真空紫外光解-活性炭吸附去除甲苯及副产物臭氧

研究了不同条件下产O3低压汞灯对气相中低浓度甲苯的光化学降解,以及活性炭纤维(ACF)对甲苯光解尾气中残余甲苯及光解副产物O3的脱除.结果表明,气流相对湿度(RH)越高、气体流量越大、甲苯的初始浓度越高,甲苯的真空紫外光解速率越高,最高达0.070mg/m3,所产生的O3浓度也越低.气流RH越低,ACF对甲苯和O3的吸附脱除性能越好.负载Mn、Cu氧化物的ACF对O3有更好的分解性能,同时能催化氧化甲苯.在400℃下焙烧的催化剂性能最好,RH8%时对O3的去除率稳定在35%,但当RH增至40%时,对O3的去除率下降为16.9%.     

真菌预处理优化制备微介多级孔炭及其吸附甲苯的研究

提出采用黄孢原毛平革菌对生物质前体物进行预处理的制备策略,从而研发孔结构可调的多级孔炭材料模板.选用荷叶作为生物质原材料,探讨菌种投加量、培养时间对多级孔炭材料前驱体的影响,并采用水蒸气物理活化法,分析活化温度和活化时间对炭材料比表面积、孔径分布和表面官能团的综合作用.最后,通过Raman、XRD、BET、FTIR、TGA、SEM、EA等手段表征其物理化学性质,并考察真菌预处理对炭材料的甲苯吸附性能的影响.结果表明,在生物质荷叶质量30 g、菌种投加量4 mL、培养时间7 d、活化温度800℃、活化时间90 min条件下制备的微介多级孔炭材料,在含有较多介孔的前提下比表面积可达937 m~2·g~(-1),总孔容为0.68 cm~3·g~(-1).动态模拟吸附实验发现,经预处理的炭材料在甲苯浓度905 mg·m~(-3)下对其饱和吸附容量为304 mg·g~(-1),是未经真菌调控荷叶吸附容量的1.83倍,吸附性能的提升主要归因于比表面积、孔容及表面酸性基团增大的作用.经真菌预处理调控的炭材料对甲苯的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温线,属于单分子层吸附.     

活性炭纤维吸附苯系物影响因素的研究

研究了吸附法去除室内苯系物。实验用活性炭纤维(ACF)作为苯系物的吸附剂,苯、甲苯作为苯系物的代表物。研究苯系物的浓度、气流量及填充密度等条件对活性炭纤维吸附性能的影响。实验结果表明:初始浓度大的苯系物穿透时间短;当两组分气体(苯、甲苯)混合吸附时,吸附能力强的甲苯有置换吸附能力弱的苯的现象发生;气流量加大会较快到达穿透点和吸附饱和点,使穿透曲线发生左移,曲线斜率不变;填充密度对穿透时间与饱和时间都有影响,密度大有利于吸附。     

活性炭纤维处理甲苯废气试验研究

采用动态吸附试验,研究了进气温度、废气浓度对粘胶基活性炭纤维吸附甲苯过程的影响,分析了活性炭纤维(ACF)的穿透时间、平衡饱和吸附量的变化情况,并用Y-N模型对穿透曲线进行拟合.研究了吸附饱和ACF采用氮气热再生法,确定了温度、流量、再生时间等最佳操作参数,并进行了相关机理的探讨.     

活性炭纤维对丁酮废气的吸附和再生性能研究

研究了粘胶基活性炭纤维(ACF)对丁酮废气的动态吸附行为、吸附条件及水蒸气解吸再生性能等,包括进气浓度、气流速度、ACF填充量、水蒸气再生条件对活性炭纤维吸附丁酮过程的影响。研究结果表明:高浓度、低流速、高填充量均有利于吸附;ACF经水蒸气解吸、空气吹脱,可实现ACF的再生。     

2种改性活性炭对甲苯吸附性能的对比研究

利用微波、电炉加热对活性炭进行改性,并测定了改性前后不同种类活性炭对甲苯的吸附性能、表面酸碱官能团含量以及比表面积.结果表明,对于微波改性,随着改性温度升高,活性炭对甲苯的吸附量逐渐增大,表面碱性官能团含量也相应增加,比表面积相应减小.改性温度850℃时活性炭吸附甲苯性能最高,650℃与450℃改性后活性炭吸附甲苯的性能相差不大.电加热改性也具有类似的趋势,但对甲苯的吸附性能总体低于微波改性.扫描电镜表征显示,热改性去除了活性炭孔道内的杂质,使活性炭内部孔道更加通畅,有利于提高吸附甲苯的能力,但温度升高同样存在炭骨架收缩,孔道变窄的弊端.微波加热和电炉加热在原理和热传递方向上的不同.是导致改性结果之间差别的关键问题.     

改性活性炭纤维对含乙醇有机废气的吸附性能研究

文章研究了活性炭纤维(ACF)对乙醇的吸附性能以及表面基团和形态对吸附性能的影响,并以提高活性炭纤维对乙醇的吸附性能为出发点,采用无机盐浸渍及二次热处理方法对ACF进行表面改性,改性前ACF对乙醇的吸附容量为376mg/g,经过无机盐浸渍并二次热处理改性的ACF对乙醇的吸附容量达到了516mg/g,穿透时间也由改性前的30min延长到了80min。结果表明,无机盐浸渍和二次热处理改变了ACF表面基团和形态,从而提高了ACF对乙醇的吸附性能。     

高分子树脂与介孔分子筛吸附-脱附VOCs性能对比

采用溶剂热法制备介孔聚二乙烯基苯(PDVB)树脂,并以介孔分子筛MCM-41、SBA-15为参照,从吸附-脱附甲苯、邻二甲苯、均三甲苯性能和高湿度下的疏水性能方面对其进行对比研究.结果表明,PDVB具有最大的比表面积1219.1m2/g,其对低浓度甲苯吸附量约为介孔分子筛的2倍,同时吸附性能几乎不受水汽影响.随着VOCs分子尺寸增加,3种吸附剂对VOCs的饱和吸附量均有所增加,但PDVB的穿透吸附量明显高于分子筛.热重分析表明,在200℃以下3种吸附剂上吸附的有机分子均能脱附完全,具有优良的脱附再生性能.     

改性活性炭纤维对重金属离子的动态吸附研究

研究了活性碳纤维ACF及经氧化及碱化改性后的活性碳纤维对重金属离子的动态吸附,采用Boehm滴定、比表面积及孔隙分析等方法表征了改性前后ACF的表面结构和表面化学性质。考察了流速、浓度、吸附剂用量及吸附剂类型对吸附效率的影响。结果表明:低浓度、低流速、低吸附剂(ACF)用量,均有利于ACF对重金属离子的吸附;改性后的ACF在吸附容量及穿透时间上均优于未改性的ACF,以经碱化改性ACF的效果最佳,其饱和吸附量为225.62 mg/g,是未改性ACF饱和吸附量55.42 mg/g的4倍。在混合离子的吸附中,对铅离子的吸附能力强于铜离子和镉离子。     

ACF吸附法处理苯酚泄漏造成的河流突发污染事故模拟研究

环境突发污染事故给人民生活、经济发展和生态环境造成重大影响,研究污染物泄漏造成的河流污染的应急处理方法十分必要.实验以苯酚为研究对象,选用吸附容量大、密度与水接近的活性炭纤维(ACF)为吸附剂,在自制的河流模型中,研究了ACF对苯酚进行吸附的过程,考察了吸附剂投加量、苯酚浓度、吸附剂比表面积、吸附剂投加方式、水流速度与水质等对吸附速率与吸附效果的影响.实验结果表明,ACF能以较快的速率吸附苯酚;ACF投加量是影响吸附速率最重要的因素,当ACF投加质量之比为1:2:4时,吸附速率常数之比近似为1:2:4;苯酚浓度对吸附速率的影响显著,苯酚浓度较低时吸附速率较高.苯酚初始浓度为7mg·L-1时.经过86min的吸附,苯酚浓度可以达到地表水V类水中挥发酚的限值要求(0.1mg·L-1);在吸附11min左右追加适量的ACF,能够明显提高吸附速率;河水流速和水质对吸附速率影响不大;在实际河水中,ACF对苯酚的吸附过程与在模拟河水中相似,吸附效果显著.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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