150t／d循环流化床生活垃圾焚烧炉的工艺结构与污染排放

垃圾焚烧处理技术在我国的应用越来越广泛，单纯引进国外的垃圾焚烧处理技术已经无法满足我国经济发展的需要。清华大学自主开发研制的150t／d循环流化床生活垃圾焚烧炉已经通过专家鉴定，各项焚烧污染物徘放指标均达到或优于国家标准，总体水平居国内领先水平。本文详细介绍了该焚烧炉的系统及结构，并对有关控制污染物排放的技术手段进行了详细分析。     

我国垃圾焚烧处理现状及其发展

本文对我国垃圾焚烧处理的现状和发展趋势进行了综述。垃圾焚烧处理符合资源化、减量化和无害化的原则,由于经济技术水平的限制,我国城市垃圾的处理主要是以填埋和堆肥为主,焚烧法处理占的比例较少,随着经济技术水平的提高,焚烧处理垃圾将得到迅速的发展。我国垃圾焚烧处理的发展应积极的引进、吸收、消化国外的先进技术,开发生产适合我国国情的垃圾焚烧设备;加强法规建设,实现垃圾焚烧处理的规范化管理;开发废气净化设备及其二次污染控制设备;确保焚烧废气达标排放;有效的对垃圾焚烧排放污染物的监控,保证垃圾焚烧处理设施安全、高效的运行。     

垃圾焚烧发电过程中的二次污染物控制处理技术

概述了二口恶英、重金属、酸性气体、灰渣等垃圾焚烧二次污染物的形成机理，并详细介绍了通过控制垃圾焚烧条件、尾气处理以及吸附等方法，可以有效控制二口恶英类污染物的排放；重金属的控制可以用除尘器或使用相应的吸附剂处理；采用较为成熟的烟气处理技术，可以控制处理酸性气体；灰渣可采用固化稳定化和酸或其他溶剂提出法处置。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属固化稳定机理及系统评价方法的研究进展

垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属是必须处理的环境污染物.目前,对于垃圾焚烧飞灰的固化稳定化处理已经有了大量的实验研究.但是,不同地区垃圾焚烧厂产生的飞灰中,重金属含量和形态大不相同,故相应的飞灰仍然难以实现大规模、普适性的处理.在查阅文献及实际调研的基础上,系统总结了垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的存在形态与浸出特性;通过对重金属固化稳定...     

城市生活垃圾焚烧过程中二次污染物的生成与控制

在我国 ,采用焚烧法处理城市固体垃圾 ,逐渐得到推广和应用。然而焚烧带来的二次污染物 ,如二、细颗粒、重金属、HCl以及SOx、NOx 等也随之引起了广泛关注。对垃圾焚烧过程中各种二次污染物的产生机理及其控制方法进行了综述。并且指出近期我国城市固体垃圾焚烧烟气污染物的重点控制对象应为颗粒物、HCl、SOx 和NOx。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧过程中二次污染物的生成与控制

在我国，采用焚烧法处理城市固体垃圾，逐渐得到推广和应用，然而焚烧带来的二次污染物，如二恶Ying，细颗粒，重金属，HCl以及SOx,NOx等也随之引起了广泛关注，对垃圾焚烧过程中各种二次污染物的产生机理及其控制方法进行了综述。并且指出近期我国城市固体垃圾焚烧烟气污染物的重点控制对象应为颗粒物，HCl,SOx和NOx。     

锅炉、有色、生活垃圾焚烧、非道路移动机械等4项污染物排放新标准部分解读

正环境保护部会同国家质检总局日前发布了《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》(GB 13271—2014)、《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》(GB 18485—2014)、《锡、铺、汞工业污染物排放标准》(GB 30770—2014)和《非道路移动机械用柴油机排气污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国第三、四阶段)》     

垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属污染物处理方法

随着垃圾焚烧技术在各个城市生活垃圾处理中的广泛应用,对生活垃圾焚烧的残余物,主要是飞灰的处理、处置,已成为困扰人们生产生活的重要难题之一。飞灰的处理是控制重金属污染的关键,目前处理垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属污染物的常用方法有：水泥固化法、化学药剂稳定法、飞灰热处理、化学浸提法等,生物淋滤法是近年新兴起来的金属浸提技术。经处理后的飞灰可进行填埋或资源化利用。因此,着重叙述了当前有关垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属污染的控制方法与处置技术的研究现状。     

垃圾焚烧烟气净化技术探讨及实践

焚烧城市固体垃圾所产生的烟气是一种含有有机化合物和无机化合物的复杂混合物。文章分析了垃圾焚烧烟气的产生与特性 ,探讨了一些典型垃圾焚烧厂的烟气净化方法 ,比选推荐了垃圾焚烧烟气净化的主工艺 ,以确保焚烧后烟气排放降低到最低水平 ,满足日趋严格的环保排放标准。介绍了生活垃圾焚烧厂烟气净化处理的最新实例     

