垃圾焚烧飞灰综合利用研究进展

焚烧处理是解决日益增长生活垃圾的有效方法。垃圾焚烧产生的飞灰因含有大量的重金属等污染物而属危险废物，目前常采用的处理方法是填埋。本文就垃圾飞灰的综合利用研究现状进行了论述。从环境和技术的角度看，垃圾飞灰的预处理、水泥固化和玻璃化是目前飞灰综合利用的主要研究方向。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰综合利用研究进展

焚烧处理是解决日益增长生活垃圾的有效方法。垃圾焚烧产生的飞灰因含有大量的重金属等污染物而属危险废物 ,目前常采用的处理方法是填埋。本文就垃圾飞灰的综合利用研究现状进行了论述。从环境和技术的角度看 ,垃圾飞灰的预处理、水泥固化和玻璃化是目前飞灰综合利用的主要研究方向     

络合铁法脱除垃圾填埋气中的H2S

建立了以EDTA和柠檬酸为铁盐络合剂的循环脱硫体系，采用络合铁法对垃圾填埋气中的H₂S进行脱硫中试实验，结果表明实验所建立的络合铁脱硫体系运行稳定，脱硫效率高，适合应用于垃圾填埋气中硫化氢脱除。     

我国垃圾焚烧处理现状及其发展

本文对我国垃圾焚烧处理的现状和发展趋势进行了综述。垃圾焚烧处理符合资源化、减量化和无害化的原则,由于经济技术水平的限制,我国城市垃圾的处理主要是以填埋和堆肥为主,焚烧法处理占的比例较少,随着经济技术水平的提高,焚烧处理垃圾将得到迅速的发展。我国垃圾焚烧处理的发展应积极的引进、吸收、消化国外的先进技术,开发生产适合我国国情的垃圾焚烧设备;加强法规建设,实现垃圾焚烧处理的规范化管理;开发废气净化设备及其二次污染控制设备;确保焚烧废气达标排放;有效的对垃圾焚烧排放污染物的监控,保证垃圾焚烧处理设施安全、高效的运行。     

高热值城市生活垃圾归类分流处置的能值分析

生活垃圾处理已成为限制城市化进程和城市经济发展的重大问题之一,采用垃圾归类分流处置方法可以有效地促进垃圾减量化和资源化的效果。以西安市典型高校校园生活垃圾为代表性高热值焚烧型城市生活垃圾,通过绘制能值系统图辨析卫生填埋-沼气发电、焚烧发电、生物质燃料混烧发电等3种垃圾处理系统的能值投入和产出过程。依据垃圾物理组成和热值数据分别计算了2种处理系统的能值产出率、环境负载率、能值投资率、可更新能源投入率和能值可持续指数等5项基本能值指标,并从能量利用的角度对3种生活垃圾处理方法的环境可持续性与经济竞争力进行了比较分析。能值分析结果表明,采用生活垃圾焚烧和生物质燃料混烧发电处理法在能量转化效率和环境影响方面具有显著优势,对高热值焚烧型生活垃圾采用"归类分流-集中焚烧处理"的方式有利于提高城市生活垃圾减量化处理的环境效益与经济收益。     

垃圾填埋场填埋气竖井收集系统设计优化

目前实际工程中通常采用现场抽气试验的方法确定垃圾填埋气收集系统的相关技术参数。这种方法不能对影响抽气效果的因素综合分析并加以优化，本文利用竖井抽气条件下填埋气压力分布模型，分析讨论了抽气系统各参数对对抽气效果的影响，提出了垃圾填埋场填埋气竖井收集系统的抽气量，抽气井影响半径，抽气井埋深的优化设计方法，可为填埋气污染控制与回收利用系统的规划设计及运行管理提供技术支持。     

基于文献计量的垃圾填埋场污染物研究现状与趋势分析

基于Web of Science核心合集数据库，利用VOSviewer和CiteSpace软件，对2000—2020年有关垃圾填埋场污染物的文献进行了计量分析。结果表明：(1)2000—2020年，垃圾填埋场污染物领域的发文量总体呈逐年增加态势，2015年后中国的发文量直线上升；(2)中国的机构虽然发文量多，但均篇被引频次不是很高，影响力还有待进一步提升；(3)垃圾填埋场污染物研究的热点包括城市固体废弃物及其处置过程，垃圾渗滤液或污废水中有机污染物的去除、降解，垃圾填埋场周边地表水和地下水中污染物的环境行为，无机污染物氮元素的去除，垃圾填埋场中新污染物的环境行为和去除5大类；(4)垃圾填埋场污染物主要分为重金属和有机污染物两大类，其中重金属在不同环境介质中出现的频次高于有机污染物，填埋气等气态污染物造成的环境问题也不容忽视。     

