基于生命周期评价法的贝壳资源化利用环境效益分析 ——以大连市为例

以贝壳为研究对象,运用生命周期评价(LCA)法对贝壳的常规处理方法和3种资源化利用方法的环境影响进行比较。结果表明,处理1kg贝壳,方案0(填埋)的环境影响值为1.04×10-14;方案1(代替水泥生产中使用的石灰石)的环境影响值为-3.78×10-12;方案2(代替浸没式生物滤柱中的陶粒填料)的环境影响值为-1.85×10-14;方案3(代替砂作为建筑材料)的环境影响值为3.62×10-14。方案1与其他3种方案相比环境效益最大。方案0中填埋过程的环境影响贡献最大,贡献率为56.60%;方案1、方案2、方案3中环境影响最大的环节是贝壳粉碎过程,贡献率分别为85.72%、93.55%、98.48%;3种资源化利用方案主要避免原材料开采过程的环境影响。     

冶炼厂固体废弃物的资源化利用途径及存在问题的对策分析

分析了中国工业固体废弃物的现状及造成的危害.简单说明了工业固体废弃物资源化利用的重要性.以浙汀省某冶炼厂为例,通过对冶炼厂原料和冶炼后残渣的成分、毒性分析,探索冶炼厂固体废弃物无害化、减量化、资源化处理的途径,并指出存在的问题及解决对策.     

中国科学院生态环境研究中心固体废弃物资源化研究组

正中国科学院生态环境研究中心固体废弃物资源化研究组面向学科前沿和国家重大需求,致力于开展固体废弃物循环利用和污染治理研究。主要研究方向包括固体废弃物中有价资源的回收、固体废弃物合成环境功能材料、固体废弃物污染控制新理论与新技术等。承担多项国家科研项目,包括国家科技支撑计划重点项目、国家973计划项目、环保部公益项目、国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大     

中国科学院生态环境研究中心固体废弃物资源化研究组

正中国科学院生态环境研究中心固体废弃物资源化研究组面向学科前沿和国家重大需求,致力于开展固体废弃物循环利用和污染治理研究。主要研究方向包括固体废弃物中有价资源的回收、固体废弃物合成环境功能材料、固体废弃物污染控制新理论与新技术等。承担多项国家科研项目,包括国家科技支撑计划重点项目、国家973计划项目、环保部公益项目、国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大     

中国科学院生态环境研究中心固体废弃物资源化研究组

正中国科学院生态环境研究中心固体废弃物资源化研究组面向学科前沿和国家重大需求,致力于开展固体废弃物循环利用和污染治理研究。主要研究方向包括固体废弃物中有价资源的回收、固体废弃物合成环境功能材料、固体废弃物污染控制新理论与新技术等。承担多项国家科研项目,包括国家科技支撑计划重点项目、国家973计划项目、环保部公益项目、国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项、中日合作项目、自然科学基金项目和中科院重大装     

荧光光谱技术在堆肥腐熟度评价中的应用

高温好氧堆肥是世界各国资源化利用固体有机废弃物最重要的途径之一,堆肥腐熟度是评价堆肥过程及堆肥产品质量的重要尺度.荧光光谱(FS)技术具有诸多优点,目前已广泛应用于不同来源有机质结构特征的研究,其在堆肥腐熟度评价中具有广阔的应用前景.在分析了FS技术的原理及特点的基础上,从发射光谱、激发光谱、同步FS和三维FS方面详实综述了FS技术在有机固体废弃物堆肥物质转化及腐熟度评价中的应用原理及其国内外进展,并对FS技术在堆肥腐熟度评价中存在的问题及发展前景进行了评述.     

城市生活垃圾处理方式生命周期评价的比较研究

生命周期评价理论与方法作为一种量化环境影响的工具,在诸多领域中得到了广泛的应用。在垃圾处理领域,生命周期评价最早在20世纪90年代得到应用。生命周期评价与城市生活垃圾处理的有效结合,将促进城市生活垃圾的减量化、资源化、无害化目标的实现。总结了生命周期评价理论与方法在城市生活垃圾处理中的应用现状。对国内不同城市生活垃圾处理方式环境影响因子进行比较分析,诸如全球变暖潜力、酸化潜力和富营养化潜力等因子。针对其目标范围定义、数据收集、评价方法的选择、结果解释及工艺改进等方面指出了目前研究的局限性和不足。并对未来城市生活垃圾处理生命周期评价的发展方向进行展望。     

碱法造纸-黑液-氧化铝联产的工业共生模式研究

应用生态工业和系统工程原理,以碱法麦草化学制浆造纸黑液为研究对象,对其资源化过程开展研究.在归纳造纸黑液资源化多产品工业共生方案基础上,通过物质流、能量流定量分析,通过环境、经济、技术和市场诸因素的综合评价,提出了碱法造纸-黑液-氧化铝联产的工业共生模式.该工业共生模式不仅消除了传统造纸黑液的处理方法对环境的污染,而且将造纸黑液变废为宝,由污染源直接变成生产原料加以利用,为造纸黑液资源化提供了一种可以借鉴的发展模式.     

