试论肥料对农业与环境的影响

以肥料的发展先后，将肥料的发展历史分为有机时代、无机时代和有机无机复合时代；论述肥料对农业和环境的影响，并对未来肥料的发展提出预测和展望。从长远的发展来看，生物肥料不仅可以节省自然资源，而且还可在有机无机复合肥和控释肥料的基础上，以有机复合肥作为基质，利用控释肥料的包膜剂、粘着剂等进行生物肥料优化组合；可以说生物复合肥料将是未来肥料发展的主流。可以预料，未来肥料是实现清洁生产、物质循环、持续发展的中心环节。它不仅可以消纳转化上农业生产和现代生活所产生的废物，而且它所投入的有机复合肥，也是一种对环境友好的绿色肥料。     

有机物料对淹水植稻过程中有机-无机复混肥肥料氮有效性的影响

通过淹水植稻试验，研究了几种有机－无机复混肥肥料氮的有效性及影响因素．结果表明：含不同有机物料（木薯渣、人粪渣、泥炭和花生麸）的有机－无机复混肥肥料氮的有效性不同：有机物料能够延缓前期肥料氮的释放，促进中后期水稻氮素的供应；不同有机物料对水稻氮素供应的影响亦有不同；有机物料的组分是影响有机－无机复混肥肥料氮有效性的主要因素之一．     

试论我国有机无机肥料的配合施用

有机肥是我国肥料结构中的重要组成部分，是我国肥料中磷钾和微量元素的主要来源．有机无机肥料配合施用对于提高作物产量和农业持续发展具有重要意义．传统有机肥的生产和投入方式难以适应现代农业的需求．商品有机无机复肥是有机无机肥料配合施用的有力措施，它将推进有机农业现代化的发展．本文还讨论了有机无机肥料配合施用的一些基本原理．     

土壤益菌对植物抗病与营养的影响评价

1 土壤益菌的定义和分类广义的土壤益菌是指那些由对种植物有促生或防病功能的有益微生物及其助剂组成的特定制品.狭义的土壤益菌是指那些对种植物具有某种营养功能的微生物发酵制品.在生产实践中,大家常说的微生物肥料多属于广义的土壤益菌,即包括营养功能微生物制剂,又包括防病微生物制剂.事实上,对相当数量的农用微生物制剂而言,营养与防病分别对促生的贡献是分不清楚的,是兼而有之的.     

做好复混肥料检验登记工作 加强肥料质量市场管理

1开展复混肥料检验登记工作的重要性和必要性复混肥料是目前比较广泛使用的一种多元肥料，它使用方便，肥效显著，农民易接受，施用量迅速扩大，许多厂家、商家纷纷生产、经销这些肥料，全省生产肥料的厂家已有一百多家。目前，市面上的复混肥料品种繁多，有无机复混肥、有机复     

小青菜对不同施肥模式的响应及其生态化学计量学特征

在大田小区试验条件下,研究了小青菜(3茬)对不同施肥模式的响应及其生态化学计量学特征.试验共设5个处理:不施肥对照、有机无机肥配施模式1(含氨基酸肥料)、有机肥施肥模式、无机肥施肥模式和有机无机肥配施模式2.结果表明,与其他处理相比,有机无机肥配施模式1能够提高小青菜产量,光合速率,可溶性总糖、蔗糖、维生素C和游离氨基酸含量,且这些指标与其地上部C/N和C/P比值之间存在显著正相关关系,而与施肥模式所提供肥料中C/N和C/P比值之间存在正相关趋势,但相关性未达显著水平.此外,有机无机肥配施模式1能够降低小青菜地上部硝酸盐含量,且该指标与其地上部和施肥模式所提供肥料中N/P、C/N、C/P和P/K比值之间均不存在相关关系.可见,在田间试验条件下,有机无机肥配施模式1能够促进小青菜地上部生长,改善小青菜品质;合理搭配肥料可提高小青菜的光合固碳能力,进而提高小青菜体内C/N、C/P比值,有利于提高小青菜的产量和品质.     

