氢氧化镁处理含镍废水条件探索及机理研究

考察了氢氧化镁用量、搅拌时间、温度及pH 值对含镍废水处理效果的影响,进一步探讨氢 氧化镁吸附作用机理.结果表明,常温下,废水pH值在4.8～8.6之间时,以1.5 g/L的投加量加入氢氧化镁并搅拌4 min,废水中镍离子去除率可达90%以上.吸附机理研究表明, 镍离子在氢氧化镁上的饱和吸附容量为19.25 mg/g....     

改性粉煤灰处理含铬废水的研究

利用经2 mol/L的硫酸改性的粉煤灰来研究粉煤灰吸附处理实验室模拟含铬废水.实验结果表明,处理100 mL含六价铬为50 mg/L的废水,调节pH值2-3,投加8 g改性粉煤灰,反应80 min后六价铬的去除率达到90%以上;吸附符合Freundlich等温吸附式.利用粉煤灰吸附处理含铬废水,具有处理效果好,操作简单,运行费用低等优点,因此,粉煤灰可以作为一种有效的吸附剂来处理含铬废水.     

人造沸石对氨氮废水的吸附及其影响因素

采用人造沸石吸附废水中的氨氮,研究了投加量、反应时间及初始pH等因素对吸附效果的影响,分析了其等温吸附线和吸附动力学.结果表明:人造沸石能够有效地处理质量浓度为150～200 mg/L的氨氮废水,当初始pH值为5,人造沸石投加量为25 g/L时,反应120 min后,氨氮去除率可80％左右,人造沸石比天然沸石的吸附平衡时间缩短了约50％;投加量、反应时间和初始pH值对人造沸石的吸附都有影响.随着投加量的增加,人造沸石对于氨氮的去除率逐渐增加;随着反应时间的延长,人造沸石对氨氮的去除率逐渐增加,达到吸附平衡后,去除率不再增加;初始pH值对于吸附效果有较大影响,偏酸环境下去除率较高.人造沸石对氨氮的吸附行为符合Freundlich方程,且为优惠吸附;准一级方程比准二级方程能够更好地拟合吸附动力学试验数据,吸附速率随着投加量的增大而增大.     

混凝沉淀法处理锑离子的影响因素及动力学研究

研究了聚合硫酸铁(PFS)对含锑(Sb)废水的处理效果,探讨了pH值、初始质量浓度、沉淀时间、石灰乳投加量及温度对PFS处理含锑废水的影响。结果表明,pH值对锑离子的去除有重要影响,碱性条件有利于锑离子的去除,当pH=9时,去除率达到96.81%。在PFS和石灰乳投加量一定的情况下,去除率随着初始质量浓度的升高而下降。沉淀时间对锑离子的去除有一定影响,随着时间的延长,去除率增大,当沉淀时间为90min时,水中锑离子基本沉降完全。石灰由于质优价廉,常被用来调节废水pH值,但大量石灰加入水中会引起沉渣过多,使得二次处理困难,因此选择用NaOH和HCl调节废水pH值,并定量投加石灰的方法处理废水。对初始质量浓度为5.0 mg/L的含锑废水,PFS和石灰乳投加量均为500.0 mg/L时去除率可达98.0%。温度对PFS处理含锑废水的效果影响不大,随着废水初始质量浓度的升高,温度的影响逐渐显著,温度升高导致去除率增大。PFS去除锑离子的过程符合二级线性动力学方程。     

磁絮凝强化处理脱硫废水的试验研究

为了提高脱硫废水的絮凝处理效果,采用磁絮凝技术对实际脱硫废水进行试验研究,以COD、浊度的去除率为评价指标,考察了磁粉投加量、聚合氯化铝(PAC)投加量、pH值、温度、药剂投加方式等因素对磁絮凝效果的影响。结果表明:PAC投加量为180 mg/L,磁粉投加量为400 mg/L,pH值为8,温度为30℃,投加方式为先加磁粉再加絮凝剂时处理效果最好,COD去除率达到65.62%,浊度去除率可达到69.96%,均明显优于现实际运行工艺的处理效果。     

