盐城市空气微生物调查与评价

为了解盐城市空气微生物污染状况,于2009—2013年在盐城市布设了4个城市主要功能区点位和1个市郊清洁参照点,采用自然沉降法采集空气中细菌和马丁霉菌样品进行分析。结果表明,盐城市空气中细菌数量最多的为交通区,其次依次为文教区、工业区、居民区,清洁参照点最少;马丁霉菌数量最多的是交通区,其次依次为工业区、居民区、文教区,清洁参照点最少。盐城市空气微生物污染级别除交通区外,其他功能区均处于较清洁或轻微污染,污染程度呈逐年波动下降趋势。     

泰州市空气微生物粒径分布特征与污染程度评估

选取泰州市4个典型功能区进行微生物气溶胶监测,分析泰州地区空气微生物气溶胶污染水平和粒径分布特征,探寻微生物气溶胶空间变化规律。结果表明:各功能区空气细菌的粒径分布趋势基本相同,细菌粒子百分比从Ⅰ级至Ⅵ级逐级减少,但在第Ⅱ级有明显下降趋势;而真菌粒径分布总体呈现中间高,两侧低的状态。监测期间,泰州市细菌及微生物总数浓度较低,真菌在春、秋季出现污染现象。受人流量、车流量及污染源分布等因素影响,工业区、商业区空气微生物污染程度相对较重,居民区和文教区相对较轻。     

淮南市大气颗粒物污染特征研究

2014年7月和2015年1月分别系统监测淮南市6个功能区夏、冬季大气颗粒物(TSP、PM10、PM2.5)质量浓度并分析其时空分布特征。结果表明:采矿区和工业区污染较严重;采矿区主要受采煤、运输等人为活动的影响,工业区受工业排放影响较大,商业区主要以汽车尾气排放为主,居民区和文教区则以燃煤排放为主;夏季颗粒物浓度日变化趋势均呈现两边凸中间凹的特征,峰值分别出现在7:00和18:00,谷值出现在13:00左右,而冬季变化趋势波动较大。     

重庆市春季不同功能区PM10中多环芳烃的污染特征

2012年4月在重庆市4个不同功能区连续10 d同步采集了大气PM10环境样品,利用气相色谱-质谱法分析测定美国环保局16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs).结果显示,在重庆主城区PM10中检测到16种优控PAHs,总浓度(∑PAHs)范围为31.68～ 189.31 ng/m3,平均浓度为108.05 ng/m3.各个功能区大气PM10中PAHs总浓度存在明显差别:交通区(沙坪坝七中)154.47 ng/m3＞工业区(大渡口区政府)132.92 ng/m3＞居民区(南岸工商大学)105.58 ng/m3＞对照区(缙云山风景区)39.16 ng/m3.根据典型污染来源中PAHs的特征比值综合判断,重庆市春季大气中PM10主要来源于燃煤和交通污染的混合源.     

淮南市PM_(2.5)中PAHs污染特征及来源分析

通过采集淮南市6个功能区四季的PM_(2.5)样品,运用GC-MS仪测定样品中PAHs含量并分析其主要来源。结果表明:该市PM_(2.5)中PAHs质量浓度年均值为31.06 ng/m~3,呈现冬季污染程度最重,夏季最轻,采矿区商业区工业区文教区居民区对照区的特征;夏季PAHs以3环和4环为主,春、秋、冬季以4环、5环和6环为主;6个功能区均以4环PAHs为主;PAHs主要来源为煤燃烧、机动车尾气排放、生物质燃烧及焦炉挥发,其中燃煤和机动车尾气污染贡献最大。     

成渝地区典型中小城市VOCs污染特征、臭氧生成潜势及来源分析

为了解成渝地区中小城市VOCs污染特征及其来源,选取该区域典型代表城市-遂宁市为研究对象,利用2019年不同时间不同功能区106种VOCs离线观测数据,研究了该市VOCs污染水平和时空特征,分析了VOCs主要成分及其对臭氧的影响,并进行了源解析。结果显示：(1)遂宁市大气中VOCs平均体积分数为39.4×10^-9,8月的浓度较高,其空间排序为工业区>城郊区≈文教区。(2)OVOCs和烷烃是VOCs主要组分,占比达73.4%,且不受时间和空间限制;工业区不同组分浓度均高于城郊区和文教区,城郊区和文教区的同组分占比相差较小;丙酮和乙烷是VOCs中体积分数最大的物种,占总体积分数的37.8%。(3)VOCs组分对OFP贡献率顺序为烯烃>芳香烃>OVOCs>烷烃>炔烃>卤代烃>有机硫,前4类组分对OFP贡献率达97.6%,烯烃对OFP贡献率不仅每日最大,而且还呈现“城郊区>文教区>工业区”空间分布态势;异戊二烯、乙烯是OFP最大的物种,在不同功能区其OFP均高于其他物种,是遂宁市臭氧防治关注重点。(4)VOCs排放源及...     