有机废弃物农业利用的途径与技术简介

本文对我国有机废弃物农业利用的主要途径、技术措施及其发展趋势作了论述。     

有机废弃物农业利用的途径与技术简介

本文对我国有机废弃物农业利用的主要途径、技术措施及其发展趋势作了论述。     

科学施肥与农业生产可持续发展

化肥的施用，实现了农业的增产，一百多年来为解决中国人民的温饱问题做出了重大贡献。肥料仍然是粮食安全的重要保障。但不合理施用化肥造成环境污染和食品安全问题，使人们产生了对化肥的错误认识。文章认为必须树立起科学施肥的观念，努力提高化肥利用率，形成有机、无机肥料合理配合使用的格局，促进农业生产可持续发展。此外，还认为应加强肥料市场管理，使之有法可依，并能迎接入世的挑战。     

开发多功能专用肥 促进“三高”农业发展

专用肥料是根据不同的作物特性和土壤特点进行科学配方设计生产的肥料.它适宜于特定的作物，其肥效及其肥料利用率最高，是农业上科学施肥、配方施肥的新成果.多功能专用肥，是在专用肥的基础上，引人诸如防治病虫害、除草、保温保肥、一次施肥等理念配制成多功能性的专用肥料.     

Sea ice microbial production supports Ross Sea benthic communities: influence of a small but stable subsidy

Diversity in guilds of primary producers enhances temporal stability in provision of organic matter to consumers. In the Antarctic ecosystem, where temporal variability in phytoplankton production is high, sea ice contains a diatom and microbial community (SIMCO) that represents a pool of organic matter that is seasonally more consistent, although of relatively small magnitude. The fate of organic material produced by SIMCO in Antarctica is largely unknown but may represent an important link between sea ice dynamics and secondary production in nearshore food webs. We used whole tissue and compound-specific stable isotope analysis of consumers to test whether the sea ice microbial community is an important source of organic matter supporting nearshore communities in the Ross Sea. We found distinct gradients in delta13C and delta15N of SIMCO corresponding to differences in inorganic carbon and nitrogen acquisition among sites with different sea ice extent and persistence. Mass balance analysis of a suite of consumers demonstrated large fluxes of SIMCO into the nearshore food web, ranging from 5% to 100% of organic matter supplied to benthic species, and 0-10% of organic matter to upper water column or pelagic inhabitants. A delta13C analysis of nine fatty acids including two key biomarkers for diatoms, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5omega3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6omega3), confirmed these patterns. We observed clear patterns in delta13C of fatty acids that are enriched in 13C for species that acquire a large fraction of their nutrition from SIMCO. These data demonstrate the key role of SIMCO in ecosystem functioning in Antarctica and strong linkages between sea ice extent and nearshore secondary productivity. While SIMCO provides a stabilizing subsidy of organic matter, changes to sea ice coverage associated with climate change would directly affect secondary production and stability of benthic food webs in Antarctica.     

Using biochemical and isotopic tracers to characterise organic matter sources and their incorporation into estuarine food webs (Rufiji delta,Tanzania)

Fatty acid biomarkers and stable isotope signatures were used to identify the sources of particulate and sedimentary organic matter and its input into the food web through the dominant consumer within the mangrove-dominated Rufiji estuary, Tanzania. Specific fatty acids were used to identify the preferred basal sources of dominant fauna (i.e. filter feeder bivalves, snails, crabs, shrimps, and three fish species), and their presence in the water and sediment samples in the estuary. Both fatty acid and stable isotope results revealed that food web in the Rufiji estuary depended on a variety of carbon sources (mangroves, allochthonous terrestrial inputs, macroalgae, and phytoplankton), contributing to a different degree into the diets of primary consumers and members of near-shore fish, but none of them were obligatory for the survival of these species. The δ¹⁵N values of major primary producers and consumers/predators revealed a trend for δ¹⁵N enrichment with increasing trophic level. The ratio of docosahexaenoic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA:EPA) decreased from pelagic to benthic feeding fish. This indicated that fish with different feeding modes derived their fatty acids from different primary sources of nutrition, and suggested that the DHA:EPA ratio may be a useful indicator of feeding mode.     