水稻、油菜秸秆对水中镉的吸附特性

为了解水稻秸秆和油菜秸秆对废水中Cd2+的吸附特性,研究了吸附时间、初始离子质量浓度、秸秆投加量、初始pH值和振荡速率对溶液中Cd2+去除率与吸附量的影响,通过动力学、热力学模型拟合和扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)分析,探讨其吸附机理.结果表明:水稻和油菜秸秆具有良好的Cd2+吸附效果,pH值为4～7时,Cd2+吸附率均可达到50％以上;在投加量为10 g/L、初始pH值为6、振荡速率为150 r/min、温度为25℃的条件下,处理200 mg/L含Cd2+废水时,水稻和油菜秸秆对Cd2+的去除率分别达到66.5％和68.2％,吸附平衡时间约为90 min;其吸附动力学过程以准二级动力学方程拟合效果最好,等温吸附模型符合Langmuir方程,在25℃下油菜秸秆和水稻秸秆的最大吸附量理论值分别为14.28 mg/g和13.76 mg/g;结合SEM和FTIR分析推断,两种秸秆吸附Cd2主要发生在吸附剂表层,吸附过程以化学吸附为主.研究表明,油菜秸秆和水稻秸秆是具有潜在利用价值的Cd2+吸附剂.     

褐煤对废水中酸性红B的结合吸附作用研究

将褐煤样品加入含染料酸性红B的模拟废水中并加碱,褐煤中的腐殖酸溶解,而后加盐酸使腐殖酸絮凝.利用溶解的腐殖酸结合与褐煤颗粒表面的吸附作用,达到去除废水中该染料的目的.结果显示,褐煤对酸性红B具有很好地去除效果,但受到作用时间、溶液pH值、离子强度等因素的影响.要达到最佳去除效果,结合过程最少需要120 min,吸附过程需要480 min.初始质量浓度越高,废水中酸性红B的去除率越低,但当初始质量浓度在250 ～ 500 mg/L时,去除率最小,但变化不大.结合过程pH值升高与吸附过程pH值降低均有利于该染料的去除.褐煤投加量增加,去除率提高,当初始质量浓度为250mg/L,褐煤投加量达到4mg/mL时的去除率达99％.离子强度的增加有利于褐煤对酸性红B的去除作用.     

US/Fenton试剂协同处理焦化废水的研究

采用US (超声波)协同Fenton试剂氧化法处理焦化废水,考察了H2O2投加量、Fe2 投加量、废水的pH、反应时间和超声波功率对处理效果的影响,确定了最佳工艺条件.结果表明,在H2O2投加量7.0 g/L;Fe2 投加量500 mg/L;pH=3.0; 反应时间 40 min; 超声波功率 600 W 的条件下,COD、NH3-N、CN-和色度的去除率分别达95.8%、71.3%、69.5%和75.2%,出水COD降至41.0 mg/L.在相同条件下,US/Fenton试剂协同法的处理效率比单独Fenton试剂氧化法的处理效率提高了约20%,且反应时间显著缩短.     

冷轧含铬废水的化学还原法处理研究

对冷轧含铬废水使用化学还原法处理进行了系统的研究.考查了pH值、还原剂的投加量、反应时间等因素的影响.试验比较了不同还原剂处理含铬废水的效果,在硫酸亚铁投加量为2.642 g/L.反应时问2 min.pH值为7.5时,六价铬的去除率可达99.98%.     

