水处理氧化还原过程的电化动化学特性

以流动电流为参数。研究了水处理条件下氧还还原过程的电动化学特性，考察了水中ＫＭｎＯ４及其与ＭｎＯ２＋，Ｆｅ＾２＋之间氧化还原作用的流动电流（ＳＣ）规律，探讨了氧化还原的初始条件，水处理环境、原水水质、氧化剂与还原剂的投加方式等对流动电流的影响。结果表明，不中约０．５ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１的ＫＭｎＯ４可产生ＳＣ的峰值，而且当它与Ｍｎ＾２＋和Ｆｅ＾２＋经不同条件进行氧化还原作用时，可通过ＳＣ值的变化表现出更为     

Mn~(2+)协同Fe~(3+)-EDTA在中性pH条件下催化类Fenton降解水中卡马西平

研究了Mn~(2+)协同Fe~(3+)-EDTA络合体催化类Fenton反应,在中性p H条件下对水中新兴污染物卡马西平的降解情况.考察了Mn~(2+)∶Fe~(3+)、EDTA∶Fe~(3+)和H_2O_2∶Fe~(3+)的物质的量比率、Fe~(3+)浓度和初始p H等关键因素对卡马西平降解效果的影响.结果表明,共存Mn~(2+)能够显著增强Fe~(3+)-EDTA络合体催化类Fenton反应体系的氧化能力.在0.1 mmol·L~(-1)Fe~(3+)、EDTA∶Fe~(3+)为2∶1、Mn~(2+)∶Fe~(3+)为1∶1、H_2O_2∶Fe~(3+)为150∶1和p H 7.0的条件下,经过20 min反应时间,卡马西平的降解率能够达到100%,表观降解速率常数达到0.6374 min~(-1).其增效机理是通过Mn~(2+)-EDTA与H_2O_2反应促进O_2~(·-)的产生,进而加速还原Fe~(3+)-EDTA至Fe~(2+)-EDTA,间接提高HO~·的产生速率.研究结果能够为水中卡马西平的有效去除提供参考.     

南黄海沉积物间隙水中重金属(Fe,Mn,Cu,Co,Ni)的地球化学特征

本文主要研究了南黄海(32°N)沉积物间隙水中的Fe,Mn,Cu,Co,Ni与其硫化物及粘土矿物间的关系,结果表明:间隙水中的Mn~(2+),Cu~(2+)硫化物趋向于沉淀,Co~(2+),Ni~(2+)硫化物趋向于溶解,Fe~(2+)则有其硫化物的溶解-沉淀控制,Mn~(2+),Cu~(2+)还有其他体系和硫化物体系共同控制其浓度,间隙水中的Fe~(2+)可被蒙脱石吸附,Mn~(2+)被绿泥石吸附,Ca~(2+),Ni~(2+)被蒙脱石、绿泥石吸附,Co~(2+)被绿泥石、蒙脱石吸附,Fe~(2+),Mn~(2+)对粘土矿物吸附剂的专属性要求远比Cu~(2+),Co~(2地+),Ni~(2+)高,蒙脱石是南黄海沉积物中最重要的阳离子吸附剂,绿泥石次之。     

流动注射-分光光度法测定水中铁的形态

用流动注射-分光光度法研究了水中可溶态和悬浮态中铁的形态分析.将Fe~(2+)与邻菲罗啉的显色反应引入流动系统,用固体抗坏血酸方便地将Fe~(2+)预先还原.O—2.5ppm的Fe~(2+)符合比尔定律,测定限为O.02ppm,低于已报导的文献.2ppm Fe~(2+)经五次测定的相对标准偏差为0.5％,进样频率250次/h.进行了雨水、湖水、自来水中铁的形态分析,取得了满意的效果.     

γ-Fe-Ti-Al_2O_3催化臭氧氧化水中布洛芬并阻断溴酸盐生成研究

以葡萄糖为模版,采用蒸发诱导自组装法合成了铁、钛掺杂γ-Al_2O_3(γ-Fe-Ti-Al_2O_3)介孔催化剂,并将其用于臭氧氧化含Br~-水中布洛芬. X射线衍射(XRD)、氮气吸附-脱附(BET)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征结果表明,铁、钛成功掺杂进入γ-Al_2O_3骨架,分布均匀,保持了γ-Al_2O_3有序的介孔结构,具有较大的比表面积,钛的价态为Ti~(4+)和Ti~(3+)共存,铁的价态是Fe~(3+).铁、钛的掺杂显著提高γ-Al_2O_3催化臭氧氧化含Br~-水中布洛芬的活性,且有效阻断了溴酸盐的生成,反应60 min后,TOC去除率由γ-Al_2O_3的54%提高到86%,而单独臭氧氧化仅为13%.电子自旋共振和催化剂表面Fe~(2+)离子捕获实验表明,羟基和超氧自由基是反应活性氧物种,有利于有机物的矿化;有机物能够强化γ-Fe-Ti-Al_2O_3催化剂中的Fe~(3+)还原为Fe~(2+),从而有利于溴酸盐的阻断还原.     