Recycling food and agriculture by-products to mitigate climate change: a review

Food loss and waste is a major issue affecting food security, environmental pollution, producer profitability, consumer prices, and climate change. About 1.3 billion tons of food products are yearly lost globally, with China producing approximately 20 million tons of soybean dregs annually. Here, we review food and agricultural byproducts with emphasis on the strategies to convert this waste into valuable materials. Byproducts can be used for animal and plant nutrition, biogas production, food, extraction of oils and bioactive substances, and production of vinegar, wine, edible coatings and organic fertilizers. For instance, bioactive compounds represent approximately 8–20% of apple pomace, 5–17% of orange peel, 10–25% of grape seeds, 3–15% of pomegranate peel, and 2–13% of date palm seeds. Similarly, the pharmaceutical industry uses approximately 6.5% of the total output of gelatin derived from fish bones and animal skin. Animals fed with pomegranate peel and olive pomace improved the concentration of deoxyribonucleic acid and protein, the litter size, the milk yield, and nest characteristics. Biogas production amounts to 57.1% using soybean residue, 53.7% using papaya peel, and 49.1% using sugarcane bagasse.

     

城市有机生活垃圾溶胞处理对其厌氧消化的影响机理

由于城市有机生活垃圾成分的复杂性和厌氧消化的限速步骤的影响,导致厌氧发酵的速度比较缓慢、产气量较少和工艺不稳定等问题。文章综述了国内外有机生活垃圾的各种溶胞处理技术,如物理法、化学法、生物法及其联合处理等方法,以便改善发酵物料的性质,消除厌氧发酵的限速步骤。研究认为,通过溶胞处理能够改善有机垃圾的物理化学性质如发酵物料的溶解度、酸碱度等,提高微生物对难降解有机物的分解,增加可溶性COD和挥发性酸的浓度,优化发酵细菌的代谢途径以及产物的组成等,从而增加生物气产量,缩短水力停留时间,强化厌氧发酵过程,减轻了后续处理的负担。     

Coral cavity sponges depend on reef-derived food resources: stable isotope and fatty acid constraints

The diet of cavity sponges on the narrow fringing reefs of Curaçao, Caribbean was studied. The origin and resources of the bulk food of these sponges, i.e., dissolved organic matter (DOM), were identified using stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes and fatty acid biomarkers. We found that phytoplankton and its derived DOM from the adjacent open sea and from reef overlying water is not the main source of food for most of the sponges examined nor is bacterioplankton. Interestingly, dual stable isotope signatures (δ¹³C_org, δ¹⁵N_org) and fatty acid biomarkers appoint coral mucus and organic matter derived from crustose coralline algae (CCA) as probable food sources for encrusting sponges. Mucus-derived DOM may contribute up to 66% to the diet of examined sponges based on results of dual isotope mixing model analysis. The contribution of CCA (as purported representative for benthic algae) was smaller with values up to 31%. Together, mucus- and CCA-derived substrates contributed for 48–73% to the diet of sponges. The presence of the exogenous fatty acid 20:4ω6 in sponges, which is abundant in coral mucus of Madracis mirabilis and in CCA, highlights these reef-derived resources as sources of nutrition for DOM feeding cavity sponges. The relatively high concentrations of exogenous 20:4ω6 in all sponges examined supports our hypothesis that the bulk of the food of the cavity sponge community is reef-derived. Our results imply that cavity sponges play an important role in conserving food and energy produced within the reef.     

