南京市江宁区谷里镇污水处理工程工艺设计

根据谷里镇提供的水质监测资料、处理要求及现有地形条件,选用A2/O+曝气生物滤池作为该镇污水处理工程的核心处理工艺。该镇污水处理工程的设计规模为5 000 m3/d,污水处理工程的进水水质为pH:6～9 mg/L、CODCr:300 mg/L、BOD5:150 mg/L、氨氮:30 mg/L、TN:35 mg/L、TP:3 mg/L、SS:150 mg/L、动植物油:15 mg/L,经采用A2/O+曝气生物滤池作为该镇污水处理工程的核心处理工艺治理后,预计出水可以达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)中的一级A标准。     

西渡造纸厂综合污水处理工程的设计

西渡造纸厂综合工业废水18000m^3／d，废水中含有纤维、木质素、半纤维素、草屑、泥灰、炉灰和纸浆短纤维等固溶物和微量的可溶性有机物以及碱等，同时含有大量的不溶性有机物；水呈黑色，属难生化的高浓度有机废水。在污水处理工程设计中通过对造纸黑液采用水解酸化-UBF-混凝沉淀联合处理工艺，出水可达到《造纸工业水污染物排放标准》(GWPB2-1999)要求。     

一种新型的污水处理设备——拼装式反应器

拼装式反应器是一种采用栓接方式将经过防腐处理的钢板现场拼接的新型的污水处理设备。反应器的设计由反应器罐体结构设计、基础设计及配套产品的嵌接设计3个方面构成；拼装式反应器与成熟的污水处理技术(如UASB、水解工艺、SBR、BAF等)的结合提高了污水处理设备的技术含量。拼装式反应器已在猪场废水、食品加工废水、制药废水、啤酒废水及城市污水等废水处理工程中得到了成功应用。     

基于二级模糊综合评价的白洋淀淀中村生活污水处理技术决策方法

本研究旨在为白洋淀淀中村生活污水处理技术选择提供一个优化决策方法。在对国内外农村生活污水处理技术深入调研的基础上，采用二级模糊综合评价法，对14项预选处理技术进行综合评估。首先从处理效果、技术性能以及经济性能三方面对各处理技术进行初级量化评估，再根据其评估数据对各项技术进行二级评估，最后结合淀中村自身特点筛选出较好的生活污水处理技术，探讨最适合白洋淀淀中村生活污水处理的优化方案。纯水村人口相对集中地区可采用人工湿地和水解酸化+人工湿地技术，人口相对分散地区可采用沼气净化技术；半水村人口相对集中地区可采用厌氧滤池+土壤渗滤和人工湿地+氧化塘技术，人口相对分散地区可采用沼气净化技术和土壤渗滤技术。     

分层填料地下渗滤系统处理农村分散生活污水

为了解决农村生活污水直接排放造成的地表水以及地下水污染问题，本研究采用2种混合填料（5％粉煤灰＋95％土壤和5％腐熟干牛粪＋95％土壤）分层装填的3种不同结构的地下渗滤系统进行农村分散生活污水处理。结果表明，系统对污水中各主要污染因子都有较好的去除作用，且能承受一定的污染负荷波动；除总氮外，系统出水各项指标最低满足《地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅲ类标准，出水外排不会造成地表水污染；添加腐熟牛粪大大提高了系统总氮、硝氮的去除效率，出水稳定后满足地下水环境质量Ⅲ类标准。在应用过程中，建议选择2种填料填充高度各半的填充模式，以便各项指标均能达到最优处理效果。     

我国村镇生活污水处理技术发展方向展望

随着我国村镇生活污水处理技术的快速发展,众多技术被研发和应用在村镇污水处理领域。但村镇污水处理技术在实际应用过程中仍然存在着多种问题,如过度参考城镇经验、技术选择缺乏标准指导和规范、技术装备缺乏标准化等。基于我国村镇污水处理常用技术的主要优缺点分析,梳理了我国村镇污水处理技术的应用现状,并对我国村镇污水处理技术的发展方向进行了展望。目前,我国村镇污水处理技术在适应性、标准化、规范化等方面仍然存在很多问题。未来,村镇污水处理技术需要在标准化、低耗高效、自动化和智能化等方面进行突破,应强化技术设备的适应性。     

中国污水处理设施建设现状与存在问题研究

污水处理设施已经成为中国区域环境质量改善的主要手段,通过对污水处理设施信息的收集整理、分析研究,明晰了中国污水处理设施的基本现状,分析了可能存在的问题并提出了相应的对策和措施,为中国城市污水处理相关研究提供基础和借鉴。截至2013年底,我国共建成各类污水处理设施6 124处,总设计处理能力1.66亿t/d,处理污水451.6亿t。已建成的污水处理设施规模以低于2万t/d为主,平均负荷率为74.4%。现有污水处理设施存在管网配套不合理、进水浓度偏低、负荷率普遍不足、执行排放标准偏低等问题。应从污水处理设施所在区域特点出发,因地制宜地选择合适的主体工艺类型和设计规模,科学配置相关管网设施,有效提高设施利用率。     

污水处理收费标准出台:城市居民每吨0.95元起

<正>2015年1月26日,国家发改委、财政部、住建部联合下发《关于制定和调整污水处理收费标准等有关问题的通知》(以下简称《通知》),2016年底前,城市污水处理收费标准原则上每吨应调整至居民不低于0.95元,非居民不低于1.4元;县城、重点建制镇原则上每吨应调整至居民不低于0.85元,非居民不低于1.2元。目前,污水处理费主要涵盖在各城市收取的水费中。国观智库发布的报告显示,2013年全国32个城     

活性污泥法处理味精厂废水的工艺优化

经过总结与改进武汉味全食品有限公司近5年污水处理工艺、设备，结果表明，经过增加三级曝气池、罗茨鼓风机等工艺改进，SS由132mg/L降为112mg/L；NH3-N由119mg/L降为37．6mg／L；Ar-OH由0．01mg/L降为0．009mg／L；BOD5由5年前的34．6mg／L降为现在的21．2mg／L；COD由5年前的117mg／L降为现在的62．6mg／L；运行成本由850万降到450万，通过此工艺的改进及优化，基本达到国家污水排放标准，完全达到行业排放标准。     

微波能污水处理技术

北京润泽东方环保科技有限公司研究开发成功微波能污水处理技术，从而改变了传统的污水处理方式，使污水处理变得简易有效。该技术的原理为：微波对流体中的不同物质进行选择性分子加热；微波对流体中的吸波物质，物化反应具有强烈的催化作用，流体中的固相微粒在微波场中能迅速会聚沉降，与水分离；由于微波加热是吸波物质分子直接加热，所以污水置于微波场中，不但温度升高迅速，     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.