典型城市污水中对羟基苯甲酸酯的污染特征

对羟基苯甲酸酯(parabens)作为防腐剂、防霉剂和杀菌剂等被广泛应用于食品、化妆品和药品中.近年来的研究表明,该类化合物能够在地表水体中检出,对水生生态环境存在潜在的危害.本研究于2016年秋季和冬季,对哈尔滨某典型城市污水处理厂进水进行了24 h连续采集,对6种parabens的质量浓度和4种常规水质指标进行了分析.结果表明,parabens普遍存在于城市污水中,对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯和对羟基苯甲酸丙酯是主要目标物,总有机碳、总溶解固体和酸碱度与parabens的浓度具有相关性;城市污水中parabens的质量浓度具有明显的日变化趋势,但是季节差异性不大.本研究结果为城市污水处理系统中parabens的深入研究和污染控制提供了重要理论依据.     

柚子皮吸附剂对水中对羟基苯甲酸酯的吸附

以废柚子皮为原料制备了柚子皮吸附剂并将其用于去除水中对羟基苯甲酸酯新型污染物。经FTIR和SEM表征发现柚子皮吸附剂具有紧凑的纤维组织结构,内部存在大量的孔隙,富含羟基。系统考察了溶液的pH值,水中对羟基苯甲酸酯的初始浓度,吸附时间,吸附温度对水中对羟基苯甲酸酯吸附性能的影响。结果表明:pH=6.5时,柚子皮吸附剂对水中对羟基苯甲酸酯的吸附效果最佳,饱和吸附量qm均大于660 mg/g;吸附过程可在20 min内达到平衡。5次循环使用后柚子皮吸附剂对水中对羟基苯甲酸酯的吸附效率仍能保持95%以上,材料可以多次循环使用。     

雄安新区水环境中对羟基苯甲酸酯含量及风险

于2019年6月对雄安新区和保定市周边地区地表水和地下水进行采样,分析水环境中7种对羟基苯甲酸酯（parabens）组分的含量水平及生态风险.结果表明：对羟基苯甲酸甲酯（MeP）和对羟基苯甲酸丙酯（PrP）的检出率为100%;地表水中的主要组分为MeP,占比达93.4%,地下水中的主要组分为MeP,对羟基苯甲酸乙酯（EtP）和PrP,三者占比达98.0%;地下水中parabens的含量水平高于地表水;地表水中parabens的浓度呈白洋淀下游高于上游的空间分布特征,而地下水中的parabens总量在安新县境内较高,平均浓度可达10.1ng/L;总体而言,当前雄安新区水环境中parabens的污染程度较低、生态风险较小.本文可为未来雄安新区建设中的水环境管理提供污染水平参比值和决策依据,也可为雄安新区水环境中其它药品和个人护理品（PPCPs）的污染研究提供参考.     

GC/MS法测定食醋中对羟基苯甲酸乙酯、对羟基苯甲酸丙酯

用气相色谱质谱联用法测定食醋中对羟基苯甲酸乙酯和对羟基苯甲酸丙酯,实验结果表明方法简便快速,准确可靠,稳定性好.     

光合细菌在环境治理中的应用

光合细菌在环境中具有丰富的代谢多样性，对高浓度有机废水具有较强的生化降解性；可通过苯甲酸或4-羟基苯甲酸途径降解芳香族化合物；能利用有机废水或废弃物转化太阳能产生氢能；在水产养殖系统中可净化水体、预防水产疾病等。文章通过对光合细菌的降解有机废水、光合产氢、降解芳香族化合物、净化水质等功能的综述，指出该类微生物在环境治理中的应用前景及研究发展的方向。     

甲基汞暴露与人体健康影响

甲基汞(MeHg)是1种毒性很强的物质,可以通过水生食物链累积和富集,并最终危害处于食物链顶端的人类.基于甲基汞暴露对人体健康危害的研究,文章介绍了几个甲基汞暴露风险评价指标(甲基汞参考剂量、甲基汞临时性周可承受摄入量、职业汞暴露评价指标)以及发达国家在预防甲基汞暴露(主要为食用鱼类)方面的经验.     

