利用效率与经济增长的脱钩关系,研究表明:国家在控制能源消费总量上取得一定成效,但限于当前产业结构现状,技术和管理水平,煤炭资源利用效率提升有限;我国及大部分地区的煤炭消费、煤炭利用效率与经济增长已由绝对挂钩转变为绝对脱钩状态,并且地区间脱钩程度的差距呈现逐渐缩小的趋势。     

广东省能源消费与经济发展之间的关系研究

能源消费与经济发展之间存在着密切的关系,实现经济社会的可持续发展离不开稳健的能源战略政策。本文采用1990-2013年广东省能源消费总量和GDP总量数据进行实证分析,研究广东省能源消费与经济发展之间的关系,基于对能源消费与经济发展关系的正确认识上,对广东省未来的能源发展与经济发展提供相关建议,促进广东完成经济结构的转型升级,实现资源节约型和环境友好型社会的目标。     

外贸出口增长与隐含能源出口总量下降的脱钩北大核心CSCDCSSCI

转变增长方式,实现绿色低碳发展已经成为全球共识,也是新时代中国特色社会主义的重要治国理念。能否实现经济增长与碳排放、能源消费的脱钩,是衡量绿色低碳发展的关键指标,也是实现2060年前碳中和目标的必然要求。文章基于2002、2007、2012、2018年投入产出表测算了中国对外贸易所载出口隐含能源,对中国入世以来外贸出口增长与隐含能源出口总量的弹性关系及趋势进行了研究,主要结果表明:①中国出口隐含能源与出口总额在2012年到2018年第一次出现绝对脱钩。这表明中国的经济结构、产业结构、能源结构调整进入了一个新的阶段,也是中国实现低碳发展路径下经济增长与能源消费脱钩进程中实现的第一个绝对脱钩。出口部门由于国际竞争的压力,效率水平相对领先,因此早于制造业整体和消费领域实现脱钩,符合经济规律和中国的发展阶段特征。②2007—2018年出口隐含能源占中国总能源消费的比例出现大幅下降。从最高时期2007年的31.48%下降到26.57%,下降了4.91个百分点,说明更大比例的能源消费主要在国内实现,主要依靠出口扩张拉动经济增长的模式开始出现调整;这个研究结论也可以从对外出口与能源消费的角度,支持“加快构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局”的论断。③对出口隐含能源与出口规模脱钩发展的原因分析表明:2002—2007年与2007—2012年出口隐含能源与出口总额保持同向不同增长速率趋势,出口规模增长是影响隐含能源出口量的主要原因,此间随着出口规模的快速增长,出口隐含能源也呈快速增长态势;2012—2018年出口隐含能源总量出现了下降,分析结果表明“完全能耗系数”即技术效应是出口隐含能源下降并实现绝对脱钩的主要原因。随着中国高质量发展、绿色转型发展等战略推进,脱钩趋势有望继续保持,并拓展实现更大经济领域的脱钩发展。     

南京低碳经济定量研究

城市化和工业化产生的碳排放是当今中国影响气候变化的重要因素,经济增长和碳排放之间的关系是当今研究的热点问题.本文研究南京市低碳经济发展的现状、阶段及演化特点,发现30年来,南京市低碳经济发展呈现波动反复的特点,扩张负脱钩3次,较高能源消费的经济增长形式-扩张连接4次,经济发展实现与能源消费较好脱钩的弱负脱钩1次,强脱钩4次,其余为弱脱钩.基于内生经济增长模型Moon-Sonn,建立了南京经济增长预测模型,并探讨了不同发展模式下南京未来50年低碳经济水平及碳排放量演化规律,预测了不同低碳经济水平下南京碳排放量和峰值出现的时间.研究结果显示,按现行经济模式,南京2050-2060年碳总量增加速度逐步减缓,约在2058年左右实现碳总量的负增长.50年内南京市预计为扩张负脱钩和扩张连接,难以实现稳定的离水平低碳经济增长模式；设定最优能源强度参数的模式下,南京迅速实现稳定强脱钩的低碳经济,碳释放量EKC曲线呈现倒U型,2015年左右即达到峰值.综合各种因素,南京近几年将延续模式l的增长模式,在2020年左右实现向模式2转变,其碳释放量约于2028年前后出现峰值.     

中国碳排放与出口贸易间脱钩关系实证

出口贸易作为国内污染排放的"三大引擎"之一,加剧了中国能源耗费和碳排放。根据1990-2011年中国一次能源消耗量,采用IPCC方法估算了1990-2011年中国碳排放量;基于1990-2011年中国碳排放量和出口贸易额之间的时间序列数据,通过构建碳排放量与出口贸易之间的Tapio脱钩模型,判别了中国碳排放量与出口贸易之间的脱钩状态;借鉴Kaya恒等式,运用LMDI方法进一步构建了扩展的Tapio脱钩模型,对碳排放的驱动因素进行了分解。分析结果表明:1990-2011年间,中国碳排放总量与出口贸易额均保持高速增长;该期间中国碳排放与出口贸易总体呈弱脱钩关系,而16个分行业的脱钩状态存在显著差异;出口贸易增长与碳排放增加存在正相关,出口贸易增长是碳排放增加的主要原因之一,1990-2011年中国碳排放与出口贸易脱钩弹性指数及分解指标显示,降低能源碳排放强度是实现碳排放与出口贸易脱钩的关键,能源结构应当引起关注。我们认为,攀升出口产品附加值、优化出口产品结构、"碳生产国"与"碳消费国"责任共担是实现碳排放与出口贸易脱钩的本原。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

The Phenomenon of Pseudoviviparity in Alpine and Arctomontane Grasses (DeschampsiaBeauv., FestucaL., and PoaL.)

It is known that pseudoviviparous plant taxa are most numerous in the Arctic and high mountain regions, where they sometimes account for a noticeable part of the local flora and play an important phytocenotic role. The complex of pseudoviviparous taxa is an interesting model for investigating the processes of hybridogenic speciation, as various mechanisms stabilizing the hybrid genetic systems proved to be effective in them. In particular, this concerns vast and taxonomically complex groups such as the genera Deschampsia, Festuca, and Poa.In this paper, published data on the taxonomy, chromosome numbers, and distribution of pseudoviviparous grasses in the Arctic regions and subarctic mountain systems are reviewed.