不同城市生活垃圾焚烧技术的综合评价

通过工程的经济性分析、工艺过程的能流分析以及工程的环境影响分析,综合分析了流化床、炉排炉、气化熔融和等离子体气化等不同城市生活垃圾焚烧技术。结果表明:(1)在零补贴的情况下,流化床焚烧技术的工程效益最佳,但从项目投产年算起,其投资回收期也需9年;炉排炉、气化熔融与等离子体气化焚烧技术要达到流化床焚烧技术零补贴情况下的经济效益,分别需补贴约70、140、500元/t。(2)各城市生活垃圾焚烧技术下区域的水体富营养化和全球变暖影响最显著,而人体毒性影响最小。气化熔融焚烧技术和等离子体气化焚烧技术的环境影响比其他两种焚烧技术小一个数量级。(3)考虑污染物排放的环境效益,在现行中国排放标准下,流化床、炉排炉与气化熔融焚烧技术的工程效益都将得到较大提升。随着排放标准的更加严格,流化床焚烧技术的年收益率下降最显著;气化熔融焚烧技术的工程效益相较最优。     

An assessment of dioxin contamination from the intermittent operation of a municipal waste incinerator in Japan and associated remediation

Significant dioxin (polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDDs)/polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs)) pollution from a municipal solid waste incinerator was discovered in 1997 in Osaka prefecture/Japan. The cause and mechanism of pollution was identified by a detailed assessment of the environment and incinerator plant. The primary sources of PCDD/PCDF pollution were high dioxin releases from an intermittently operated waste incinerator with PCDD/PCDF emissions of 150 ng-TEQ/Nm³. PCDD/PCDF also accumulated in the wet scrubber system (3,000 μg TEQ/L) by adsorption and water recirculation in the incinerator. Scrubber water was air-cooled with a cooling tower located on the roof of the incinerator. High concentrations of dioxins in the cooling water were released as aerosols into the surrounding and caused heavy soil pollution in the area near the plant. These emissions were considered as the major contamination pathway from the plant. Decontamination and soil remediation in and around the incinerator plant were conducted using a variety of destruction technologies (including incineration, photochemical degradation and GeoMelt technology). Although the soil remediation process was successfully finished in December 2006 about 3 % of the waste still remains. The case demonstrates that releases from incinerators which do not use best available technology or which are not operated according to best environmental practices can contaminate their operators and surrounding land. This significant pollution had a large impact on the Japanese government’s approach toward controlling dioxin pollution. Since this incident, a ministerial conference on dioxins has successfully strengthened control measures.     

新型转式垃圾焚烧炉焚烧技术研究

研究了新型转式焚烧炉稳定燃烧工艺和有机垃圾在新型转式焚烧炉中焚烧过程HCl和NOx释放和控制特性。结果表明,新型转式焚烧炉采用二次燃烧技术,能有效控制和降低二次污染物的生成。     

Production of coloured glass-ceramics from incinerator ash using thermal plasma technology

Incineration is a major treatment process for municipal solid waste in Taiwan. It is estimated that over 1.5 Mt of incinerator ash are produced annually. This study proposes using thermal plasma technology to treat incinerator ash. Sintered glass-ceramics were produced using quenched vitrified slag with colouring agents added. The experimental results showed that the major crystalline phases developed in the sintered glass-ceramics were gehlenite and wollastonite, but many other secondary phases also appeared depending on the colouring agents added. The physical/mechanical properties, chemical resistance and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure of the coloured glass-ceramics were satisfactory. The glass-ceramic products obtained from incinerator ash treated with thermal plasma technology have great potential for building applications.     

Control of mercury emissions from a municipal solid waste incinerator in Japan

The control of Hg emissions from a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) is very important, because more than 78% of municipal solid waste (MSW) is incinerated. The Hg content of coal used in utility boilers is relatively low in Japan. In this study, recent trends in the Hg content of MSW in Japan and activated carbon (AC) injection as a control technology of Hg emission from an MSWI are discussed. The effect of AC injection on Hg removal from flue gas in an MSWI was investigated by pilot-scale experiments using a bag filter (BF). The injection of AC increases the Hg reduction ratio by 20-30% compared with cases without AC injection. The Hg reduction ratio increases as the flue gas temperature decreases. The Hg reduction ratio is closely related to the inlet Hg concentration and was expressed with a Langmuir-type adsorption isotherm.     