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Removal of lead and cadmium ions from aqueous solutions using the macroalga Caulerpa racemosa

Sediment bulk parameters and fatty acid biomarkers were used to investigate the relative contribution of major sources of particulate organic matter during upwelling and non-upwelling conditions, at organic enriched sites on the south-eastern Brazilian coast. The degradation state of the organic material and its implications for benthic food webs were also evaluated. Temperature and salinity values indicate the intrusion of the South Atlantic Central Water in spring with a strong influence at station 4S. C:N ratios and fatty acid biomarkers suggest that sedimentary particulate organic matter is mainly autochthonous and originated from phytoplankton, zooplankton and bacteria, with a minor terrestrial contribution. Short-chain saturated fatty acids predominated, indicating the prevalence of partially degraded detritus. An exception was station 4S, where polyunsaturated fatty acids dominated, indicating the input of labile organic matter linked to upwelling of the South Atlantic Central Water. Fatty acid concentrations and the organic carbon content of the sediments suggest that food quantity is not a limiting factor for benthic fauna. Despite the high organic background of the sediments, the sporadic inputs of labile organic matter associated with South Atlantic Central Water intrusions may produce an important impact on benthic fauna and on the biogeochemistry of the sediments.     

聚乙烯醇精馏残渣组分分析及其环境风险评价

为评估聚乙烯醇生产中精馏残渣组分及其环境污染风险,为此类危险废物的环境管理提供技术支持,采集华东某聚乙烯醇生产企业的精馏残渣,分析其重金属以及有机污染物含量,并评估其环境风险。研究结果表明聚乙烯醇精馏残渣主要来自生产环节中的醋酸乙烯精制工段,残渣中的有机物组分主要为醋酸及其他有机酸类,其中醋酸的相对含量达到63.47%;残渣中的重金属主要包括Zn、Ni和Cr,其含量分别为404 537 mg·kg-1,8 654 mg·kg-1和5 084 mg·kg-1。环境风险评价的结果表明残渣中有机物污染物引起的环境风险在可接受范围内,而重金属污染严重,同时有很高潜在生态风险。精馏残渣中的主要环境污染风险因子为醋酸、Zn和Ni。     

论害虫与绿色食品蔬菜生产

从昆虫与寄主植物的关系出发,分析了害虫对于绿色食品蔬菜生产的影响,并提出了在绿色食品蔬菜生产过程中防止害虫危害的策略.     

Bacterial populations as components of oceanic ecosystems

The production of bacterioplankton in tropical waters is shown to be a major food source for filter feeders. Since this production greatly exceeds autotrophic production by phytoplankton, the external energy source is believed to be soluble organic material transported from temperate latitudes. In the latter environment this material is produced as part of excessive autotrophic production, but its destruction by bacteria is inhibited at low temperature. The organic material is transported by global circulation to warm tropical waters, where it is utilized to form particulate organic aggregates which serve as food for filter feeders.     

四种岭南水果种植系统的能值、经济与土壤整合分析

综合运用能值、经济与土壤生态学分析方法,定量研究了番石榴(Psidium guajava Linn)、黄皮(Clausena lansium Skeels)、枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl)、葡萄柚(Citrus paradisi Maef)4种岭南水果种植系统的物质流、能最流和货币流,综合分析其自然资源基础、经济发展状况及可持续发展程度,并将土壤有机质的消耗纳入不可更新自然资源能值投人分析,为岭南水果业的可持续发展提供科学依据.能值分析表明,4个水果种植系统的可持续发展能力依次为:葡萄柚(0.94)>枇杷(0.15)>番石榴(0.14)>黄皮(0.10).土壤有机质分布与变化分析表明,4种水果种植系统的土壤有机质消耗量依次为:葡萄柚>黄皮>枇杷>番石榴.经济分析表明,4个水果种植系统的经济效益依次为:葡萄柚>番石榴>枇杷>黄皮.综合分析表明,番石榴、黄皮、枇杷三个系统的水果生产效率有待进一步提高;葡萄柚种植系统的水果生产效率、可持续发展能力和经济效益较高,但其对土壤有机质的消耗强度在四个系统中是最高的,这一点在水土流失严重的丘陵地区显然是不容忽视的.同时,如何降低系统在市场交换中的交换性资产流失是四个系统共同面对的问题.