基于生态系统服务的叶尔羌河平原绿洲生态经济协调发展分析

为评价叶尔羌河平原绿洲近25 a生态环境状况及其与经济发展间的协调水平,基于1991年、2005年、2016年遥感影像解译出的土地利用数据,参照中国陆地生态系统服务价值当量表并结合研究区生物量状况、支付意愿修订VC（单位面积生态系统服务价值）,运用当量因子法核算ESV（生态系统服务价值）.通过敏感度分析检测VC在该区域的适宜性,借助EEH（生态经济协调度指数）定量评价生态与经济发展间的协调程度,为重构研究区生态安全格局奠定基础.结果表明:①1991—2016年除耕地、建设用地面积增加外,其他地类面积均减小,林地面积减少最大为47.12%.②研究期间ESV减少了22.08×108元,年均减小率0.20%,这主要是由林地、水体、未利用土地、草地面积减小所致.③研究区服务性功能远大于生产性功能,其中调节服务的价值贡献率最大为78.05%,文化服务的价值贡献率最小为3.22%.④敏感度分析显示,ESV对引入的VC缺乏弹性,表明修订的价值系数适合该区域.⑤生态经济协调发展分析表明,1991—2016年研究区生态与经济发展处于低度冲突,空间上除叶城、巴楚县为低度协调外,其余县为低度冲突,莎车县冲突程度更明显.研究显示,近25 a区域生态环境总体呈恶化趋势,生态与经济发展亦由低度协调转变为低度冲突,今后需加大生态保护力度,促使冲突区向协调区转变.      

岷沱江流域社会经济的水环境效应评估研究

引入"驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应-管理"(DPSIRM)模型模拟经济社会与水环境之间的相互响应关系,构建流域社会经济的水环境效应评估的指标体系,以揭示出流域经济发展中人、水环境相互作用的链式关系.采用熵变加权法对指标体系的各指标进行赋权,得到水环境效应综合评估指数公式.以长江上游岷沱江流域为研究区域,对岷沱江流域2000—2014年水环境效应进行评估研究,通过综合及子系统评估结果分析,探析影响流域水环境可持续发展的关键因素.评估结果表明:岷沱江流域2000—2006年岷沱江流域的水环境效应处于Ⅲ级(基本安全),从2007年开始,岷沱江流域的水环境效应处于Ⅱ级(安全).岷沱江流域水环境效应评估指数在2000—2011年间呈现逐步上升的趋势,但2003—2006年略有下降,2011年达到最大,2012—2014年又逐步下降.各子系统评估指数差异性较大,有着不同的发展趋势,管理子系统各指标对综合水环境效应影响最大,其次为影响子系统指标、响应子系统指标.论文构建的流域水环境效应评估的DPSIRM及熵权模型具有实用性和可行性,为区域水环境规划与综合管理科学决策提供依据.     

石羊河流域水坝建设生态经济影响综合评价

客观评价水坝建设对区域生态、经济的影响问题,对于完善我国水利工程环境影响评价和促进水坝与生态系统的和谐发展具有重要意义.本研究根据水坝对干旱内陆河流域生态、经济影响的特点,建立了评价指标体系,对石羊河流域水坝修建初(20世纪60—70年代)和水坝运行40年后(2000—2010年)生态、经济状况进行对比评估.结果表明:1植被和水资源指数在水坝建设生态影响评价指标中具有非常重要的作用,生物丰富度指数、水网密度指数和地表水空间分布在指标层各评价因子中占据最高权重.2流域水坝建设使得区域社会经济指数有较大提高,而自然规律、生物资源和人居环境则均有不同程度的降低,反映出水坝建设对区域生态经济的促进是建立在不断消耗自然资源基础之上的,也就是说经济增长是以区域的生态环境逐步恶化为前提的,缺少生态可持续性.     

滹沱河流域生态环境动态遥感评价

滹沱河流域横跨山西和河北两省,自2000年以来由于经济发展,城市扩建,滹沱河一度断流,但随着国家对生态文明建设的重视和南水北调工程的实施,滹沱河流域生态保护成效显著提升.基于GEE平台选取MODIS数据、Landsat数据和夜光遥感数据等,利用生态环境指数（EI）中的生物丰富度指数、植被覆盖指数、土地胁迫指数和污染负荷指数以及遥感生态指数（RSEI）中的湿度指数相结合生成新的评价指标体系,利用变异系数法和熵权法对指标赋权并构建生态环境评价模型,对2000~2020年滹沱河流域进行生态环境质量评价和分级,并运用地理探测器对其驱动因子进行解释.结果表明：①时间尺度上,2000~2015年滹沱河流域的生态环境处于“衰退期”,2015~2020年滹沱河处于“恢复期”.从格网尺度上看,流域内中部地区生态环境质量呈现逐年提高的状态;流域内西部和东部地区,“衰退期”生态环境质量逐年降低,“恢复期”生态环境质量有所提高.②热点分析表明,滹沱河流域的生态环境质量呈现“中间高两侧低”的空间分布状态.冷点区域集中分布于东部和南部的城市乡镇地区,零星分布于西侧河谷地区.③地理探测分析表明,单因子探测驱动因子主要为人口密度、植被净初级生产力（NPP）、植被覆盖度（FVC）和地貌类型.交互探测的主导因子为“地貌类型+FVC”.随着生态文明建设不断深入和《滹沱河保护条例》的颁布实施,结合流域内不同的自然环境和社会特征等因子,滹沱河流域生态环境评价研究可为因地制宜地改善生态环境政策提供数据支持.     

秦皇岛市可持续发展状况评估

可持续发展是我国的唯一选择,如何评价可持续发展是可持续发展研究的热点问题.可持续发展的协调度、持续度是评价可持续发展的有效途径.协调度指标由经济系统协调度、经济发展与人口协调度、经济发展与资源协调度、经济发展与生态环境协调度、经济发展与城镇化水平协调度五项指标组成;持续度指标由经济持续度、人力资源持续度、资源持续度、生态环境持续度四项指标组成.通过对秦皇岛市2000年社会、经济、环境系统的深入分析,秦皇岛市可持续发展状况为61.9分,处于具有初步可持续发展水平和能力阶段.     

制造业城市生态系统可持续发展评价研究

建立制造业城市佛山市生态系统现状评价指标体系,基于生态环境压力指数法评价经济发展对生态环境压力,耦合集对分析方法评价2011-2019年生态系统可持续发展水平,综合分析自然子系统、经济子系统和社会子系统的可持续发展协调程度.结果表明:佛山经济社会发展对生态环境的压力整体处于大压力状态,呈波动下降趋势,经济发展使科学技术...     

黄河流域生态服务价值与经济协调发展的时空演化研究

厘清黄河流域生态现状,分析生态系统服务时空演化特征及与经济协调发展情况,对提升区域经济协调发展具有重要意义。基于黄河流域9省区2000—2020年土地利用数据及国民经济发展数据,测算生态系统服务价值及经济与生态环境协调指数,揭示黄河流域生态系统服务价值时空演化特征及与经济协调发展关系,结果表明：（1）2000—2020年黄河流域全域生态服务价值（ESV）持续增长,由2000年的7020.74亿元增长到2020年的25598.24亿元;（2）研究期内,黄河流域经济与生态协调发展存在显著空间相关性,且人类活动及土地利用方式对生态系统服务价值影响较大,高度冲突区逐渐集中于上游青海省、四川省、甘肃省等经济欠发达地区和下游河南省、山东省等人类干扰密度较高的地区;（3）研究区经济与生态环境协调发展空间分布不均衡,2000—2020年空间集聚态势逐步加大,且冲突区面积远大于协调区,中下游及下游区域两极分化现象明显;（4）研究区内不同区域资源禀赋与生态环境差异较大,要因地制宜,找出不同区域适合自身发展的路径,综合推动黄河流域经济发展与生态环境保护的耦合协调发展。     

人水系统的自组织演化模拟与实证

人水系统是一个开放的复杂巨系统,研究其自组织演化过程对促进区域人水和谐和可持续发展具有重要意义。论文在辨析人水系统基本内涵的基础上提出了其概念模型,基于自组织理论分析了人水系统的演化具有开放性、涨落、非线性、反馈、不稳定性和支配性等特点。在此基础上借鉴协同学、耗散结构论等将序参量判据和熵判据结合,构建了人水系统的自组织演化模型,并应用到人水矛盾突出的石羊河流域。案例分析表明：石羊河流域人水系统的社会经济、生态环境和资源开发利用三个子系统在2001-2011 年的协同度总体呈“S”型上升趋势,具体演化路径略有不同;人水系统的整体演化以2006 年为涨落点,在政策驱动下,系统不断输入负熵,由混乱无序向协调有序的良性发展方向演化,开始趋向新的稳态,结果验证了模型应用的可行性。     

新疆绿洲生态环境与经济发展的协调关系分析

建立新疆绿洲生态环境质量综合评价指标体系和经济发展水平综合评价指标体系,利用熵值法分别测度2000年-2010年新疆绿洲生态环境质量综合水平和经济发展综合水平,在此基础上利用协调模型,测度两者的协调度和协调发展度,进而分析两者的协调关系。分析结果显示:新疆绿洲生态环境质量综合水平缓慢下降,经济发展综合水平不断上升;两者的协调关系从中级协调-优质协调-中级协调,协调发展度表明两者的协调处于相对低层次的协调。     

基于InVEST模型的复合生态系统耦合协调关系研究——以兰西城市群为例

引入指数功效函数模型测算兰州—西宁城市群的经济社会发展状况,基于InVEST模型评估城市群的生态系统服务水平,并运用耦合协调度模型剖析经济—社会—生态子系统的耦合协调关系及时空变化特征.结果表明:2000-2020年间,兰西城市群经济、社会子系统发展呈典型的a双核心o模式,城市群次中心发展不充分,低水平县区广布特征明显;水源涵养、水土保持和固碳释氧服务均呈增长趋势,且呈不同的空间分异态势;综合生态系统服务呈现从东北向西南递增的阶梯状格局,高值区集中在三江源地区,低值区位于白银市;经济—社会—生态子系统处于高度耦合状态,总体演进趋势一致,互动关系紧密;协调度增长14.63%,高值区位于各市州城市建成区,低值区集中分布于城市群东北部,不同协调度分区滞后子系统不同.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.