乌鲁木齐市民用住宅室内氡浓度水平调查研究

对乌鲁木齐市具有代表性的民用住宅室内氡浓度进行了连续一年的监测调查,调查结果显示室内氡浓度平均值55.4 Bq／m3,低于国标的“200 Bq／m3”,并据此估算出其所致居民的年均有效剂量为1.400 mSv,以及所致居民支气管上皮组织、肺、性腺、骨髓及骨表面细胞等关键组织的年吸收剂量分别为1886．49,378.96,2.80,3.20,3.20μGy／a,大于UNSCEAR2000年报告的世界平均值1.008 mSv,结合室内氡的主要来源,提出了对建筑材料进行放射性监测、控制装修、工程竣工后开展室内环境监测、加强室内通风以及开展室内氡污染治理等措施控制室内氡浓度水平。     

广东下庄铀矿田土壤的天然放射性研究

用γ能谱分析方法测量了广东下庄铀矿田土壤中放射性核素^>226Ra,^>232Th 和 K 的含量,分别为 111.7(40.2～441.5)Bq/kg,71.5(32.6～4088.1)Bq/kg, 672.1(441.8～912.6)Bq/kg.同全国和广东省的平均值相比,^>226Ra 的含量明显偏高.在此基础上,计算了距地面 1m 高处空气γ辐射吸收剂量率、等效镭浓度和外照射指数,平均值分别为 123.9nGy/h, 265.7Bq/kg, 0.7,表明广东下庄铀矿田的γ辐射外照射水平远高于正常值.应用氡的对流和扩散理论,计算了空气中氡的理论浓度,平均值为 80.2Bq/m³计算结果与实测值基本吻合.     

闽北570铀矿区周围大气环境氡浓度水平研究

对闽北570铀矿区的大气氡环境地球化学进行了研究。矿区废渣和坑道口释放出来的氡气对周围大气形成了一定的氡污染,特别是在矿区周围0.5～1km范围内的污染较严重。但是空气中的氡污染随着离矿区的距离增大而迅速减弱,矿区周围居民室内氡的浓度较高,是福建省室内氡浓度平均值的1～8倍左右。在进行调查的28个居室中,有6个(占21%)居室内氡浓度超过我国住房内氡浓度控制标准GB/T16146-1995中已建住房的室内氡浓度上限值(200Bq/m3)和国际辐射防护委员会制定的200Bq/m3的上限值。居室中氡浓度的升高,除了受矿区释放出来的氡污染外,还因为本地区属高本底辐射区,房基下的土壤、岩石和建筑材料中的铀、镭等放射性元素的含量高,其放射性衰变产生的氡释放出来进入室内。     

华南东部主要铀矿区居民室内外氡浓度研究

对华南东部6个铀矿区居民室内外空气氡浓度及其变化规律进行了研究。矿区废渣和坑道口释放出来的氡气对周围大气形成了氡污染,特别是在矿区周围0.5～1.5 km的范围内的污染严重。但是空气中的这种氡污染随离矿区的距离增大而迅速减弱。矿区周围居民室内氡的浓度高,是广东省室内氡浓度平均值的10倍左右。在进行调查的190个居室中,有45个(23%)居室室内氡浓度超过美国环境保护局制定的148 Bq/m3室内氡浓度的上限值。居室中氡浓度的升高,除了受矿区释放出来的氡污染外,更主要是因本地区属高本底辐射区,房基下的土壤、岩石和建筑材料中的铀、镭等放射性元素的含量高,其放射性衰变产生的氡释放出来进入室内。      

北京地区室内氡浓度研究

本文报道了北京地区14种代表性建筑物室内的氡浓度,并对北京地区室内氡源的相对影响进行了分析。结果表明,房屋下面的地基土壤和建筑材料是室内氡的主要来源,占室内氡全部来源的70—80％;地面和建筑物表面的裂隙、孔道是氡气进入室内的主要途径;生活用水、民用燃煤和燃气对室内氡的影响不到2％。北京地区地面建筑室内平均氡浓度为30Bq/m~3,所致居民年有效剂量当量为0.93mSv。地下建筑中室内平均氡浓厦为35Bq/m~3,所致居民年有效剂量当量为1.3mSv。     