中和共沉淀法形成铁氧体微晶及其对重金属离子的并合

本文对中和共沉淀法Fe_3O_4生成过程中重金属离子并合程度及其影响因素进行了研究,在实验条件下,发现重金属离子在Fe_3O_4晶格中的并合与其离子半径、电负性和外层电子分布等因素有关。并合程度为:Cu~(2+),CO~(2+),Fe~(2+)>Mn~(2+),Zn~(2+)>Ni~(2+),Cd~(2+),当Fe~(2+)/Fe~(3+)=0.5,pH=9.5±0.5时,对40mgCu~(2+),总铁量(Fe~(2+)+Fe~(3+))2.5g为最小投料量,其并合率可达99.7％以上,相同条件下CO~(2+)并合率大于99.7％,其它重金属离子由于本征特性影响,并合率各不相同,工艺条件适合于污水中Cu~(2+)和Co~(2+)的有效去除,对Mn~(2+),Zn~(2+)的去除也有一定效果,从沉渣的XRD物相分析可知,重金属离子在Fe_3O_4中的并合,是以尖晶石型结构取代式固溶体组成完成的。     

海底铁锰氧化还原过程的模拟研究

本文用室内海水-沉积物平衡箱研究了沉积物间隙水中铁、锰的垂直变化分布和随时间变化的分布,Fe~(2+)随深度、时间的变化幅度大,在六个月的实验期内均是如此,而Mn~(2+)在放置三个月后即趋于稳定;Fe~(2+),Mn~(2+)产生的宏观经验动力学表明:Fe~(2+)受pH影响远比Mn~(2+)大,且随着深度的增加更为明显,Fe~(2+)在较下层产生速率大,而Mn~(2+)反之;Fe~(2+)的扩散转移是上覆海水向沉积物中转移,扩散量为-60.7ug/m~2d,Nn~(2+)转移方向相反,扩散量为1746.2ug/m~2.d。     

亚铁活化过硫酸盐降解水中双氯芬酸钠

研究了Fe~(2+)活化过硫酸盐(PS)对水中双氯芬酸钠(DCF)的降解,调查了pH、Fe~(2+)用量、PS用量、Cl~-、常见过渡金属离子以及常见还原剂对Fe~(2+)/PS降解DCF的影响.结果表明:DCF在pH 2.0—9.0范围内均有一定的去除效果,且pH 3.0时效果最佳;Fe~(2+)与S_2O_8~(2-)的最佳投加摩尔比为1∶1,过量的Fe~(2+)可消耗部分硫酸根自由基从而抑制DCF降解;Cl~-对DCF的降解具有一定的促进作用,且Cl~-浓度越大,促进作用越大;Ce~(3+)和Co~(2+)对DCF的降解几乎没有影响,而Cu~(2+)和Mn~(2+)具有一定的促进作用;抗坏血酸和硫代硫酸钠具有双重作用,在低浓度时对DCF的降解具有促进作用,高浓度时呈现抑制作用,而盐酸羟胺和亚硫酸氢钠在研究的浓度范围内均呈现促进作用.     

高铁酸钾降解嗅味物质异佛尔酮的效能及机理

采用高铁酸钾降解水中典型嗅味物质异佛尔酮(IPO),考察了高铁酸钾投加量、溶液初始pH、IPO浓度、温度和反应时间等因素对IPO降解率的影响.采用响应面法进行多因素实验设计,利用二次多项式和逐步回归法拟合了IPO降解率、Fe~(2+)、Fe~(3+)与降解条件之间的关系,对降解条件进行了优化.采用GC-MS分析IPO的降解产物,探讨了IPO的降解机理.结果表明,高铁酸钾可以在1 min内迅速降解IPO. IPO降解率与高铁酸钾投加量正相关,与溶液初始pH负相关.在IPO初始浓度为6.0 mg·L~(-1)、溶液初始pH值为4.0、高铁酸钾投加量为0.9 g·L~(-1)、反应时间为5 min时,IPO降解率可达100%. Mn~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、NH~+_4和HCO~-_3等共存离子会抑制高铁酸钾对IPO的降解.高铁酸钾对IPO的氧化降解作用大于吸附、混凝的去除作用. GC-MS检测到的降解产物有4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮、5-异丙基-5-甲基二氢-2(3H)-呋喃酮和4-甲基-4-戊烯-2-酮等物质,推测高铁酸钾对IPO的降解途径主要是氧化、加氢和脱碳等.     

第二松花江底泥腐殖酸对汞离子还原作用的研究

本文采用将Hg~(2 )还原成Hg吹出并经KMnO_4吸收后测定的实验方法,研究了市售腐殖酸和从第二松花江底泥中提取的腐殖酸对Hg~(2 )的还原作用,考察了溶液组成、pH、温度等因素对这一作用的影响。其结果对于腐殖酸的氧化还原特性及其对松花江中汞的迁移转化过程的影响的研究有一定意义。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques