南黄海沉积物间隙水中重金属(Fe,Mn,Cu,Co,Ni)的地球化学特征

本文主要研究了南黄海(32°N)沉积物间隙水中的Fe,Mn,Cu,Co,Ni与其硫化物及粘土矿物间的关系,结果表明:间隙水中的Mn~(2+),Cu~(2+)硫化物趋向于沉淀,Co~(2+),Ni~(2+)硫化物趋向于溶解,Fe~(2+)则有其硫化物的溶解-沉淀控制,Mn~(2+),Cu~(2+)还有其他体系和硫化物体系共同控制其浓度,间隙水中的Fe~(2+)可被蒙脱石吸附,Mn~(2+)被绿泥石吸附,Ca~(2+),Ni~(2+)被蒙脱石、绿泥石吸附,Co~(2+)被绿泥石、蒙脱石吸附,Fe~(2+),Mn~(2+)对粘土矿物吸附剂的专属性要求远比Cu~(2+),Co~(2地+),Ni~(2+)高,蒙脱石是南黄海沉积物中最重要的阳离子吸附剂,绿泥石次之。     

Mn~(2+)协同Fe~(3+)-EDTA在中性pH条件下催化类Fenton降解水中卡马西平

研究了Mn~(2+)协同Fe~(3+)-EDTA络合体催化类Fenton反应,在中性p H条件下对水中新兴污染物卡马西平的降解情况.考察了Mn~(2+)∶Fe~(3+)、EDTA∶Fe~(3+)和H_2O_2∶Fe~(3+)的物质的量比率、Fe~(3+)浓度和初始p H等关键因素对卡马西平降解效果的影响.结果表明,共存Mn~(2+)能够显著增强Fe~(3+)-EDTA络合体催化类Fenton反应体系的氧化能力.在0.1 mmol·L~(-1)Fe~(3+)、EDTA∶Fe~(3+)为2∶1、Mn~(2+)∶Fe~(3+)为1∶1、H_2O_2∶Fe~(3+)为150∶1和p H 7.0的条件下,经过20 min反应时间,卡马西平的降解率能够达到100%,表观降解速率常数达到0.6374 min~(-1).其增效机理是通过Mn~(2+)-EDTA与H_2O_2反应促进O_2~(·-)的产生,进而加速还原Fe~(3+)-EDTA至Fe~(2+)-EDTA,间接提高HO~·的产生速率.研究结果能够为水中卡马西平的有效去除提供参考.     

常见离子对漆酶降解活性艳蓝的调控作用

漆酶具有很高的工业价值,但水体中离子的存在为其推广使用带来了巨大挑战.探讨水体中常见的7种阳离子和8种阴离子调控自由漆酶和漆酶–介体系统对水中活性艳蓝降解速率的差异.结果显示:Mn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、HPO_4~(2-)和NO_2~-在0-10 mmol/L范围内可促进漆酶对活性艳蓝的降解,降解速率由高到低依次为NO_2~-、Mn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、HPO_4~(2-);SO_3~(2-)、Cl~-、Fe~(2+)和Fe~(3+)对活性艳蓝的降解有抑制作用,其中Fe~(2+)和SO_3~(2-)的最低抑制浓度分别为5和0.5 mmol/L;其他离子对漆酶降解活性艳蓝没有显著性影响.在5种介体的协同作用中,紫脲酸(VA)的效果最佳,导致漆酶对活性艳蓝的降解速率提升10%左右,其余介体的促进效率明显低于VA.在同等离子的调控下,漆酶–介体系统中的降解速率优于自由漆酶.本研究初步揭示了漆酶对活性艳蓝的降解机理,同时可以通过控制水体中离子的种类和数量来更好地实现漆酶对活性艳蓝的降解,结果可为漆酶在实际染料废水处理中的应用提供理论依据.(图4表4参40)     

磺酸基改性磁性吸附剂去除水中的Cu(Ⅱ)

利用水热法制备出Fe_3O_4磁性粒子,通过正硅酸乙酯水解使Fe_3O_4外面包覆SiO_2(Fe_3O_4@SiO_2),最后利用3-氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷和氯磺酸进行改性,合成了磺酸基改性磁性吸附剂.采用FT-IR、BET和XRD等方法对合成吸附剂进行表征,并探讨接触时间、初始浓度、溶液pH值等因素对吸附性能的影响.表征结果显示,成功合成了磺酸基改性磁性Fe_3O_4@SiO_2粒子;Fe_3O_4@SO_3Na比表面积为20.4587 m~(-2)·g~(-1).吸附实验结果显示,在25℃条件下,Fe_3O_4@SO_3Na对Cu~(2+)的吸附等温线符合Freundlich吸附等温方程,实验条件下最大吸附量为16.13 mg·g~(-1).Fe_3O_4@SO_3Na吸附Cu~(2+)可在1 h内达到吸附平衡且吸附动力学遵循拟二级动力学模型.溶液中存在盐离子时,发现盐离子的存在对吸附效果几乎没有影响;溶液中含有柠檬酸时对吸附效果产生抑制.吸附剂经3次循环使用后仍有吸附性能,表明吸附剂具有良好的再生性和经济性.     

新型交联壳聚糖材料对地下水重金属Zn~(2+)的吸附性能

地下水重金属污染的原位修复技术研究日益受到关注.利用课题组研发的聚乙二醇(PEG400)作为交联剂合成的新型交联壳聚糖材料,用该新型材料吸附地下水中重金属Zn~(2+),探讨CTS:PEG比例和Zn~(2+)印迹量对吸附效果的影响,通过该材料对Zn~(2+)的吸附动力学、吸附等温线以及吸附热力学关系,讨论其吸附的内在机理.研究发现CTS:PEG=1:2和印迹的Zn~(2+)量是0.5%的交联壳聚糖,去除重金属Zn~(2+)的效率最高;其非平衡吸附遵循准二级动力学模型,吸附速率为0.1260mg·g~(-1)·h~(-1);在20℃,溶液pH值为7条件下,PEG-CTS对Zn~(2+)的最大吸附容量是18.20 mg·g~(-1),平均吸附能量是9.66kJ·mol~(-1);化学吸附为主,也包含物理吸附.     

红壤中镉的竞争吸持动力学

本文采用流动法研究了竞争性Zn~(2+),Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),Na~+离子对红壤中镉吸持动力学特性的影响.实验结果表明:与Cd~(2+)离子等浓度的竞争性Zn~(2+),Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)离子的存在,使红壤中镉的吸持量降低,解吸量增加,影响的顺序为:Zn~(2+)≥Ca~(2+)>Mg~(2+)。大量竞争性Na~2+离子的存在,使红壤中镉的吸持量大大降低,解吸量亦降低.用一级反应动力学方程拟合实验数据,结果表明:竞争性Zn~(2+),Na~2+离子对红壤中镉吸持动力学特性影响明显;红壤中镉的吸持为多种化学吸持(高能)与物理吸附(低能)共存,高能吸持的主要贡献来自红壤中游离氧化铁组分对镉的专性化学吸持.     

海底铁锰氧化还原过程的模拟研究

本文用室内海水-沉积物平衡箱研究了沉积物间隙水中铁、锰的垂直变化分布和随时间变化的分布,Fe~(2+)随深度、时间的变化幅度大,在六个月的实验期内均是如此,而Mn~(2+)在放置三个月后即趋于稳定;Fe~(2+),Mn~(2+)产生的宏观经验动力学表明:Fe~(2+)受pH影响远比Mn~(2+)大,且随着深度的增加更为明显,Fe~(2+)在较下层产生速率大,而Mn~(2+)反之;Fe~(2+)的扩散转移是上覆海水向沉积物中转移,扩散量为-60.7ug/m~2d,Nn~(2+)转移方向相反,扩散量为1746.2ug/m~2.d。     

水处理氧化还原过程的电动化学特性

以流动电流为参数,研究了水处理条件下氧化还原过程的电动化学特性.考察了水中KMnO_4及其与Mn~(2+),Fe~(2+)之间氧化还原作用的流动电流(SC)规律,探讨了氧化还原的初始条件、水处理环境、原水水质、氧化剂与还原剂的投加方式等对流动电流的影响.结果表明,水中约0.5mg·l~(-1)的KMnO_4可产生SC的峰值,而且当它与Mn~(2+)和Fe~(2+)经不同条件进行氧化还原作用时,可通过SC值的变化表现出更为明显的电动化学特性.     

亚铁活化过硫酸盐降解水中双氯芬酸钠

研究了Fe~(2+)活化过硫酸盐(PS)对水中双氯芬酸钠(DCF)的降解,调查了pH、Fe~(2+)用量、PS用量、Cl~-、常见过渡金属离子以及常见还原剂对Fe~(2+)/PS降解DCF的影响.结果表明:DCF在pH 2.0—9.0范围内均有一定的去除效果,且pH 3.0时效果最佳;Fe~(2+)与S_2O_8~(2-)的最佳投加摩尔比为1∶1,过量的Fe~(2+)可消耗部分硫酸根自由基从而抑制DCF降解;Cl~-对DCF的降解具有一定的促进作用,且Cl~-浓度越大,促进作用越大;Ce~(3+)和Co~(2+)对DCF的降解几乎没有影响,而Cu~(2+)和Mn~(2+)具有一定的促进作用;抗坏血酸和硫代硫酸钠具有双重作用,在低浓度时对DCF的降解具有促进作用,高浓度时呈现抑制作用,而盐酸羟胺和亚硫酸氢钠在研究的浓度范围内均呈现促进作用.     

藉过硫酸钾—茜素紫催化法测定痕量铅

茜素紫被过硫酸钾氧化褪色的反应能被Pb~(2+)催化,可用于催化光度法测定痕量铅.在pH8.2的硼酸缓冲溶液中,过硫酸钾和茜素紫的浓度分别为|0.03和3.75×10~(-5)mol/L时,用固定时间法测定铅的灵敏度为1.255吸光度值|(μg/mL)~(-1),Bi~(3+)<3.5μg/L时不干扰.Ag~+,Cu~(2+),Cd~(2+),Zn~(2+),Fe~(3+)的干扰可用掩蔽除去,但Ag~+超过|5μg/mL时不能掩蔽.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Use of stochastic patch occupancy models in the California red-legged frog for Bayesian inference regarding past events and future persistence

Assessing causes of population decline is critically important to management of threatened species. Stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs) are popular tools for examining spatial and temporal dynamics of populations when presence–absence data in multiple habitat patches are available. We developed a Bayesian Markov chain method that extends existing SPOMs by focusing on past environmental changes that may have altered occupancy patterns prior to the beginning of data collection. Using occupancy data from 3 creeks, we applied the method to assess 2 hypothesized causes of population decline—in situ die-off and residual impact of past source population loss—in the California red-legged frog. Despite having no data for the 20–30 years between the hypothetical event leading to population decline and the first data collected, we were able to discriminate among hypotheses, finding evidence that in situ die-off increased in 2 of the creeks. Although the creeks had comparable numbers of occupied segments, owing to different extinction–colonization dynamics, our model predicted an 8-fold difference in persistence probabilities of their populations to 2030. Adding a source population led to a greater predicted persistence probability than did decreasing the in situ die-off, emphasizing that reversing the deleterious impacts of a disturbance may not be the most efficient management strategy. We expect our method will be useful for studying dynamics and evaluating management strategies of many species.