垃圾焚烧飞灰中Cd、Pb、Zn的螯合稳定与水泥固化处理

采用有机硫稳定剂(DTCR)与水泥对城市垃圾焚烧飞灰进行稳定/固化处理,研究了飞灰中Cd、Pb、Zn的浸出毒性和固化体的抗压强度,比较了螯合稳定与水泥固化对Cd、Pb、Zn的处理效果、养护时间对固化体抗压强度的影响,并对飞灰的结构形貌进行了分析。结果表明,在稳定固化过程中飞灰中发生了复杂的螯合、水化反应,重金属形态由不稳定态向稳定态转变,螯合稳定对Cd的处理效果最好,水泥固化更适用于Pb、Zn。固化时间大于7 d后,飞灰中的重金属以及固化体的抗压强度已较为稳定。螯合稳定协同水泥固化的处理效果优于单一的稳定或固化方法,飞灰在固化7 d后可同时达到重金属浸出毒性和抗压强度标准,满足安全填埋要求。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰有毒重金属固化稳定技术研究综述

采用焚烧法处理生活垃圾正呈快速增长的趋势,焚烧过程产生的飞灰中所含有的大量有毒重金属对自然环境和人类生存都造成极大影响。阐述了目前常用的几种固化稳定垃圾焚烧飞灰有毒重金属的方法,综合分析了其固化特点和优缺点,并初步探索了一种低能耗环境下实现高温熔融处置技术的有效途径,从而为垃圾焚烧飞灰高温固化稳定有毒重金属的实施提供一定的理论基础和技术支持。     

地聚合材料固化处理垃圾焚烧飞灰

以垃圾焚烧飞灰和高岭土为主要原料,氢氧化钾为碱激活剂制备了地聚合材料,当焚烧飞灰的掺加量在70%时,其28 d抗压强度可达19.36 MPa。重金属浸出实验表明,地聚合物材料对垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属有明显的固化效果,在28 d时基本无溶出。SEM结果表明,地聚合材料的断面结构与力学性能和固化效果相关,XRD和FTIR的分析结果表明,焚烧飞灰和高岭土在碱的激发下生成新的硅铝酸盐聚合物,所得地聚合材料为无定形态。     

流化床飞灰固化焚烧飞灰效果及微观分析

以深圳某垃圾焚烧厂焚烧飞灰为例分析了焚烧飞灰的性质和重金属毒性.结果表明,飞灰中 Pb 和 Cr 超出TCLP 阈值,必须进行稳定化处理.以流化床飞灰为主要成分配制固化材料,按不同比例掺人焚烧l￡灰进行固化实验,结果表明,实验范围内重金属固定效果良好.微观测试显示,固化过程主要产物有水化硅酸钙凝胶、钙矾石等,通过物理包胶、物理吸附、复分解沉淀反应和同晶替代等作用抑制重金属浸出.     

水泥对垃圾焚烧飞灰的固化处理试验研究

对垃圾焚烧飞灰的化学成分、重金属物质的含量及浸出浓度进行测试分析.结果表明,飞灰中Pb和Cr等重金属物质浸出量超过浸出毒性标准,因而被认为是危险废物,必须进行固化处理.还考察了水泥对焚烧飞灰中重金属物质固化的效果,研究表明当飞灰掺量适当时,重金属物质的固化效果良好.重金属物质通过物理固封、替代,沉淀反应和吸附等形式可固化进水泥水化产物结构中.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰浸出特性及固化试验的研究

垃圾焚烧飞灰残留有重金属元素和二恶英等物质而被认为是危险废物,必须对之进行稳定化处理.通过试验研究分析了国内首家自主开发成功的广东省东莞市某回转窑垃圾焚烧发电厂垃圾焚烧飞灰的化学成分及矿物组成,研究了飞灰的浸出毒性,考察了水泥固化焚烧飞灰的效果,并与熔融/玻璃固化进行了比较.研究表明,该焚烧飞灰中重金属Cd的浸出毒性严重超标,并且随pH值的减小而增大,水泥固化效果随龄期的增大而更加显著.熔融/玻璃固化的效果优于水泥固化,但其经济性有待提高.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属污染物处理方法