国内最大的垃圾焚烧厂日前在上海点火投产

既能无污染处理垃圾又能用来发电的国内最大垃圾焚烧厂日前在上海点火投产。坐落在上海西郊江桥的生活垃圾焚烧厂占地 2 0 0余亩 ,政府投资额为 2 .4亿元人民币 ,一期工程生活垃圾日处理能力为 10 0 0 t,年处理垃圾可达 33万 t,其垃圾处理服务范围可覆盖上海 1/ 3的城市面积。二期工程建成后 ,将达到日处理垃圾 15 0 0 t的规模。上海生活垃圾日产生量达到万 t,而此前 7成以上都用来填埋。填埋处理既占用大量土地资源 ,环保性也不高。新点火的上海江桥生活垃圾焚烧厂采用焚烧、生化、填埋综合方式来处理垃圾。其烟气排放严格执行欧盟标准 ,废…     

垃圾填埋场填埋气竖井收集系统设计优化

目前实际工程中通常采用现场抽气试验的方法确定垃圾填埋气收集系统的相关技术参数 ,这种方法不能对影响抽气效果的因素综合分析并加以优化。本文利用竖井抽气条件下填埋气压力分布模型 ,分析讨论了抽气系统各参数对对抽气效果的影响 ,提出了垃圾填埋场填埋气竖井收集系统的抽气量、抽气井影响半径、抽气井埋深的优化设计方法 ,可为填埋气污染控制与回收利用系统的规划设计及运行管理提供技术支持     

城市生活垃圾焚烧过程中二次污染物的生成与控制

在我国，采用焚烧法处理城市固体垃圾，逐渐得到推广和应用，然而焚烧带来的二次污染物，如二恶Ying，细颗粒，重金属，HCl以及SOx,NOx等也随之引起了广泛关注，对垃圾焚烧过程中各种二次污染物的产生机理及其控制方法进行了综述。并且指出近期我国城市固体垃圾焚烧烟气污染物的重点控制对象应为颗粒物，HCl,SOx和NOx。     

Impact assessment of waste management options in Singapore

This paper describes the application of life cycle assessment for evaluating various waste management options in Singapore, a small-island city state. The impact assessment method by SimaPro is carried out for comparing the potential environmental impacts of waste treatment options including landfilling, incineration, recycling, and composting. The inventory data include gases and leachate from landfills, air emissions and energy recovery from incinerators, energy (and emission) savings from recycling, composting gases, and transport pollution. The impact assessment results for climate change, acidification, and ecotoxicity show that the incineration of materials imposes considerable harm to both human health and the environment, especially for the burning of plastics, paper/cardboard, and ferrous metals. The results also show that, although some amount of energy can be derived from the incineration of wastes, these benefits are outweighed by the air pollution (heavy metals and dioxins/furans) that incinerators produce. For Singapore, landfill gases and leachate generate minimal environmental damage because of the nation's policy to landfill only 10% of the total disposed wastes. Land transportation and separation of waste materials also pose minimal environmental damage. However, sea transportation to the landfill could contribute significantly to acidification because of the emissions of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides from barges. The composting of horticultural wastes hardly imposes any environmental damage. Out of all the waste strategies, the recycling of wastes offers the best solution for environmental protection and improved human health for the nation. Significant emission savings can be realized through recycling.     

易腐性有机垃圾的产生与处理技术途径比较

我国城市垃圾以易腐性有机垃圾为主.目前有关管理部门提出逐步减少进入填埋场的易腐性有机垃圾量,因此,必须寻求其他填埋替代技术消纳易腐性有机垃圾物流.本文对几种常规技术方案进行了比较.认为应该根据非餐饮业和餐饮业易腐性有机垃圾各自的产生源特点,采取不同的处理方案;但目前这些替代技术用于处理易腐垃圾时均存在各自的缺陷.本文据此提出了相应的技术完善要求和配套管理政策建议.     

西南地区某已封场非规范垃圾填埋场垃圾稳定化进程分析

以重庆某非规范填埋场为例,针对西南地区已封场非规范垃圾填埋场的稳定化进程进行了分析。按照场地布局选取4个采样点,在垃圾体上进行钻孔取样,分析不同深度的垃圾样pH值、有机质、含水率、生物可降解度以及垃圾样浸出液和填埋气组成以及各个指标随着填埋深度的变化规律,确定不同深度垃圾体的稳定化程度。结果表明,场内垃圾已呈现矿化垃圾特征;有机质、BDM、浸出液COD以及填埋气CH4含量等4个指标与填埋深度均较好地符合一级降解反应,可以预测垃圾体稳定化临界填埋深度。根据有机质、BDM、浸出液COD以及填埋气CH4含量等4个指标与填埋深度一级降解反应函数预测临界稳定化深度为15 m,与实测值判定的稳定化填埋深度相一致性。在对非规范垃圾填埋场场地利用过程中,需要先对未稳定的上层垃圾进行清理,并在已稳定的底层垃圾体上充填其他稳定介质后利用该地块。     

Leaching characteristics of PCDDs/DFs and dioxin-like PCBs from landfills containing municipal solid waste and incineration residues

To investigate the leaching characteristic of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as non-ortho and mono-ortho substituted chlorobiphebyls (dioxin-like PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/DFs), in leachate from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill sites containing incineration residues, raw leachate samples were collected twice from 12 selected MSW landfill sites. The samples were divided into their liquid and solid phases using GF/B (pore size 1.0 microm), and the concentrations of POPs then determined. The concentrations of PCDDs/DFs ranged from 0.65 to 5.88 pg-TEQ/l (average 2.86 pg-TEQ/l), and those of dioxin-like PCBs from 0.05 to 0.32 pg-TEQ/l (average 0.18 pg-TEQ/l). The major congeners of leached PCDDs/DFs and dioxin-like PCBs in liquid and solid phases were OCDD (about 60%), 2,3',4,4',5-PeCBs (about 30%), and 2,3,4,4',5-PeCBs (about 54%). The relationship between landfill age and the leaching concentration of PCDDs/DFs, and effects of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on the leaching of PCDDs/DFs are also discussed. Finally, a leaching prediction model of PCDDs/DFs from MSW landfills has been suggested using parameters, such as hydrophobic neutral organic carbons, total dissolved solid, and the ratio of non-biodegradable wastes in landfill sites.     

广州市生活垃圾高温有氧静态堆肥的生命周期分析

运用生命周期分析(LCA)方法,对广州市生活垃圾高温有氧静态堆肥系统进行分析,计算出全生命周期的资源消耗和环境影响潜值,同时与垃圾焚烧典型工艺的LCA数据进行对比。结果表明,堆肥处理的环境影响负荷为0.023PET90,资源消耗系数为9.238mPET90。环境影响类型中光化学臭氧合成造成的影响最大,占环境总影响的43.8%。与焚烧处理方式相比,高温有氧静态堆肥的环境总影响较小,环境影响负荷相比于焚烧减少20.3%,在降低酸化的影响方面有较为显著的作用。     

安全土地填埋技术在我国的应用

沈阳市固体废物处置中心对工业危险废物采用了安全土地填埋技术 ,它的主要特点是安全、工艺简单、可操作性强。能够杜绝危险废物渗析液下渗污染地下水 ,同时又避免了危险废物污染环境卫生。本文主要以沈阳工业危险废物处置填埋场为例 ,介绍安全土地填埋的技术要求、设计要点等     

A pilot and field investigation on mobility of PCDDs/PCDFs in landfill site with municipal solid waste incineration residue

A field investigation by boring was carried out in a landfill site primarily with municipal solid waste incineration residue. From the collected core samples, vertical profiles of homologous content of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs) in the landfill layer were traced and the behavior of PCDDs/PCDFs was examined. In addition, a pilot-scale study was conducted on the PCDDs/PCDFs leached from incineration fly ash and the treated one using large landfill simulation columns (lysimeters) and the leaching behavior of PCDDs/PCDFs was examined. As a result, it was found that the coexistence of dissolved coloring constituents (DCCs), which might be composed of constituents like dissolved humic matters having strong affinity for hydrophobic organic pollutants, could enhance the leachability of PCDDs/PCDFs, thus contributing to the vertical movement and leaching behavior of PCDDs/PCDFs in the landfill layers of the incineration residue. Moreover, it is highly probable that DCCs derive from the unburned carbon in the bottom ash mixed and buried with the fly ash containing a high content of PCDDs/PCDFs.     

Evaluation of Methodologies for Exposure Assessment to Atmospheric Pollutants from a Landfill Site

Abstract

Epidemiological studies around landfill sites are limited by several factors, particularly a lack of accurate exposure assessment. Traditionally, exposure estimates are based on distance between place of residence and the landfill site. However, this measure of exposure ignores the effects that environmental factors may have upon exposure. A previous epidemiological study at a landfill site in the United Kingdom provided the basis for a case study to investigate exposure assessment methodologies that could support ongoing and future epidemiological work. Estimation of relative exposure to atmospheric pollutants near the site was refined using the Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling System (ADMS) 3.1. Annual average concentrations were calculated around the landfill site, which was modeled as an area source with a steady release rate over its entire active surface. Local meteorological and terrain data were used in the assessment. A geographical information system (GIS) was then used to link the results of the modeling to population and other data. Sensitivity studies were included to examine the variation of predicted exposure with several modeling assumptions and hence set other uncertainties in context. No simple relationship existed between the relative individual exposure measured by distance from the site and by dispersion modeling. A reassessment of exposure assessment in epidemiological studies around landfill sites was then undertaken with the refined estimates of exposure. This concluded that use of distance from the site as a proxy for exposure could lead to significant exposure misclassification in comparison with exposure assessment using atmospheric dispersion modeling and GIS. The study also indicated that assessment of peak exposure rates (i.e., extreme concentration levels) might be necessary in some epidemiological work. Optimum strategies for increasing the probability of observing effects in the more highly exposed population can be derived by combining the results of dispersion modeling with population data and, where feasible, knowledge of the toxicology of the substances of interest.     

The comparison of fossil carbon fraction and greenhouse gas emissions through an analysis of exhaust gases from urban solid waste incineration facilities

In this study, in order to understand accurate calculation of greenhouse gas emissions of urban solid waste incineration facilities, which are major waste incineration facilities, and problems likely to occur at this time, emissions were calculated by classifying calculation methods into 3 types. For the comparison of calculation methods, the waste characteristics ratio, dry substance content by waste characteristics, carbon content in dry substance, and ¹²C content were analyzed; and in particular, CO₂ concentration in incineration gases and ¹²C content were analyzed together. In this study, 3 types of calculation methods were made through the assay value, and by using each calculation method, emissions of urban solid waste incineration facilities were calculated then compared. As a result of comparison, with Calculation Method A, which used the default value as presented in the IPCC guidelines, greenhouse gas emissions were calculated for the urban solid waste incineration facilities A and B at 244.43 ton CO₂/day and 322.09 ton CO₂/day, respectively. Hence, it showed a lot of difference from Calculation Methods B and C, which used the assay value of this study. It is determined that this was because the default value as presented in IPCC, as the world average value, could not reflect the characteristics of urban solid waste incineration facilities. Calculation Method B indicated 163.31 ton CO₂/day and 230.34 ton CO₂/day respectively for the urban solid waste incineration facilities A and B; also, Calculation Method C indicated 151.79 ton CO₂/day and 218.99 ton CO₂/day, respectively.

Implications: This study intends to compare greenhouse gas emissions calculated using ¹²C content default value provided by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) with greenhouse gas emissions calculated using ¹²C content and waste assay value that can reflect the characteristics of the target urban solid waste incineration facilities. Also, the concentration and ¹²C content were calculated by directly collecting incineration gases of the target urban solid waste incineration facilities, and greenhouse gas emissions of the target urban solid waste incineration facilities through this survey were compared with greenhouse gas emissions, which used the previously calculated assay value of solid waste.     

天津市文明生态村生活垃圾处理方案优选

根据天津市文明生态村生活垃圾的特点和组成成分,以垃圾的分类收集和分类处理为前提,采用费用-效益分析法和层次分析法,对填埋、堆肥和焚烧处理方案分别进行费用-效益分析和经济、技术、环境、政策综合分析。结果表明,堆肥和焚烧的费用-效益分析得分为0.96和0.786,填埋不产生效益;堆肥、焚烧和填埋的层次分析法得分为7.74、4.28和5.45,堆肥方案的得分最高,其次为填埋,天津市文明生态村生活垃圾宜采用堆肥+填埋处理方案。