环境科学基础理论 环境医学

X18200600692用尿中1-羟基芘评价人体暴露PAHs的肺癌风险/段小丽(北京科技大学土木与环境工程学院)…∥中国环境科学/中国环境科学学会.-2005,25(3).-275~278环图X-58采集并分析了100名不吸烟成人24h呼吸的空气样品和尿液样品,建立了人尿中1-羟基芘(1-OH-Py)浓度与苯并(a)芘(BaP)、芘(Py)等14种多环芳烃(PAHs)呼吸暴露浓度的定量关系。参考现有关于BaP空气污染浓度与肺癌死亡率的剂量-反应关系模型,推导出用尿中1-OH-Py预测人体呼吸暴露PAHs的肺癌风险模型。用建立的模型对100名受试者进行了肺癌风险评价,结果表明,一般人群BaP暴…     

对羟基苯甲酸对铜绿微囊藻的化感效应以及对鲤鱼的毒性作用

为了寻找治理水华的有效方法,研究了对羟基苯甲酸对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响以及对鲤鱼的毒性作用.结果表明,一定浓度的对羟基苯甲酸能有效抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长.其半抑制浓度(EC50)为0.42 mmol·L-1;抑藻机制之一可能是对羟基苯甲酸能促进细胞氧自由基(O-2)的产生.从而导致藻细胞膜结构的损伤.实验中抑藻作用最佳浓度的对羟基苯甲酸(0.8 mmol·L-1)作用于鲤鱼后,对鲤鱼血清中的天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、γ-谷氨酰基转移酶(γ-GT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)的活性没有明显影响,对肝脏、鳃和肌肉中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性以及膜脂质过氧化产物(MDA)的含量也没有明显影响.提示对羟基苯甲酸在该浓度下对鲤鱼无毒性作用.因此,对羟基苯甲酸可望被开发出一种高效低毒的生物杀藻剂.     

HPLC/MSn法鉴定环境激素邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯在小鼠尿中的代谢产物

应用HPLC-MSn方法,研究了邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯在小鼠尿液中的代谢产物,并对尿中推测的代谢物和标准品分别进行HPLC-UV和二级全扫描质谱(MS2)分析,结果在尿中发现了6个代谢产物,分别为邻苯二甲酸、马脲酸、邻苯二甲酸单丁酯、邻苯二甲酸苄酯、邻苯二甲酸单丁酯葡萄糖醛酸结合物及邻苯二甲酸苄酯葡萄糖醛酸结合物.推断环境激素邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯在小鼠体内的代谢途径为原形首先水解生成邻苯二甲酸单丁酯、邻苯二甲酸苄酯、邻苯二甲酸,部分邻苯二甲酸发生脱羧反应生成苯甲酸,苯甲酸再与内源性物质甘氨酸结合成马脲酸,邻苯二甲酸单丁酯、邻苯二甲酸苄酯和内源性β-D-葡萄糖醛酸结合,生成水溶性较大的邻苯二甲酸单丁酯葡萄糖醛酸结合物和邻苯二甲酸苄酯葡萄糖醛酸结合物.     

HPLC/MSn法鉴定环境激素邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯在小鼠尿中的代谢产物

应用HPLC-MSⁿ方法,研究了邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯在小鼠尿液中的代谢产物,并对尿中推测的代谢物和标准品分别进行HPLC-UV和二级全扫描质谱（MS²）分析,结果在尿中发现了6个代谢产物,分别为邻苯二甲酸、马脲酸、邻苯二甲酸单丁酯、邻苯二甲酸苄酯、邻苯二甲酸单丁酯葡萄糖醛酸结合物及邻苯二甲酸苄酯葡萄糖醛酸结合物.推断环境激素邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯在小鼠体内的代谢途径为原形首先水解生成邻苯二甲酸单丁酯、邻苯二甲酸苄酯、邻苯二甲酸,部分邻苯二甲酸发生脱羧反应生成苯甲酸,苯甲酸再与内源性物质甘氨酸结合成马脲酸,邻苯二甲酸单丁酯、邻苯二甲酸苄酯和内源性β-D-葡萄糖醛酸结合,生成水溶性较大的邻苯二甲酸单丁酯葡萄糖醛酸结合物和邻苯二甲酸苄酯葡萄糖醛酸结合物.     

