Indirect benefits of P2 technical assistance estimated using fuzzy set theory

Twenty small-to-medium sized business clients who had been previously provided pollution prevention (P2) technical assistance were studied to account for four difficult to quantify indirect benefits. The difficult to quantify benefits studied were reduced operational costs, regulatory burden, future liabilities and time saved from the research or technical assistance provided. Many (70%) clients who implemented new technologies realized operating cost reductions. Frequently (70%) clients who implemented P2 suggestions that reduce the disposal of hazardous waste realized reductions in regulatory burden and future liabilities. Most (90%) clients perceived that the research assistance saved their staff time. On average, clients in this study realized indirect savings of similar magnitude to their direct savings regardless of the scale or type of assistance. This study illustrates the value realized by a business of indirect benefits from pollution prevention implementation, which is particularly important now that publicly traded U.S. companies must disclosure financially significant environmental liabilities.     

Business value of toxics reduction and pollution prevention planning

As part of Ontario's Toxics Reduction Strategy, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment provided funding for two years to a partnership of the Ontario Centre for Environmental Technology Advancement (OCETA) and the Canadian Manufacturers & Exporters (CME) to deliver a Cleaner and Greener Manufacturing Program, which will include the development and delivery of training and technical assistance programs on toxics reduction and pollution prevention (P2). Over the next two years, OCETA and CME will be working with small-to-medium sized manufacturers to demonstrate the business value of toxics reduction and pollution prevention planning to help motivate businesses to move into a greener economy.     

Quantifying and comparing a P2 program's benefits: pollution prevention technical assistance in Nebraska

Past clients who were provided pollution prevention technical assistance were reassessed to quantify program impact in terms of implementation, money saved and waste reduced. Although the most complex and in-depth projects resulted in the largest savings and waste reduction on a per client basis, small business clients realized similar monetary and solid waste savings as larger industrial clients when normalized by the technical assistance time applied. Clients who were referred by project partners had similar implementation and higher savings than those who were ‘cold called’. This program's monetary savings and implementation rates were compared to other pollution prevention assistance provider's results. This comparison identified some difficulties in conducting multi-program comparisons.     

Utilization of publicly owned treatment works to promote pollution prevention

Industrial production processes contribute the most diverse group of emissions to air, water, and land pollution. These forms of pollution were the initial focus of environmental regulations requiring control efforts. Under optimum conditions, industrial waste streams pass through some type of treatment to minimize toxicity prior to being released into the environment. Business, government, and interest groups have previously assumed that industrial productivity and environmental quality were diametrically opposed. In other words, enhanced industrial productivity resulted in environmental damage and, conversely, environmental protection resulted in costs to business. However, companies that have implemented pollution prevention (P2) strategies to address their environmental problems have usually found that their facility's productivity can improve, while at the same time waste and pollution can be reduced. Where previous environmental strategies focused on end-of-pipe control efforts, P2 strategies are implemented at the design or process phase. While there are many examples of individual companies successfully implementing P2, consensus shows P2 adoption by the business community advancing at a rate far slower than expected. Most government agencies that currently promote P2 are not typically viewed as credible sources of innovation by industry. Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs), however, may be able to capitalize on their dual status as respected members of the local community as well as experts in waste management thus serving as credible proponents of P2. The paper discusses how POTWs are working with industrial users to promote P2, as well as their interest in doing so and their requirements for technical assistance. Survey results are provided that describe how POTW personnel in the State of Illinois believe they could best promote P2.     

基于生产工艺的水泥工业项目竣工环保验收监测重点分析研究

基于水泥工业的生产工艺特点,说明新型干法生产时代,水泥生产的主要产污环节及特征污染物,并分析其对生态环境的影响和危害,表明该行业属高能耗、高污染的产能过剩行业.根据建设项目竣工环境保护验收规范要求和工作实践经验,结合生产工艺、特征污染物和污染物总量控制等要求,从废水监测、废气监测、噪声监测等方面阐明水泥行业项目竣工环保验收的侧重点和注意事项,并指出污染防治设施、总量控制等几方面应重点关注的问题.     

Lessons learned concerning impact assessment: pollution prevention technical assistance in Nebraska

After five years of assisting Nebraska businesses, the Partners in Pollution Prevention program at the University of Nebraska contracted with an independent third-party to conduct a survey to determine clients' perceptions on the value of the technical assistance. A second assessment method, reassessment interviews, consisting of site visits by interns, supported many of the findings of the initial survey, allowed for exploration to better understand some initial responses, and collected metrics related to implementation of specific pollution prevention suggestions. A combined approach using more than one evaluation tool may be helpful to other environmental service providers in assessing impact of their programs.     