随着垃圾焚烧技术在各个城市生活垃圾处理中的广泛应用,对生活垃圾焚烧的残余物,主要是飞灰的处理、处置,已成为困扰人们生产生活的重要难题之一。飞灰的处理是控制重金属污染的关键,目前处理垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属污染物的常用方法有：水泥固化法、化学药剂稳定法、飞灰热处理、化学浸提法等,生物淋滤法是近年新兴起来的金属浸提技术。经处理后的飞灰可进行填埋或资源化利用。因此,着重叙述了当前有关垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属污染的控制方法与处置技术的研究现状。     

水泥对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的固化研究

采用水泥固化法处理垃圾焚烧飞灰,研究了飞灰与水泥质量比、养护时间、添加剂和化学预处理对垃圾焚烧飞灰固化块中重金属Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd、Cr浸出的影响.结果表明,当飞灰与水泥质量比为3:4,养护时间为11d的条件下,以砂浆塑化剂为添加剂,固化块Pb、Cu、Cd和Cr的浸出浓度分别降低了72.4％、70.6％、60.0％...     

预处理飞灰重金属的固定化效果及环境影响评估

针对垃圾焚烧飞灰广泛存在重金属超标的问题,采用哌嗪螯合剂、二甲基二硫代氨基甲酸盐及水泥对飞灰进行预处理,以降低填埋风险。通过《固体废物浸出毒性方法醋酸缓冲溶液法》(HJ/T300-2007)探讨预处理对飞灰中重金属的固定效果,并采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜和BCR形态提取分析各飞灰的物相组成、微观形貌和重金属形态分布,使用RAC和STI模型对各飞灰进行环境风险评估。结果表明,原灰中重金属Ni、Pb、Cd的浸出毒性超标,重金属含量呈Zn>Pb>Cu>Cd>Cr>Ni顺序分布。预处理作用后,飞灰中重金属Ni、Cd、Pb的浸出毒性满足标准限值,固定率达99%以上,未超标重金属Cr、Zn、Cu的固定率高于96%。同等添加量下,SDD的稳定效果优于TS300,但TS300协同水泥固定重金属的作用优于SDD。稳定化对Cr的处理效果优于固化/稳定化,单一水泥固化对Zn、Pb、Ni的固定作用最佳,但40%的水泥用量及高增容比限制了水泥固化的应用。ANC测试表明,水泥固化的ANC最强。XRD和SEM分结果表明,稳定化形成的新矿物对重金属的固定起重要作用,水泥水化生成的Ca(OH...     

垃圾焚烧飞灰综合利用研究进展

焚烧处理是解决日益增长生活垃圾的有效方法。垃圾焚烧产生的飞灰因含有大量的重金属等污染物而属危险废物 ,目前常采用的处理方法是填埋。本文就垃圾飞灰的综合利用研究现状进行了论述。从环境和技术的角度看 ,垃圾飞灰的预处理、水泥固化和玻璃化是目前飞灰综合利用的主要研究方向     

Sources and fate of PCDD and PCDF

PCDD and PCDF were found in urban air particulates from St. Louis and Washington, D.C., and in sediments from the Great Lakes and Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale. The similarity between the PCDD and PCDF found in air particulates and sediment samples and the presence of PCDD and PCDF in sediment from Siskiwit Lake (a location which can receive only atmospheric inputs) suggest that these compounds are emitted to the atmosphere from combustion sources. The historical input of PCDD and PCDF to dated sediment cores shows a strong increase since 1940, and this suggests that the incineration of chlorinated organic compounds is an important source of PCDD and PCDF to the environment.     

Meta-analysis of time-series studies of air pollution and mortality: effects of gases and particles and the influence of cause of death,age, and season

A comprehensive, systematic synthesis was conducted of daily time-series studies of air pollution and mortality from around the world. Estimates of effect sizes were extracted from 109 studies, from single- and multipollutant models, and by cause of death, age, and season. Random effects pooled estimates of excess all-cause mortality (single-pollutant models) associated with a change in pollutant concentration equal to the mean value among a representative group of cities were 2.0% (95% CI 1.5-2.4%) per 31.3 microg/m3 particulate matter (PM) of median diameter < or = 10 microm (PM10); 1.7% (1.2-2.2%) per 1.1 ppm CO; 2.8% (2.1-3.5%) per 24.0 ppb NO2; 1.6% (1.1-2.0%) per 31.2 ppb O3; and 0.9% (0.7-1.2%) per 9.4 ppb SO2 (daily maximum concentration for O3, daily average for others). Effect sizes were generally reduced in multipollutant models, but remained significantly different from zero for PM10 and SO2. Larger effect sizes were observed for respiratory mortality for all pollutants except O3. Heterogeneity among studies was partially accounted for by differences in variability of pollutant concentrations, and results were robust to alternative approaches to selecting estimates from the pool of available candidates. This synthesis leaves little doubt that acute air pollution exposure is a significant contributor to mortality.     

Meta-Analysis of Time-Series Studies of Air Pollution and Mortality: Effects of Gases and Particles and the Influence of Cause of Death,Age, and Season

Abstract

A comprehensive, systematic synthesis was conducted of daily time-series studies of air pollution and mortality from around the world. Estimates of effect sizes were extracted from 109 studies, from single- and multipollutant models, and by cause of death, age, and season. Random effects pooled estimates of excess all-cause mortality (single-pollutant models) associated with a change in pollutant concentration equal to the mean value among a representative group of cities were 2.0% (95% CI 1.5-2.4%) per 31.3 μg/m³ particulate matter (PM) of median diameter <10 μm (PM₁₀); 1.7% (1.2-2.2%) per 1.1 ppm CO; 2.8% (2.1-3.5%) per 24.0 ppb NO₂; 1.6% (1.1-2.0%) per 31.2 ppb O₃; and 0.9% (0.7-1.2%) per 9.4 ppb SO₂ (daily maximum concentration for O₃, daily average for others). Effect sizes were generally reduced in multipollutant models, but remained significantly different from zero for PM₁₀ and SO₂. Larger effect sizes were observed for respiratory mortality for all pollutants except O₃. Heterogeneity among studies was partially accounted for by differences in variability of pollutant concentrations, and results were robust to alternative approaches to selecting estimates from the pool of available candidates. This synthesis leaves little doubt that acute air pollution exposure is a significant contributor to mortality.     

Field and laboratory studies of the fate and enantiomeric enrichment of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

The stereoselectivity of R,S-venlafaxine and its metabolites R,S-O-desmethylvenlafaxine, N-desmethylvenlafaxine, O,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine, N,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine and tridesmethylvenlafaxine was studied in three processes: (i) anaerobic and aerobic laboratory scale tests; (ii) six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) operating under different conditions; and (iii) a variety of wastewater treatments including conventional activated sludge, natural attenuation along a receiving river stream and storage in operational and seasonal reservoirs. In the laboratory and field studies, the degradation of the venlafaxine yielded O-desmethylvenalfaxine as the dominant metabolite under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Venlafaxine was almost exclusively converted to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under anaerobic conditions, but only a fraction of the drug was transformed to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic conditions. Degradation of venlafaxine involved only small stereoisomeric selectivity. In contrast, the degradation of O-desmethylvenlafaxine yielded remarkable S to R enrichment under aerobic conditions but none under anaerobic conditions. Determination of venlafaxine and its metabolites in the WWTPs agreed well with the stereoselectivity observed in the laboratory studies. Our results suggest that the levels of the drug and its metabolites and the stereoisomeric enrichment of the metabolite and its parent drug can be used for source tracking and for discrimination between domestic and nondomestic wastewater pollution. This was indeed demonstrated in the investigations carried out at the Jerusalem WWTP.     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.     