南京市大气微生物调查及其动态研究

调查了南京市主要功能区大气微生物中常见种类的细菌和霉菌类,研究了细菌和霉菌类的生态分级和变化规律,比较了大气微生物与大气监测指标PM10、SO2、NO2的相关性。通过分析2000年10月至2001年8月6个功能区4个季节的监测结果,得出山西路监测点微生物数量最高,并且该点微生物中是以细菌为优势种,其次是霉菌属的马丁霉菌和耐渗透压霉菌。通过生理生化试验鉴定细菌和霉菌类,得出南京市大气微生物中细菌基本以微球菌属为主,霉菌以青霉属、曲霉属为主。大气微生物数量统计结果表明,南京市主要功能区微生物总量(均值)从高到低的顺序为:山西路(商业区)>中华门(交通区)>瑞金路(居住区)>迈皋桥(工业区)>玄武湖(对照点)>草场门(文教区)。大气化学监测指标PM10、SO2、NO2分析结果也表明大气微生物的数量变化与之呈一定的正相关关系,尤其与PM10关系更为密切。     

东北地区大气BTEX的时空分布特征

在东北地区7个典型城市中25个监测点进行了观测,时间分别为2008年4月、7月、10月和2009年1月,使用吸附剂采样管采集并通过热脱附-气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析了苯系物样品,系统研究了东北地区大气苯系物的时空分布特征。研究结果表明,苯和甲苯年均浓度值最高,分别为(4.19±2.31)μg/m3和(3.22±1.14)μg/m3,共占苯系物浓度近70%;各功能区按苯系物浓度大小顺序排列为混合区工业区交通区居民区文教区对照区;受排放源和气象条件的影响,采暖期苯系物浓度高于非采暖期苯系物浓度;风向频率影响苯系物浓度分布,沿下风向浓度逐渐降低;苯/甲苯比值分析表明,东北地区苯系物的主要来源是煤燃烧。     

鞍山大气中有机氯农药的污染特征研究

布设鞍钢工业区6个点位,周边2个点位,居民区2个点位和千山对照点等11个点位,分别在采暖期和非采暖期测定大气中有机氯农药的含量,掌握了鞍山市大气中有机氯农药空间和时间变化趋势。全年有机氯农药各组分和ΣOPC浓度最高的功能区均为工业区周边,最低的功能区是千山对照点,六六六、滴滴涕和ΣOPC浓度变化趋势为工业区周边工业区居住区千山对照点,全市各功能区采暖期有机氯农药各组分和ΣOPC总浓度均高于非采暖期。     

杭州秋季大气VOCs变化特征及化学反应活性研究

2017年9月1日至11月30日采用Syntech Spectras GC955在线气相色谱仪对杭州市不同功能区大气环境中的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)进行了在线连续监测,分析了不同功能区VOCs及各组分的体积分数、日变化规律及大气化学反应活性。结果显示,下沙周边工业区总VOCs浓度整体高于朝晖周边居民区,其中夜间更为显著。烷烃和芳香烃浓度在夜间时段工业区较居民区高得更为明显,其中芳香烃组分表现尤为突出,2个功能区烯烃体积分数相差不大。杭州市主要VOCs体积分数总体上在国内处于中间水平。不同功能区烷烃和芳香烃均呈现夜间浓度高于白天的日变化特征,居民区各VOCs组分日变化基本呈现双峰结构,工业区烷烃和芳香烃体积分数日变化呈现单峰结构,烯烃体积分数没有明显的日变化特征。不同功能区中芳香烃对臭氧生成潜势贡献最大,烯烃次之,烷烃贡献最小。下沙周边工业区大气化学活性(尤其是芳香烃组分)较朝晖周边居民区强。同种VOCs物质在不同功能区对臭氧生成潜势的贡献大小不同,但关键贡献物质均为低碳烷烃、低碳烯烃及苯系物。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.