Two approaches for pollution prevention in the chemical engineering curriculum at UASLP

Two experiences related to pollution prevention (P2) curricula are described: An active learning course in environmental engineering (EE) for ChE students, and the development of “modules” for pollution prevention in an international mobility program. The first is approached in collaborative learning oriented to pollution prevention through process and product analysis and life cycle assessment; the second attempts to design and develop up to 17 modules around process integration tools in an exchange program involving eight institutions from three countries of North America, some 12 professors and up to 42 students. Modules support in-class and distance learning using a web-based platform.     

New approaches to pollution prevention in the healthcare industry

Since the 2000 inception of “Hospitals for a Healthy Environment” (H2E)—a US Environmental Protection Agency and American Hospital Association pollution prevention partnership—the healthcare industry has made a concerted effort to eliminate mercury and reduce other toxics.The Minnesota Technical Assistance Program (MnTAP), at the University of Minnesota, used H2E tools over the course of two years (2001–2003) to demonstrate the effectiveness of pollution prevention at healthcare facilities. As a result at least 22% of Minnesota hospitals are engaged in documented pollution prevention efforts. Twenty-nine facilities have eliminated 75% of their mercury or are working towards that goal. MnTAP was able to document healthcare facilities that have eliminated 394 lb of mercury, 751 gal of hazardous chemicals and 250,000 lb of solid waste, saving $152,600. MnTAP continues to provide pollution prevention assistance to the healthcare sector.     

中小企业污染治理及投融资分析研究

针对中小企业污染治理及投融资分析问题,本文阐述了中小企业的发展与环境污染现状,分析了中小企业在发展过程中所造成的环境污染问题,讨论了中小企业环境污染防治所面临的资金和技术的双重困境,剖析了中小企业环境污染防治的复杂特点,提出了中小企业污染治理的投融资建议,包括发行市政债券筹集治污资金和采用污染治理的市场化模式,建立中小企业污染治理的投融资机制,加快推进中小企业环境污染的治理,进一步完善中小企业污染治理和保障机制。     

Policing and polluting: The role of practices in contemporary urban environmental pollution governance

Over the past 30 years, urban environmental pollution governance has been increasingly influenced by ideas of New Public Management. However, there is increasing evidence that it is failing in its promise to deliver efficient and effective regulation. The critiques are mounting of risk-based approaches, where regulators are increasingly accountable for the costs (and benefits) of their interventions upon firms.There is a particular lack of research on the role of conduct and practices involved on the ‘front line’ of regulation. This constrains our ability to understand how more efficient effective urban environmental pollution control might develop. This paper focuses on the regulator field officers and business duty holders of environmental compliance, who have direct contact in the processes and administration of regulation. Applying theories of social practice to environmental regulation, the paper provides new insights into compliance and enforcement practices, as these workers seek to prevent pollution, remediate sites and manage waste. The analysis reveals disconnects between expectations of enforcing and managing compliance; and between practices of policing and polluting.Using an ethnographic-informed approach to understand the social practices of regulation has not been attempted in this way before. It reveals new insights into limitations of current approaches to regulation, and indicates interventions that could lead to improved compliance outcomes in a post-New Public Management era in urban pollution governance.     

农药制造业产排污系数核算技术体系框架构建

工业污染源产排污系数是工业源污染物排放量核算的主要方法之一.由于多样的农药品类、生产工艺类型、污染物种类,农药制造业产排污系数制定相当困难.而国内对于农药制造业产排污系数制定的方法论鲜有报道.该研究结合农药制造业现阶段产排污特征及环境管理要求,构建科学的产排污系数核算技术体系.通过梳理我国385家农药原药生产企业排污许可证信息,识别出农药生产过程的污染物产生、治理与排放特征.依据现行行业环境标准体系及管理文件,确定废气产污系数指标因子为挥发性有机物（VOCs）,废水产污系数指标因子主要为化学需氧量、氨氮、总磷、总氮及特征污染物.在构建产排污系数核算体系基本框架的基础上,给出产排污核算技术体系中组合方式、污染因子、个体产污系数、行业平均产污系数、核算权重、末端治理设施污染物平均去除效率、排污量核算形式这7个要素的获取方法及内容.提出将吨产品废水量、吨产品易挥发有机类物质使用量作为行业平均产污系数核算权重.采用类比-模拟法计算VOCs多级末端治理设施平均去除效率,并引入基于用电功率的综合管控效率因子,体现不同企业间治理设施运行水平的差异,从而进一步量化企业排污管控能力.选取一家企业进行了产污系数与实际排污量验证,结果误差为15.54%.研究显示,本文构建的产排污核算技术体系合理有效,核算结果与实际排污量相符性较高.      