柚子皮生物炭的制备及对水体中锰离子的吸附

以柚子皮为原料经硫化钠活化后炭化处理制备了生物质炭吸附剂,并将之应用于含锰废水的吸附。考察了溶液p H值、底液质量浓度、生物炭投加量等因素对柚子皮生物炭吸附能力的影响,并研究了柚子皮吸附剂对锰离子废水的吸附平衡和动力学特征。结果表明:柚子皮吸附剂对含锰废水具备较强吸附能力,在溶液p H值为6,底液质量浓度为50 mg/L,吸附剂投加量为2 g/L的条件下,对锰离子的去除率为93.5%;吸附平衡实验表明该等温吸附过程符合Langmuir方程,饱和吸附量为24.691 mg/g;吸附动力学研究表明,该吸附过程符合二级动力学方程,吸附速率常数为0.028 6 g/(mg·min)。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失，提高滑坡预测的准确性，通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据，在获得多组模拟实验数据后，分析各变量的特性。首先，通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process，AHP)算法，对滑坡进行危险度划分；然后，通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine，SVM)建立模型，遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数，提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据，通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好，实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合，与单一SVM相比，精度更高，结果更好，更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

一起有机过氧化物爆炸事故的调查和分析

阐述一起重大爆炸伤亡事故的现场调查和原因分析，介绍如何通过人证物证材料，用鱼刺图法找出可能引起事故的诸原因，逐项加以分析，将与人证或物证材料相矛盾的原因子以排除，最后剩下无法排除亦即能与人证物证相符的那个原因，就是事故的真正原因。笔者是这起事故调查专家组组长，取证和数据可靠。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

我国与主要国家温石棉安全使用政策和法规对比研究

我国作为温石棉的生产和使用大国，在温石棉及其制品的危害及防控方面开展了较为系统的研究，但对于其他主要国家在温石棉安全使用政策和法规方面的研究则相对较少。本文简要介绍温石棉安全使用的理论基础，对美国、加拿大等主要国家在温石棉安全生产和使用方面的主要政策和法规进行研究，并对我国温石棉产业政策以及相关法规进行梳理，通过对比发现，我国与美国、加拿大等国家在温石棉及其制品的安全使用法规、标准建设等方面存在一定差距。最后，基于相关对比分析结果，对我国温石棉产业职业病防治、环境保护以及温石棉制品等方面的法规标准的建设提出建议。     

飞行员记忆与安全绩效的关系研究

为了探究飞行员记忆与安全绩效的关系，提高优秀飞行员选拔的有效性和飞行排班的科学性，对飞行员记忆进行测试，结合其近6年的飞行品质(QAR)数据，系统分析了记忆与安全绩效的关系及各因素对飞行员记忆的影响情况。结果表明:飞行员形象记忆、情景记忆、运动记忆、语义记忆与安全绩效呈正相关关系，情绪记忆与安全绩效呈“n”型关系；情景记忆主要受不良情绪波动的影响，语义记忆主要受对大脑缺乏开发应用情况以及压力的影响，情绪记忆主要受不良嗜好和年龄的影响，形象记忆主要受睡眠和疾病的影响，运动记忆主要受用脑过度和年龄因素影响。     

Safety Ⅱ学术思想的科学传播研究*

为全面了解Safety Ⅱ学术思想的传播情况,采集Web of Science数据库中284篇引用Safety Ⅱ学术著作的论文,采用科学计量和知识网络的方法,分析Safety Ⅱ学术思想的传播时间趋势、传播主体分布、传播领域与期刊以及传播的热点主题分布。研究结果表明:Safety Ⅱ学术思想在传播时间上呈线性增长趋势;核心传播区域为英格兰、美国、澳大利亚、挪威和意大利;核心传播机构为挪威斯塔万格大学、荷兰代尔夫特理工大学以及罗马第一大学;核心传播者为Saurin Tarcisio Abreu、Hollnagel Erik以及Patriarca Riccardo;Safety Ⅱ传播的核心领域为工业工程、运筹管理科学、人机工程学、应用心理学以及健康护理科学与服务等领域;Safety Ⅱ传播的主题为“韧性与功能共振”、“病患安全”、“事故与人的失误”、“安全与风险管理”、“社会技术系统与人的因素”以及“安全风险的评估”6大方向。研究结果对我国安全科学理论与实践的发展有重要作用。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.