Remediation of preservative ethylparaben in water using natural sphalerite: Kinetics and mechanisms

As a typical class of emerging organic contaminants(EOCs), the environmental transformation and abatement of preservative parabens have raised certain environmental concerns. However, the remediation of parabens-contaminated water using natural matrixes(such as, naturally abundant minerals) is not reported extensively in literature. In this study, the transformation kinetics and the mechanism of ethylparaben using natural sphalerite(NS) were investigated. The results show that around 63% of ethy...     

Assessment of potential dermal and inhalation exposure of workers to the insecticide imidacloprid using whole-body dosimetry in China

In China, although improvements to the pesticide registration process have beenmade in last thirty years, no occupational exposure data are required to obtain a commercial license for a pesticide product. Consequently, notably little research has been conducted to establish an exposure assessment procedure in China. The present study monitored the potential dermal operator exposure from knapsack electric sprayer wheat field application of imidacloprid in Liaocheng City, Shandong Province and in Xinxiang City, Henan Province, China, using whole-body dosimetry. The potential inhalation exposure was determined using a personal air pump and XAD-2 sample tubes. The analytical method was developed and validated, including such performance parameters as limits of detection and quantification, linear range, recovery and precision. The total potential dermal and inhalation exposures were 14.20, 16.80, 15.39 and 20.78 mL/hr, respectively, for the four operators in Liaocheng and Xinxiang, corresponding to 0.02% to 0.03% of the applied volume of spray solution. In all trials, the lower part (thigh, lower leg) of the body was the most contaminated, accounting for approximately 76% to 88% of the total exposure. The inhalation exposure was less than 1% of the total exposure. Such factors as the application pattern, crop type, spray equipment, operator experience and climatic conditions have been used to explain the exposure distribution over the different parts of the body. As indicated by the calculated Margin of Exposure, the typical wheat treatment scenarios when a backpack sprayer was used are considered to be safe in terms of imidacloprid exposure.     

Assessment of potential dermal and inhalation exposure of workers to the insecticide imidacloprid using whole-body dosimetry in China

In China, although improvements to the pesticide registration process have been made in la thirty years, no occupational exposure data are required to obtain a commercial license for pesticide product. Consequently, notably little research has been conducted to establish a exposure assessment procedure in China. The present study monitored the potential derm operator exposure from knapsack electric sprayer wheat field application of imidacloprid Liaocheng City, Shandong Province and in Xinxiang City, Henan Province, China, usin whole-body dosimetry. The potential inhalation exposure was determined using a person air pump and XAD-2 sample tubes. The analytical method was developed and validate including such performance parameters as limits of detection and quantification, linear rang recovery and precision. The total potential dermal and inhalation exposures were 14.20, 16.815.39 and 20.78 m L/hr, respectively, for the four operators in Liaocheng and Xinxian corresponding to 0.02% to 0.03% of the applied volume of spray solution. In all trials, the low part(thigh, lower leg) of the body was the most contaminated, accounting for approximate76% to 88% of the total exposure. The inhalation exposure was less than 1% of the tot exposure. Such factors as the application pattern, crop type, spray equipment, operat experience and climatic conditions have been used to explain the exposure distribution ov the different parts of the body. As indicated by the calculated Margin of Exposure, the typic wheat treatment scenarios when a backpack sprayer was used are considered to be safe terms of imidacloprid exposure.     