Effects of the reduction of pollution emissions on the economic performance of firms: an empirical analysis focusing on demand and productivity

This paper analyzes whether the reduction of pollution emissions improves a firm’s economic performance through the increase in sales to environmentally conscious customers and the cost reductions associated with the improvement in productivity. Because the selection of the control (end-of-pipe) or prevention (cleaner production) approach differently influences the effect through the improvement in productivity, this is also considered. Using panel data for Japanese manufacturing firms over the period 2002–2008, the findings indicate that firms that have reduced their pollution emissions can increase their economic performance through the increase in demand for their products and an improvement in productivity. However, the latter is conditional, and so the prevention approach is preferred.     

小型企业的废弃物管理问题

中、小型企业缺乏有关企业社会责任活动的参与。尽管单独的中、小型企业对环境的影响不大,但中、小型企业集合起来对环境的影响还是很明显的。企业所有者-管理者的管理方式和道德观念会影响到企业的决策。因此,会对企业的环境行为有直接的影响。虽然,倡导利用环境保护建立企业竞争优势,但许多企业的实施成本是不可能转移给消费者的。本文简要的综述了有关文献后,报告了对这一问题的探索性调查,结果表明无论小企业的管理者怎样表达出对环境问题的关心,都不能转化为较好的废弃物管理。     

专业化、多样性与中国省域工业污染排放的关系

集聚外部性是集聚影响工业污染排放的重要机制,不同的集聚方式对应不同的污染排放行为。以中国31个省市工业废水、工业废气、工业固废为例,基于集聚外部性理论,将工业集聚分为专业化、多样性、相关多样性和非相关多样性等4种类型,在分析工业污染排放强度空间格局特征的基础上构建计量模型考察工业集聚与工业污染排放的关系,结果表明：（1）工业废水、废气、固废污染强度的省域差异显著,空间分布上均有不断集中的趋向。（2）多样性集聚比专业化集聚更有利于降低工业污染排放强度。多样性集聚对工业废水强度下降的作用最大,对废气和固废污染的减排作用较小。产业关联是多样性集聚发挥环境“自净”效应的重要条件,相关多样性有利于降低工业污染排放强度,而非相关多样性会加剧污染排放。（3）从不同污染型产业看,废水污染型产业的专业化集聚有利于污染强度下降,而废气和固废污染型产业专业化集聚会加剧污染排放,污染型产业多样性发展均有利于污染强度下降。（4）不同集聚类型对工业污染的影响存在着区域和污染类型的异质性。（5）要进一步降低工业污染,应提高集聚产业的多样化水平,强化产业间的内在关联。同时,应根据不同区域、不同污染型产业、不同工业污染物制定差异化防治措施。     

典型固废拆解区重金属和有机卤代污染物排放状况调查研究

以浙江省台州市路桥区为例,通过实地监测典型固废拆解企业的污染物排放浓度,并利用问卷调查开展类比分析,对固废拆解行业的污染物排放总量进行了测算,完成了固废拆解行业污染物排放状况评估。结果表明,拆解行业的重金属污染物主要集中在废渣中,有机污染物以废水排放为主。同时,拆解行业的Pb、Hg污染物形成了局部集中排放。研究结论为固废拆解行业的污染防治措施制定提供了重要参考。     

甘氨酸法生产草甘膦过程中母液产排节点与治理分析

甘氨酸法生产草甘膦过程中产生大量的母液,该母液属于《国家危险废物名录》中的危险废物,成分复杂,含有较高含量的难降解有机物、盐、草甘膦、COD和总磷等污染物,对生态环境和人体的潜在危害大. 膜处理/高温催化氧化、多效蒸发/定向转化两种组合工艺对母液都可以进行较好地处理,能够去除母液中的大部分污染物,然而处理过程中会向环境排放废气和废水,也会产生磷酸氢二钠、焦磷酸钠、氯化钠等废盐. 母液处理产生的废盐的危险废物属性不明,使得对其的管理混乱,且废盐综合利用和处置的环境风险都很大;由于缺乏甘氨酸法草甘膦废盐污染控制标准,阻碍了其综合利用;母液处理产生的废水的污染物排放标准缺失,致使废水的环境风险无法得到有效管控. 针对母液产生和处理现状以及处理过程中存在的问题,建议从优化生产工艺实现母液减量化、利用组合的母液处理工艺、《国家危险废物名录》中增加母液处理产生的废盐、制定甘氨酸法草甘膦废盐污染控制标准和农药工业水污染物排放标准5个方面全面提升母液的环境风险防治水平.      

危险废物环境风险防控关键问题与对策

国家高度重视生态文明建设和环境保护工作,固体废物尤其是危险废物的风险防控是加强生态文明建设和改善环境质量的关键.我国当前危险废物环境风险防控面临的形势主要是产生量大且持续增加、污染事故频发和环境风险凸显、利用处置短板明显以及综合利用风险防控明显不足;面临该严峻形势的关键原因,包括管理制度顶层设计不够完善、风险防控基础研究薄弱、环评的作用未充分发挥和管理支撑体系不够完善.针对面临严峻形势的关键问题,建议从4个方面加强危险废物风险防控:①加强危险废物减量化、资源化和无害化的协同,强化产生者主体责任;②强化危险废物环境影响评价监管的事前、事中和事后监管机制;③建立《国家危险废物管理名录》,统一协调危险废物的污染防治和利用处置管理;④完善危险废物管理标准规范体系,提高监管能力和建设全过程信息化监管系统.      

三峡库区及其上游流域水污染防治规划

着眼于以往规划对流域内部生态环境特征和环境问题类型差异考虑不足等问题,开展了三峡库区及其上游流域水污染防治规划研究. 构建了基于控制单元的分区、分类水污染防治技术框架,提出在划分控制区和控制单元的基础上,识别控制单元问题并进行类型划分,进而以此为导向规划治理措施. 从分区角度将三峡库区及其上游流域划分为3个控制区(库区、影响区和上游区)和49个控制单元(库区5个、影响区15个、上游区29个). 从分类角度将流域所有控制单元归类为14个预防型单元、24个改善型单元和11个治理型单元. 对赤水河遵义市控制单元(影响区预防型单元)、龙川江楚雄州昆明市控制单元(上游区改善型单元)、长江嘉陵江重庆市辖区控制单元(库区治理型单元)3个典型控制单元提出了各自污染防治方案,方案实施后,3类单元COD_Cr负荷分别削减0.78×104、1.47×104和2.78×104 t/a,氨氮负荷分别削减1 110.7、2 364.9和8 936.2 t/a,满足削减需求,各控制单元水质目标可达标.      

生态产品生命周期设计概念框架

生态产品是从原材料采掘到产品制造、运销、使用和最终报废处理整个生命周期总环境影响最小的产品，而生命周期设计是实现产品环境影响最小化和污染预防的最好方式之一。生态产品的开发，应从设计开始，生态产品生命周期设计的概念是一种基于产品系统的设计方法；其设计步骤有确定系统边界、环境现状评价、设计要求分析、各要求优先排序与协调，设计对策、设计方案评价等几个方面，随着ＩＳＯ１４０００体系的全面建立，产品生命周期     

2013-2017年珠江三角洲主要大气污染控制措施减排效果评估

自2013年《大气污染防治行动计划》发布以来,珠江三角洲（PRD）地区实施了严格的大气污染防控政策,在全国率先实现PM_2.5浓度连续3年达标,然而,已实施的控制措施对污染物的减排效果尚不清楚.因此,本研究通过广泛收集2013—2017年珠三角地区大气污染源活动水平数据与控制措施,建立2013—2017年实际控制与未控制情景的污染物趋势排放清单,对主要控制措施的减排效果进行了量化.结果表明,2013—2017年珠三角地区SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5和VOCs 5种污染物排放分别下降了55%、24%、55%、54%和10%.相比于未控制情景,实际控制情景下2017年5种污染物分别实现61%、40%、68%、70%和41%的减排.在各类管控措施中,工业提标对5种污染物减排分别贡献了39%、46%、66%、69%和25%;销号整治对VOCs减排贡献最大（32%）,对其它污染物减排贡献约10%;清洁能源改造主要对SO₂和PM减排有所贡献,其中,煤改气、低硫煤、低硫油对SO₂减排有主要贡献（均为15%左右）,低灰分煤对PM₁₀（12%）和PM_2.5（19%）减排有较大贡献;机动车提标、淘汰黄标车对NO_x（22%、17%）和VOCs（23%、12%）减排有较大贡献.本研究可为珠三角和其它地区针对不同大气污染物科学制定防控政策与措施提供基础数据和科学支撑.