骆马湖富营养化和生态状况调查与评价

为了了解骆马湖水质状况，在2005年对骆马湖富营养化状态和生态特性进行了调查，并结合“十五”期间的监测资料进行了分析。2005年骆马湖水体中总氮和总磷的平均值超《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）中Ⅲ类，超标情况分别为0．78倍和0．54倍，达到湖库特定项目Ⅳ类水标准，骆马湖处于轻度富营养化状态。对骆马湖生态特征分析表明，由于该湖泊的形态以及“藻型浊水状态”和“泥沙型浊水状态”交替出现，遏制了湖水从高营养盐含量向全面富营养化状态演变，保障了底栖动物的良好生长环境，从而形成了骆马湖独特的环境生态平衡。     

Sources and distribution of polychlorinated-dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans in soil and sediment from the Yellow Sea region of China and Korea

Polychlorinated-dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were measured in soils and sediments from the Yellow Sea region. Korean soils and sediments mostly contained detectable PCDD/Fs and showed a widespread distribution among locations. Soil and sedimentary PCDD/Fs from China were comparable to or less than those in Korea. The patterns of relative concentrations of individual congeners in soils were different between the two countries, but similar in sediments. Sources of PCDD/Fs in China and Korea were found to be independent of each other and their distributions reflected matrix-dependent accumulation. Spatial distribution indicated some point sources in Korea while Chinese sources were more widespread and diffuse. PCDD/Fs measured in the coastal areas of the Yellow Sea were comparable to or less than those previously reported in for eastern Asia. However, ∑TEQs in soils and sediments were near to or, in some cases exceeded environmental quality guidelines.     

Aerobic and anaerobic degradation of profluralin and trifluralin

Abstract

The degradation of profluralin [N‐(cyclopropylmethyl)‐α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N‐propyl‐]p‐toluidine] and trifluralin (α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐p‐toluidine) was studied under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. Three soils (Goldsboro loamy sand, Cecil loamy sand, Drummer clay loam) were each treated with 1 ppmw herbicide; anaerobic conditions were maintained by flooding. Soil samples were extracted monthly and subjected to TLC analysis. No degradation was detected in sterile controls. Aerobic degradation of both herbicides was greatest in the Cecil loamy sand soil over the entire incubation period. Degradation of profluralin in Cecil soil under aerobic conditions was 86 percent after 4 months with three products detected; 83 percent of the trifluralin was degraded with two products detected. Anaerobic degradation accounted for 72 percent of the profluralin and 78 percent of the trifluralin after 4 months. Degradation of both herbicides increased with incubation time for the first 3 months and decreased slightly thereafter. Generally there was more extensive degradation (percent and in number of products formed) of profluralin than trifluralin under the conditions tested. More degradation products were detected for both herbicides under aerobic conditions than under anaerobic conditions.     

Copper-catalyzed chlorination and condensation of acetylene and dichloroacetylene

The chlorination and condensation of acetylene at low temperatures is demonstrated using copper chlorides as chlorinated agents coated to model borosilicate surfaces. Experiments with and without both a chlorine source and borosilicate surfaces indicate the absence of gas-phase and gas-surface reactions. Chlorination and condensation occur only in the presence of the copper catalyst. C₂ through C₈ organic products were observed in the effluent; PCDD/F were only observed from extraction of the borosilicate surfaces. A global reaction model is proposed that is consistent with the observed product distributions. Similar experiments with dichloroacetylene indicate greater reactivity in the absence of the copper catalyst. Reaction is observed in the gas-phase and in the presence of borosilicate surfaces at low temperatures. The formation of hexachlorobenzene is only observed in the presence of a copper catalyst. PCDD/F were only observed from extraction of the borosilicate surfaces. A global reaction model is proposed for the formation of hexachlorobenzene from dichloroacetylene.