升流式厌氧污泥床处理含五氯酚废水工艺的研究

研究升流式厌氧污泥反应器（ＵＡＳＢ）在中温条件下处理含五氯酚（ＰＣＰ）模拟废水时工艺特点及ＰＣＰ降解机理,结果表明：处理啤酒废水的厌氧颗粒污泥为接种物（ＶＳＳ接种量约１５ｇ／Ｌ）,运行温度为３５±１℃,水力停留时间２０－２４ｈ,进水ＣＯＤ浓度为２５００－２８００ｍｌ／Ｌ;进水ＰＣＰ浓度岂１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ上各至８．０ｍｇ／Ｌ条件下,１２０ｄ左右完成启动,ＰＣＰ和ＣＯＤ去除率分别为９４％及８６％以上,高     

络合萃取法处理工业含酚废水

设计了高效ＱＨ型络合萃取脱酚溶剂,建立了工业含酚废水络合萃取工艺,进行了不同种类含酚废水的络合萃取平衡和错流萃取的实验。结果表明,利用ＱＨ混合型络合萃取剂,通过２－３级错流接触（油水比为１：１）,废水残液中的酚类浓度小于０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ,可以达到国家规定的排放标准。初步研究表明,该法对废水中ＣＯＤ亦有较好的去除效果。     

序批式活性污泥法处理毛皮废水的研究

采用序批式活性污泥法处理毛皮模拟废水的试验条件为：水温２０℃,ＤＯ２ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＣＯＤｃｒ１５００ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＢＯＤ５ ９００ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＭＬＳＳ ２１００ｍｇ／Ｌ增至２６００ｍｇ／Ｌ左右,试验结果表明,采用限制曝气方式运行的序批式活性污泥系统最不易发生污泥膨胀。     

SBR工艺处理腈纶废水

文章介绍了以ＳＢＲ工艺处理腈纶废水的试验过程，结果表明，在进水ＣＯＤ浓度为３０００－４０００ｍｇ／Ｌ、进水容积负荷为２．０ｋｇ／ＣＯＤ／ｍ＾３．ｄ时，出水浓度在４００－６００ｍｇ／Ｌ之间，去除率为７５－８５％，硝化效果很好，出水ＮＨ３－Ｎ小于１０ｍｇ／Ｌ，达到排放标准。腈纶废水中主要污染物为ＤＭＦ（二甲基甲酰胺），用本法处理后，产生难于生化氧化的氮氧物质，需进一步处理，因此，ＳＢＲ工艺目前适合作为     

用活化煤泥处理含酚废水的实验

采用搅拌法，以药品活化处理后的煤泥作吸附剂，处理浓度小于２００ｍｇ／Ｌ的含酚废水，效果比较理想，脱酚率可达９３－９７％。     

气浮—高效生物接触氧化法处理大豆色拉油生产废水

用气浮－二级高效生物接触氧化法处理大豆色拉油生产废水，原废水的ＣＯＤ３００－１３００ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＢＯＤ１００－５００ｍｇ／Ｌ，２２１７０－２７００ｍｇ／Ｌ，动植物油１５０－３５０，ｇ／Ｌ，经处理后ＣＯＤ〈１００ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＳＳ〈１００ｍｇ／ｌ，动植物油〈３０ＭＧ／ｌ，ｐｈ６－９，各项主要指标均达到国家一级排放标准。     

厌-好氧交替工艺处理辽河油田废水的试验

采用厌－好氧交替工艺处理适当稀释或原浓度的油田废水,进水ＣＯＤ３６０－９５０ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＣＯＤ去除率均保持在６０％左右,经过厌氧ＵＡＳＢ反应器处理后的废水,再经ＡＡＡ工艺进行处理,在ＨＲＴ８－１２ｈ的条件下,其ＣＯＤ浓度能够从３５０ｍｇ／Ｌ降到１６０－２４０ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＣＯＤ去除率有     

SBR工艺处理焦化污水

本研究采用ＳＢＲ技术处理毒性大、可生化性差的焦化污水。当污水ＣＯＤｏｒ、酚和氰浓度分别为１４００－２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ，２３０－３８０ｍｇ／Ｌ和１．９０－３．７６ｍｇ／Ｌ时，经处理后，出水ＣＯＤｏｒ〈２５０ｍｇ／Ｌ（混凝后，ＣＯＤｏｒ〈２００ｍｇ／Ｌ），酚和氰均远低０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＣＯＤｏｒ酚和氰的去除率分别为９１％、９９．８％和９５％，大大高于连续流一化处理焦化污水的效果。试验结果表明，ＳＢＲ系统操     

煤气洗涤废水的处理研究

本研究对特难处理的煤气洗涤废水，采用混凝──电化学氧化处理，可获得良好的处理效果．其ＣＯＤ、油、酚分别由１０３２２ｍｇ／Ｌ、１５０００ｍｇ／Ｌ、１５７０ｍｇ／Ｌ降至２８９ｍｇ／Ｌ、１００ｍｇ／Ｌ、０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ．去除率分别为９７．２％，９３．３％，９９．９７％．     

发生炉煤气洗涤废水封闭循环后污染物增长的平衡规律研究

大量的实验及环境监测数据表明,烟煤煤气站发生炉煤气洗海废水长期完全封闭循环运行后,废水中以挥发酚为主的污染物浓度不会无限增长,存在着动态平衡。在平衡范围内,近发酚浓度为１３００－２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ,氰化物为４－２０ｍｇ／Ｌ,硫化物为３５－７０ｍｇ／Ｌ。研究结果表明,对发生炉煤气洗涤废水采取以预处理除去废水中悬浮物和焦油的封闭循环回用的治理技术路线是完全可行的。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.