PCDD/F mass balance in the flue gas cleaning units of a MSW incineration plant

With the main purpose of evaluating PCDD/F presence and the corresponding mass balance over the emissions control system, an extensive study was performed on a municipal solid waste full scale incinerator equipped with a best available technology flue gas treatment line. Present paper reports the main results obtained, with particular reference to the PCDD/F concentration profiles and mass balances derived for every process unit of the flue gas control system. Total release evaluated for the plant is also outlined compared with data on PCDD/F content of raw waste and with reference values included in most recent guidelines.     

Reducing Emissions from Refuse Disposal

Estimates indicate that approximately 2.6% of the total atmospheric pollution in this country may originate as a result of refuse disposal. Although this may appear to be a comparatively low figure, it is important to note that refuse disposal is a universal problem: wherever we go, be the area urban, or rural, waste must be disposed of and in most cases the methods of disposal produce air pollution. Tabulated data indicates that the per capita rate of production has been increasing annually. In the city of Hartford, the quantity of refuse that is being burned in the municipal incinerator has been increasing at a rate of 5%/year. A comparison of the air pollutants emitted from open burning at a refuse disposal area, backyard burning and incineration of refuse in a municipal multiple chamber incinerator indicates that the quantity of pollutants emitted from the latter source is much less than those emitted from the other sources. The effect of having legislation with, enforcement authority and a program for regular inspections, has resulted in marked improvements of refuse disposal operations in Connecticut since June, 1966. Most of the burning still being done at refuse disposal areas is limited to only brush and demolition material. A multi-purpose incinerator is presently under construction in the city of Stamford, Conn. It is planned to demonstrate that not only bulky wastes and auto bodies, but also liquid wastes can be burned in the same unit without creating any adverse effect on the environment. This incinerator will be provided with an electrostatic precipitator for removing particulate emissions.

New methods of refuse disposal which are being tried are briefly described in this paper. All these methods tend to reduce or eliminate air pollution along with eliminating the health hazards normally related with open face dump type of operations.

The continual technological progress and improvements in methods of manufacture, packaging, and marketing of consumer products along with the economic, population, and industrial growth of the nation has resulted in an ever-mounting increase and change in the characteristics of the mass of material being discarded by the purchaser. In May 1967, a Three-State Conference on Air Resource Management was held at the City College of the City University of New York. This conference consisted of a number of panels or committees which discussed specialized areas of the problem of air pollution and its control. A portion of the introductory remarks from the panel report of the Solid Waste Committee1 is as follows:     

Control of Mercury Emissions from a Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator in Japan

Abstract

The control of Hg emissions from a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) is very important, because more than 78% of municipal solid waste (MSW) is incinerated. The Hg content of coal used in utility boilers is relatively low in Japan. In this study, recent trends in the Hg content of MSW in Japan and activated carbon (AC) injection as a control technology of Hg emission from an MSWI are discussed. The effect of AC injection on Hg removal from flue gas in an MSWI was investigated by pilot-scale experiments using a bag filter (BF). The injection of AC increases the Hg reduction ratio by 20–30% compared with cases without AC injection. The Hg reduction ratio increases as the flue gas temperature decreases. The Hg reduction ratio is closely related to the inlet Hg concentration and was expressed with a Langmuir-type adsorption isotherm.     

Dioxin emissions from waste incinerators

Mechanisms that have been proposed to account for the emission of PCDD/PCDF from municipal waste incinerators were evaluated in the light of extensive experimental data obtained from the Quebec City municipal solid waste incinerator by Environment Canada. It was found that PCDD/PCDF emissions were closely related to the quantity of material entrained by the combustion gases.     

Effect of additional materials on the properties of glass-ceramic produced from incinerator fly ashes

There are 21 Metro-waste incinerators in Taiwan under construction and are expected to be finished at year 2003. It is estimated that these incinerators will produce about two million tons of incinerator ash. In order to reduce the volume and eliminate contamination problems, high temperature molten technology studies have been conducted. The purpose of this research was that of trying to control the chemical composition of the glass-ceramic produced from incinerator fly ash, in order to improve the characteristics of the glass-ceramic. The experimental results showed that the additional materials, Mg(OH)2 and waste glass cullet, can change glass-ceramic phases from gehlenite to augite, pigeonite, and diopside. The physical, mechanical and chemical resistance properties of the glass-ceramic also showed much better characteristics than prepared glass-ceramic using incinerator fly ash alone.     

Levels of dioxins and furans in urban surface soil in Trondheim, Norway

A study was conducted on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in surface soil in order to determine the concentration levels and possibly distinguishing between known and potential sources. The concentration levels are low (0.16-14 ng I-TEQ kg(-1)). The results show a clear pattern where the highest concentration levels were found in the oldest parts of the city. A number of sources were recognised in the soil samples through congener profiles, not all of them active, although similar congener profiles make it extremely difficult to distinguish between different sources. Estimations show that the municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) and domestic wood burning are the largest PCDD/F pollution sources within the area.