水处理氧化还原过程的电化动化学特性

以流动电流为参数。研究了水处理条件下氧还还原过程的电动化学特性，考察了水中ＫＭｎＯ４及其与ＭｎＯ２＋，Ｆｅ＾２＋之间氧化还原作用的流动电流（ＳＣ）规律，探讨了氧化还原的初始条件，水处理环境、原水水质、氧化剂与还原剂的投加方式等对流动电流的影响。结果表明，不中约０．５ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１的ＫＭｎＯ４可产生ＳＣ的峰值，而且当它与Ｍｎ＾２＋和Ｆｅ＾２＋经不同条件进行氧化还原作用时，可通过ＳＣ值的变化表现出更为     

Mn~(2+)协同Fe~(3+)-EDTA在中性pH条件下催化类Fenton降解水中卡马西平

研究了Mn~(2+)协同Fe~(3+)-EDTA络合体催化类Fenton反应,在中性p H条件下对水中新兴污染物卡马西平的降解情况.考察了Mn~(2+)∶Fe~(3+)、EDTA∶Fe~(3+)和H_2O_2∶Fe~(3+)的物质的量比率、Fe~(3+)浓度和初始p H等关键因素对卡马西平降解效果的影响.结果表明,共存Mn~(2+)能够显著增强Fe~(3+)-EDTA络合体催化类Fenton反应体系的氧化能力.在0.1 mmol·L~(-1)Fe~(3+)、EDTA∶Fe~(3+)为2∶1、Mn~(2+)∶Fe~(3+)为1∶1、H_2O_2∶Fe~(3+)为150∶1和p H 7.0的条件下,经过20 min反应时间,卡马西平的降解率能够达到100%,表观降解速率常数达到0.6374 min~(-1).其增效机理是通过Mn~(2+)-EDTA与H_2O_2反应促进O_2~(·-)的产生,进而加速还原Fe~(3+)-EDTA至Fe~(2+)-EDTA,间接提高HO~·的产生速率.研究结果能够为水中卡马西平的有效去除提供参考.     

南黄海沉积物间隙水中重金属(Fe,Mn,Cu,Co,Ni)的地球化学特征

本文主要研究了南黄海(32°N)沉积物间隙水中的Fe,Mn,Cu,Co,Ni与其硫化物及粘土矿物间的关系,结果表明:间隙水中的Mn~(2+),Cu~(2+)硫化物趋向于沉淀,Co~(2+),Ni~(2+)硫化物趋向于溶解,Fe~(2+)则有其硫化物的溶解-沉淀控制,Mn~(2+),Cu~(2+)还有其他体系和硫化物体系共同控制其浓度,间隙水中的Fe~(2+)可被蒙脱石吸附,Mn~(2+)被绿泥石吸附,Ca~(2+),Ni~(2+)被蒙脱石、绿泥石吸附,Co~(2+)被绿泥石、蒙脱石吸附,Fe~(2+),Mn~(2+)对粘土矿物吸附剂的专属性要求远比Cu~(2+),Co~(2地+),Ni~(2+)高,蒙脱石是南黄海沉积物中最重要的阳离子吸附剂,绿泥石次之。     

流动注射-分光光度法测定水中铁的形态

用流动注射-分光光度法研究了水中可溶态和悬浮态中铁的形态分析.将Fe~(2+)与邻菲罗啉的显色反应引入流动系统,用固体抗坏血酸方便地将Fe~(2+)预先还原.O—2.5ppm的Fe~(2+)符合比尔定律,测定限为O.02ppm,低于已报导的文献.2ppm Fe~(2+)经五次测定的相对标准偏差为0.5％,进样频率250次/h.进行了雨水、湖水、自来水中铁的形态分析,取得了满意的效果.     

γ-Fe-Ti-Al_2O_3催化臭氧氧化水中布洛芬并阻断溴酸盐生成研究

以葡萄糖为模版,采用蒸发诱导自组装法合成了铁、钛掺杂γ-Al_2O_3(γ-Fe-Ti-Al_2O_3)介孔催化剂,并将其用于臭氧氧化含Br~-水中布洛芬. X射线衍射(XRD)、氮气吸附-脱附(BET)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征结果表明,铁、钛成功掺杂进入γ-Al_2O_3骨架,分布均匀,保持了γ-Al_2O_3有序的介孔结构,具有较大的比表面积,钛的价态为Ti~(4+)和Ti~(3+)共存,铁的价态是Fe~(3+).铁、钛的掺杂显著提高γ-Al_2O_3催化臭氧氧化含Br~-水中布洛芬的活性,且有效阻断了溴酸盐的生成,反应60 min后,TOC去除率由γ-Al_2O_3的54%提高到86%,而单独臭氧氧化仅为13%.电子自旋共振和催化剂表面Fe~(2+)离子捕获实验表明,羟基和超氧自由基是反应活性氧物种,有利于有机物的矿化;有机物能够强化γ-Fe-Ti-Al_2O_3催化剂中的Fe~(3+)还原为Fe~(2+),从而有利于溴酸盐的阻断还原.     

中和共沉淀法形成铁氧体微晶及其对重金属离子的并合

本文对中和共沉淀法Fe_3O_4生成过程中重金属离子并合程度及其影响因素进行了研究,在实验条件下,发现重金属离子在Fe_3O_4晶格中的并合与其离子半径、电负性和外层电子分布等因素有关。并合程度为:Cu~(2+),CO~(2+),Fe~(2+)>Mn~(2+),Zn~(2+)>Ni~(2+),Cd~(2+),当Fe~(2+)/Fe~(3+)=0.5,pH=9.5±0.5时,对40mgCu~(2+),总铁量(Fe~(2+)+Fe~(3+))2.5g为最小投料量,其并合率可达99.7％以上,相同条件下CO~(2+)并合率大于99.7％,其它重金属离子由于本征特性影响,并合率各不相同,工艺条件适合于污水中Cu~(2+)和Co~(2+)的有效去除,对Mn~(2+),Zn~(2+)的去除也有一定效果,从沉渣的XRD物相分析可知,重金属离子在Fe_3O_4中的并合,是以尖晶石型结构取代式固溶体组成完成的。     

海底铁锰氧化还原过程的模拟研究

本文用室内海水-沉积物平衡箱研究了沉积物间隙水中铁、锰的垂直变化分布和随时间变化的分布,Fe~(2+)随深度、时间的变化幅度大,在六个月的实验期内均是如此,而Mn~(2+)在放置三个月后即趋于稳定;Fe~(2+),Mn~(2+)产生的宏观经验动力学表明:Fe~(2+)受pH影响远比Mn~(2+)大,且随着深度的增加更为明显,Fe~(2+)在较下层产生速率大,而Mn~(2+)反之;Fe~(2+)的扩散转移是上覆海水向沉积物中转移,扩散量为-60.7ug/m~2d,Nn~(2+)转移方向相反,扩散量为1746.2ug/m~2.d。     

亚铁活化过硫酸盐降解水中双氯芬酸钠

研究了Fe~(2+)活化过硫酸盐(PS)对水中双氯芬酸钠(DCF)的降解,调查了pH、Fe~(2+)用量、PS用量、Cl~-、常见过渡金属离子以及常见还原剂对Fe~(2+)/PS降解DCF的影响.结果表明:DCF在pH 2.0—9.0范围内均有一定的去除效果,且pH 3.0时效果最佳;Fe~(2+)与S_2O_8~(2-)的最佳投加摩尔比为1∶1,过量的Fe~(2+)可消耗部分硫酸根自由基从而抑制DCF降解;Cl~-对DCF的降解具有一定的促进作用,且Cl~-浓度越大,促进作用越大;Ce~(3+)和Co~(2+)对DCF的降解几乎没有影响,而Cu~(2+)和Mn~(2+)具有一定的促进作用;抗坏血酸和硫代硫酸钠具有双重作用,在低浓度时对DCF的降解具有促进作用,高浓度时呈现抑制作用,而盐酸羟胺和亚硫酸氢钠在研究的浓度范围内均呈现促进作用.     

高铁酸钾降解嗅味物质异佛尔酮的效能及机理

采用高铁酸钾降解水中典型嗅味物质异佛尔酮(IPO),考察了高铁酸钾投加量、溶液初始pH、IPO浓度、温度和反应时间等因素对IPO降解率的影响.采用响应面法进行多因素实验设计,利用二次多项式和逐步回归法拟合了IPO降解率、Fe~(2+)、Fe~(3+)与降解条件之间的关系,对降解条件进行了优化.采用GC-MS分析IPO的降解产物,探讨了IPO的降解机理.结果表明,高铁酸钾可以在1 min内迅速降解IPO. IPO降解率与高铁酸钾投加量正相关,与溶液初始pH负相关.在IPO初始浓度为6.0 mg·L~(-1)、溶液初始pH值为4.0、高铁酸钾投加量为0.9 g·L~(-1)、反应时间为5 min时,IPO降解率可达100%. Mn~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、NH~+_4和HCO~-_3等共存离子会抑制高铁酸钾对IPO的降解.高铁酸钾对IPO的氧化降解作用大于吸附、混凝的去除作用. GC-MS检测到的降解产物有4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮、5-异丙基-5-甲基二氢-2(3H)-呋喃酮和4-甲基-4-戊烯-2-酮等物质,推测高铁酸钾对IPO的降解途径主要是氧化、加氢和脱碳等.     

第二松花江底泥腐殖酸对汞离子还原作用的研究

本文采用将Hg~(2 )还原成Hg吹出并经KMnO_4吸收后测定的实验方法,研究了市售腐殖酸和从第二松花江底泥中提取的腐殖酸对Hg~(2 )的还原作用,考察了溶液组成、pH、温度等因素对这一作用的影响。其结果对于腐殖酸的氧化还原特性及其对松花江中汞的迁移转化过程的影响的研究有一定意义。     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.