高铁酸盐氧化絮凝去除水中腐殖质的研究

研究了高铁酸盐对饮用水中富里酸（ＦＡ）的去除性能与作用条件，考察了高铁酸盐单独氧化、氧化絮凝和与聚合氯化铝联合应用的除ＦＡ效果。结果表明，当高铁酸钾与ＦＡ的质量比为１２时，高铁酸盐氧化可以去除水中９０％以上的ＦＡ，在浑浊水中高铁酸盐具有氧化和絮凝的双重作用效能，同样高铁酸盐投加量下，可将９５％以上的ＦＡ去除。采取高铁酸盐与聚合铝联用可显提高对ＦＡ的去除效果。     

高铁酸盐氧化絮凝去除藻类的机制

研究了高铁酸盐氧化絮凝去除水中藻类的机制.结果表明,高铁酸盐的强氧化性对藻类呼吸作用和生长方式有影响,同时其还原产物Fe(OH)3对藻类有絮凝作用,因此高铁酸盐对水中藻类的去除是氧化和絮凝协同作用的结果.采用聚合氯化铝(PAC)作絮凝剂,投加少量高铁酸盐可以明显地影响藻类细胞表面的电动电势,强化PAC的电位和絮凝效果.     

高铁酸盐溶液的制备与去除氨氮的实验研究

根据现场制备要求,优化传统高铁制备工艺,得出工业化现场制备液体高铁的最佳工艺条件,进而用于水库水氨氮的去除研究。实验结果表明,通过优化工艺所制得高铁浓度为24 g/L左右,铁转化率为80%左右。高铁对氨氮的去除效果随高铁与氨氮的摩尔比增大而增大,当摩尔比为0.45时,高铁对水源水中氨氮的去除率可达75%;在保证高去除率的基础上,通过延长絮凝反应时间,可降低高铁投加量;如果采用高铁预氧化,聚合铝或三氯化铁作絮凝剂,可提高对氨氮的去除率,还能大幅度降低高铁投加量,缩短反应时间。     

氧化絮凝复合剂(XOF)去除源水氨氮的实验研究

研究了复合药剂（XOF）对饮用源水中氨氮的去除效果，并考察了投加量、反应时间、pH等因素对去除效率的影响。结果表明，XOF在浑浊水中充分利用氧化絮凝协同作用对氨氮有较高的 作效果，在pH值为7－8、投加量为药剂与氨氮质量比10：1、反应时间20min的条件下，复合药剂（XOF）以氨氮去除率最高。     

高铁氧化去除饮用水中邻氯苯酚的研究

采用自制的固体高铁酸钾作为氧化剂，研究高铁对水中微量邻氯苯酚的去除效果及主要影响因素。结果表明，当水中邻氯苯酚的含量为4mg/L时，加入60mg/L的K2FeO4氧化处理10min，对邻氯苯酚的去除率可达99．3％。取得高铁酸钾对邻氯苯酚的最佳氧化去除效果的pH范围为9－10，高铁氧化邻氯苯酚近似的二级动力学反应。     

高铁酸盐预氧化对颤藻去除效果及机理的研究

以深圳市铁岗水库水源为主要研究对象，通过与单纯投加聚合氯化铝（PAC）相比，研究了高铁酸盐预氧化对铁岗水中颤藻（Oscillatoria)的去除效能，藻类去除率高达97．85％。证明在处理较难去除的颤藻时，高铁酸盐与PAC联用，可显著提高对藻类的去除效能，初步研究了预氧化方法对水中颤藻去除的机理。     

电絮凝法同步去除氨氮和磷的模拟试验

采用电絮凝法去除废水中的氨氮和磷,电极板采用铝板或不锈钢板,研究了电絮凝除磷热力学与动力学过程,考察了不同工艺参数对氨氮和磷去除效果的影响. 结果表明:相对于铝电极而言,不锈钢电极更适宜于电絮凝去除氨氮和磷;Redlich-Peterson方程能较好地描述电絮凝产生的絮凝体对磷的吸附行为,得到的Gibbs自由能变都在-20～0kJ/mol范围内,并且吸附是自发进行的吸热过程,升高温度有利于吸附;由于假二级动力学方程拟合时其相关系数(R2)均大于0.98,故假二级动力学方程更适宜描述电絮凝产生的絮凝体对磷的吸附动力学过程;随着电流密度的增加,氨氮和磷的去除率呈逐渐上升趋势;在强碱性条件下,氨氮的去除率相对降低,酸性条件下水中磷的去除率较高,随着溶液pH的增高,磷的去除率呈逐渐降低趋势. 去除氨氮和磷的能耗分别为0.15~0.50和0.02~0.04kW·h/g.      

电絮凝-过滤法去除源水中微量有机物

利用电絮凝-过滤法进行了源水中有机物去除的实验研究,探讨了电流密度、电解时间和pH值等因素对源水中TOC去除效果的影响。结果表明,在电极间距1.0cm,电流密度47.2 A/m2,初始TOC浓度为12.4mg/L时,反应12min后,出水浓度为3.60mg/L,TOC去除率可达71%。表明电絮凝法可有效去除源水中微量有机物。其去除机理包括电絮凝、电化学氧化和还原以及电气浮等。     

高铁酸盐对2种水源水中藻类的去除效果

研究了高铁酸盐对深圳2种原水水中藻类的去除效能.实验结果表明,在处理以小球藻为主的东湖水时,单纯PAC混凝就可有效地去除水中的藻类,藻类去除率均在95%左右.在处理含藻量多,以颤藻为主的铁岗原水时,单纯PAC混凝除藻效果不理想,投加少量高铁酸盐进行预氧化,再投加PAC混凝,可使水中藻的去除率提高10%～20%,去除率高达97.85%.而且用高铁预氧化除藻法明显优于传统预氯化方法.     

包埋固定化菌去除絮凝余水中氨氮的研究

研究采用聚乙烯醇（PVA）为载体的包埋固定化微生物处理低浓度氨氮絮凝余水,较短的水力停留时间（HRT）成功实现了氨氮的去除,在HRT为3h之内从地表水环境质量V类水标准以外达到了I类水标准,同时该菌对CODCr也有一定的去除能力,并系统的研究了HRT、颗粒填充率对絮凝余水处理效果的影响。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.