浙江温岭人群暴露参数

以浙江温岭市人群为研究对象,在借鉴美国国家环境保护局(US EPA)暴露参数方法学的基础上,以问卷调查方式进行不同途径下人群呼吸、皮肤、经口等暴露参数的研究.结果表明:研究地区男性、女性的呼吸速率分别为13.95和10.88 m3/d,分别比美国低34.81%和7.80%;男性、女性的体表面积分别为1.89和1.65 m2,分别比美国低3.57%和2.37%.研究地区成人饮水量为3 355.9 mL/d,饮食量为1 288.6 g/d,主要食用米、面及其制品和蔬菜,分别占41.63%和29.50%.如在同等条件下参考美国暴露参数,将会造成呼吸暴露剂量和经口暴露剂量偏小,而皮肤暴露剂量偏高的现象,在对浙江地区人群进行暴露评价和健康风险评价研究时,将会造成2.03%～80.59%的误差.      

Role of complex organic arsenicals in food in aggregate exposure to arsenic

For much of the world''s population, food is the major source of exposure to arsenic. Exposure to this non-essential metalloid at relatively low levels may be linked to a wide range of adverse health effects. Thus, evaluating foods as sources of exposure to arsenic is important in assessing risk and developing strategies that protect public health. Although most emphasis has been placed on inorganic arsenic as human carcinogen and toxicant, an array of arsenic-containing species are found in plants and animals used as foods. Here, we 2evaluate the contribution of complex organic arsenicals (arsenosugars, arsenolipids, and trimethylarsonium compounds) that are found in foods and consider their origins, metabolism, and potential toxicity. Commonalities in the metabolism of arsenosugars and arsenolipids lead to the production of di-methylated arsenicals which are known to exert many toxic effects. Evaluating foods as sources of exposure to these complex organic arsenicals and understanding the formation of reactive metabolites may be critical in assessing their contribution to aggregate exposure to arsenic.     

某焦化企业周边儿童重金属经口综合暴露健康风险

针对焦化企业开展的研究多关于企业工艺流程、污染物排放特征、周边环境有机物污染特征等方面,鲜有关注企业周边人群的重金属暴露及其健康风险的问题,本研究以我国北方某焦化企业为案例区,以当地儿童为研究对象,基于环境暴露行为模式问卷调查和现场实地样品的采集分析,探讨饮用水、土壤和食物介质中5种重金属（Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni和As）的污染特征,并分析儿童经口途径对饮用水、土壤和食物中重金属的暴露和健康风险水平.研究结果表明,焦化企业周边环境污染尚不突出,但儿童经口综合暴露的非致癌风险水平为0.74~6.30,是可接受风险水平的1~6倍,非致癌风险主要来自食物As暴露.儿童致癌风险水平为1.76×10^-4~7.75×10^-3,是可接受最高风险水平（1.0×10^-4）的几倍至几十倍,且主要归因于Cr经食物的暴露.本研究表明食物的经口暴露是各重金属经口综合暴露的主要途径,占经口综合暴露量的90%以上;焦化企业周边环境重金属污染虽不严峻,但可能会当地儿童带来严重的健康风险,需引起重视.     

Krebs als Funktion von Disposition,Exposition und Alter

Essential parameters in carcinogenesis are the genetic and extragenetic disposition of an individual, its exposure to chemical, physical or viral influences in the environment as well as its age as the time that is needed to induce cancer. Cancer prevention seems only possible by reducing the exposure. It will be discussed whether the increase in life expectancy has become so important during the past decades that it compensates all efforts of reducing the exposure.     

基于健康风险评价的职业接触限值合理性分析

根据国家卫生部颁布GBZ2.1-2007《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值化学有害因素》,选取苯、甲苯、硝基苯及二硝基甲苯作为评级因子,运用健康风险评价的方法,计算出在其接触浓度限值下的致癌风险值和非致癌风险指数,根据计算结果评价职业接触限值的合理性。评价结果表明:GBZ2.1-2007中的苯、甲苯、硝基苯及二硝基甲苯的接触限值是不合理的,长期暴露于该浓度限值下将会对人体健康产生不利影响。