规划环境影响跟踪评价初探

2003年开始实施的<中华人民共和国环境影响评价法>对跟踪评价提出了明确规定.对跟踪评价方法在规划环境影响评价中的运作程序进行了分析,包括判别规划是否需跟踪评价、现状调查、环境影响识别、回顾性评价、有效性分析、预测评价和战略调整7个步骤.并基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型建立了指标体系,采用指标体系法有效简化了跟踪评价工作的复杂性.并以<上海市某区国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划纲要>跟踪评价为例,进行了规划环境影响跟踪评价的案例研究.通过回顾性评价和预测评价,识别出了主要环境问题以及环境制约因素,并根据规划总目标、阶段目标和环境保护规划、环境功能区划,进一步提出环境保护对策和措施,且对规划目标进行了调整.     

废铸砂作为建筑材料资源化再利用研究进展

废铸砂是铸造工业在金属制品的生产过程中次生出来的一种细颗粒固体废弃物。研究其作为一种资源进行合理再利用是当前处置废铸砂、保护生态环境的良好对策。本文对废铸砂的环境特征、物理性质及废铸砂作为建筑材料在多种建筑制品及工程中的资源化再利用进行了综述研究，涉及的再利用领域包括混凝土、热拌沥青混合料、低强度填料、水泥、路基、路堤、阻水帷幕（屏障）和衬垫。调查发现，次生于黑色金属（铁和钢）铸造生产线的废铸砂是一种无害固体废弃物，正确处置和科学利用，对环境不会产生二次污染，在以上建筑制品及工程中的应用能满足相关技术、性能要求，可以替代相关的材料进行资源化再利用。     

北京和上海典型复合包装废物处置环境影响比较

采用生命周期评价法研究比较了北京和上海两地纸塑铝复合包装处置阶段的环境影响。通过现场和资料调研的方式获得此阶段的能量物质的输入输出和环境外排数据。结果表明:北京和上海两地纸塑铝复合包装处置阶段的环境影响潜值分别为-0.428 Pt和9.776 Pt,其主要集中在气候变化、土地占用和无机物对健康的损害三方面;每提高10%的回收率,其环境影响潜值北京和上海可分别降低5.446 Pt和5.799 Pt;上海地区纸塑铝复合包装处置阶段对环境的影响在任何同回收率的情况都要高于北京地区,其主要原因是上海地区填埋产生的温室气体释放量过大和再生企业距离打包点较远。     

Interactive analysis of waste recycling and energy recovery program in a small-scale incinerator

Conflicting goals affecting solid waste management are explored in this paper to find the best implementation of resource recovery with a small-scale waste-to-energy process. Recycling paper and plastic material often leaves a shortage of thermal energy to support incineration that forces operators to supplement the process with auxiliary fuels. Although there are considerable profits to be made from material recovery, the increase of fuel usage causes conflict given that it is cost prohibitive. A series of trials performed on a small-scale 1.5-t/day incineration plant with a cyclone heat recovery system found that material recycling can impede performance. Experimental results are expressed as empirical regression formulas with regard to combustion temperature, energy transfer, and heat recovery. Process optimization is possible if the waste moisture content remains <30%. To test the robustness of the optimization analysis, a series of sensitivity analyses clarify the extent of material recycling needed with regard to plastic, paper, and metal. The experiments also test whether the moisture in the waste would decrease when recycling paper because of its exceptional capacity to absorb moisture. Results show that recycling paper is strongly recommended when the moisture content is >20%, whereas plastic recycling is not necessary at that moisture condition. Notably, plastic recovery reduces the heat needed to vaporize the water content of the solid waste, thus it is recommended only when the moisture content is <10%. For above-normal incineration temperatures, plastic recycling is encouraged, because it removes excess energy. Metal is confirmed as an overall priority in material recycling regardless of the moisture content of the incoming waste.     

Interactive Analysis of Waste Recycling and Energy Recovery Program in a Small-Scale Incinerator

Abstract

Conflicting goals affecting solid waste management are explored in this paper to find the best implementation of resource recovery with a small-scale waste-to-energy process. Recycling paper and plastic material often leaves a shortage of thermal energy to support incineration that forces operators to supplement the process with auxiliary fuels. Although there are considerable profits to be made from material recovery, the increase of fuel usage causes conflict given that it is cost prohibitive. A series of trials performed on a small-scale 1.5-t/day incineration plant with a cyclone heat recovery system found that material recycling can impede performance. Experimental results are expressed as empirical regression formulas with regard to combustion temperature, energy transfer, and heat recovery. Process optimization is possible if the waste moisture content remains <30%. To test the robustness of the optimization analysis, a series of sensitivity analyses clarify the extent of material recycling needed with regard to plastic, paper, and metal. The experiments also test whether the moisture in the waste would decrease when recycling paper because of its exceptional capacity to absorb moisture. Results show that recycling paper is strongly recommended when the moisture content is >20%, whereas plastic recycling is not necessary at that moisture condition. Notably, plastic recovery reduces the heat needed to vaporize the water content of the solid waste, thus it is recommended only when the moisture content is <10%. For above-normal incineration temperatures, plastic recycling is encouraged, because it removes excess energy. Metal is confirmed as an overall priority in material recycling regardless of the moisture content of the incoming waste.     

Solid Waste Disposal in the Netherlands

In The Netherlands, a small and densely populated country, the disposal of solid waste requires strict precautions. Because the landscape is flat and the watertable just under groundlevel, landfilling and dumping must be avoided as much as possible. Incineration of municipal and industrial waste are presently under consideration. But even when excellent flue gas cleaning systems are used, air pollution can present a problem, for instance, by dioxines produced during the process. For these reasons the government has published a waste disposal policy plan in which recycling, composting and prevention of waste production play a major role. Eventually about one third of the solid waste production will be incinerated or dumped. No solid waste will be exported.     

Systematic Evaluation and Uncertainty Analysis of the Refuse-Derived Fuel Process in Taiwan

ABSTRACT

In the last few years, Taiwan has set a bold agenda in solid waste recycling and incineration programs. Not only were the recycling activities and incineration projects promoted by government agencies, but the related laws and regulations were continuously promulgated by the Legislative Yen. The solid waste presorting process that is to be considered prior to the existing incineration facilities has received wide attention. This paper illustrates a thorough evaluation for the first refuse-derived fuel pilot process from both quantitative and qualitative aspects. The process is to be installed and integrated with a large-scale municipal incinerator. This pilot process, developed by an engineering firm in Tainan County, consists of standard unit operations of shredding, magnetic separation, trommel screening, and air classification. A series of sampling and analyses were initialized in order to characterize its potentials in the solid waste management system. The probabilistic modeling for various types o f waste pro perties derived in this analysis may provide a basic understanding of system reliability.     

Polymers as Solid Waste in Municipal Landfills

Abstract

Synthetic polymers reach municipal landfills as components of products such as waste household paints, packaging films, storage containers, carpet fibers, and absorbent sanitary products. Some polymers in consumer products that reach landfills are designed to photodegrade or biodegrade. This article examines the significance of degradable polymers in management of solid waste in municipal landfills. Most landfills are not designed to photodegrade or biodegrade solid waste. Landfill disposal of stable polymers such as polyacrylics and polyethylenes is not associated with significant polymer degradation or mobility. Stability to photodegradation and biodegradation is an advantage when municipal landfills are used for disposal of polymer products as solid waste. Use of landfill disposal can be a responsible means to manage polymer waste and can be part of an overall waste management plan which includes source reduction, recycling, reuse, composting, and waste-to-energy incineration.     

Investigation of the available technologies and their feasibility for the conversion of food waste into fish feed in Hong Kong

Food waste is the largest constituent of municipal solid waste in Hong Kong, but food waste recycling is still in its infancy. With the imminent saturation of all landfill sites by 2020, multiple technologies are needed to boost up the food waste recycling rate in Hong Kong. Conversion of food waste into animal feeds is prevalent in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan, treating over 40 % of their recycled food waste. This direction is worth exploring in Hong Kong once concerns over food safety are resolved. Fortunately, while feeding food waste to pigs and chickens poses threats to public health, feeding it to fish is considered low risk. In order to examine the feasibility of converting food waste into fish feed in Hong Kong, this paper investigates the market demand, technical viability, feed quality, regulatory hurdles, and potential contribution. The results show that a significant amount of food waste can be recycled by converting it into fish feed due to the enormous demand from feed factories in mainland China. Two conversion technologies, heat drying and black soldier fly bioconversion, are studied extensively. Black soldier fly bioconversion is preferable because the end-product, insect powder, is anticipated to gain import approval from mainland China. The authors suggest further research efforts to speed up its application for food waste recycling in urban cities.     

上海市废弃电器电子产品回收现状及分析

基于废弃电器电子产品产生量大、价值高、危害性强等特点,阐述了对它们进行回收处理的必然性。文中在调研上海市废弃电器电子产品回收量、预测其产生量的基础上,阐明了在家电以旧换新的政策下上海市废弃电器电子产品具有很高回收率以及废弃电视机的所占比例极高的特点,并分析了产生这种现象的原因。