泉州市环境放射性水平调查

报道了福建省泉州市环境放射性水平调查方法和结果。调查结果表明 :(1)泉州市原野γ辐射剂量率为 72 .3～ 16 5 .1n Gy/ h,按测点和人口加权均值为 111.5 n Gy/ h和 110 .9n Gy/ h,高于福建省的平均值 (分别为 92 .6 n Gy/ h和87.1n Gy/ h) ,是 UNSCEAR1982年报告中给出的世界陆地γ辐射剂量率按人口加权均值 (5 0 n Gy/ h)的 2 .2 2倍。(2 )泉州市道路γ辐射剂量率测值范围为 6 5 .8～ 14 9.5 n Gy/ h,均值 113.7n Gy/ h,略高于福建省均值 10 6 .4 n Gy/ h。 (3)泉州市建筑物室内天然γ辐射剂量率测值范围为 12 8.9～ 2 86 .3n Gy/ h,按测点和人口加权均值分别为 190 .7n Gy/ h和 188.5 n Gy/h。不同建筑材料建筑物室内天然γ辐射剂量率由高到低的顺序依次为花岗石房 >砖与混凝土房 >煤渣砖房 >砖木、土木房。(4)泉州市天然γ辐射、宇宙和线射天然贯穿辐射所致居民人均年有效剂量当量分别为 1.0 5 m Sv、0 .16 m Sv和1.2 1m Sv,全区集体年有效剂量当量分别为 0 .76× 10 4人· Sv,0 .12× 10 4人·Sv,0 .88× 10 4人· Sv。(5 )土壤中 2 2 6 Ra、2 32 Th、4 0 K含量均值分别为 71.3Bq/ kg、6 8.8Bq/ kg、6 8.8Bq/ kg、94 3.7Bq/ kg。(6 )地下水中2 2 6 Ra、U、Th、Rn浓度均值分别为 31.9m Bq/ L、0 .5     

广东省下庄和南雄铀矿区周围大气环境氡浓度调查

对广东省下庄和南雄两个铀矿区的大气氡环境地球化学进行了研究．矿区废渣和坑道口释放出来的氡气对周围大气形成了氡污染,特别是在矿区周围1～2km范围内的污染严重．但是空气中的氡污染随着离矿区的距离增大而迅速减弱．矿区周围居民室内氡的浓度高,是广东省室内氡浓度平均值的7～8倍左右．在进行调查的29个居室中,有9个（31％）居室内氡浓度超过美国环境保护局制定的0.15Bq/L室内氡浓度的上限值．居室中氡浓度的升高,除了受矿区释放出来的氡污染外,还因为本地区属高本底辐射区,房基下的土壤、岩石和建筑材料中的铀、镭等放射性元素的含量高,其放射性衰变产生的氡释放出来进入室内．     

室内氡浓度与建筑材料表面氡析出率的关系研究

采用RAD7测氡仪对某8层教学楼第5层的房间进行24 h连续测定,测得室内氡浓度范围为5.65~48.7 Bq/m3,不超标。测定结果表明,清晨氡浓度较高,在5:00左右氡浓度达最高值;中午氡浓度较低,11:00左右氡浓度达最低值。经测定房间内墙面抛光瓷砖的表面氡析出率大于地板砖的表面氡析出率。房间室内的氡主要来源于建筑材料表面氡的析出和室外空气,利用氡析出率和室外氡计算的室内氡浓度与测定结果相符。     

广州市北部土壤天然放射性水平研究

用高纯锗g能谱分析仪测量了广州市北部土壤中放射性核素238U,226Ra,232Th和40K的含量,分别为167.5(43.0~605.0)Bq/kg, 171.7(47.8~603.6)Bq/kg,183.2(45.4~447.1)Bq/kg和871.7(70.5~1967.2)Bq/kg,与全国和广东省的平均值相比明显偏高.测量了采样点1m高空气γ辐射吸收剂量率,并与利用Beck公式的计算值进行了对比,计算值普遍高于实际测量值.还计算了等效镭浓度、外照射指数和年有效剂量率,平均值分别为502.0Bq/kg,1.4,284.7μSv/a,表明广州市的γ辐射外照射水平远高于全国和广东省平均值.     

贵州赫章含煤岩系地层放射性水平调查

选取贵州赫章含煤岩系地层为研究对象,研究γ辐射剂量率、土壤氡气析出率,原煤、煤渣、土壤和水体(238U、232Th、226Ra、40K)的分布特征。结果表明,研究区γ辐射剂量率为43.10~323.24 nGy/h,小于520 nGy/h;原煤、煤渣和土壤的最大外照射指数Iγ分别为0.65、0.74和0.82,均未超过剂量限值1;赫章达依乡和六曲乡土壤氡浓度平均值分别为6 810 Bq/m~3和7 150 Bq/m~3,绝大多数小于20 000 Bq/m~3;区内含煤岩系地层的放射性核素和土壤氡析出率对环境影响较小。赫章含煤岩系地层原煤、煤渣和土壤样品中放射性核素238U、232Th、226Ra、40K多数低于贵州省土壤放射性核素背景值和我国土壤放射性核素背景值。通过单因子指数法对研究区放射性水平进行评价,多属无污染状态,水体放射性水平多数低于我国自来水标准。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.