基于10辆轻型汽油车的实际行驶与台架工况排放特征及影响因素研究

利用便携式排放测试系统(Portable emission measurement system,PEMS)分析了10辆轻型汽油车分别在实验室台架和实际行驶排放(Real driving emission,RDE)工况下典型空气污染物的排放特征和影响因素.测试结果表明,轻型汽油车在冷启动和热启动阶段产生的一氧化碳(CO)、碳氢化合物(HC)、氮氧化物(NO_x)分别是热运行1阶段和热运行2阶段的28.0、32.9、28.4倍和4.0、11.2、5.4倍,表明车辆启动对机动车排放贡献显著.台架工况排放因子受车辆启动排放影响较大,在台架实验去除启动排放影响的情况下,台架CO₂、CO、HC和NOx排放因子将分别减小2.3%±1.3%、44.2%±30.6%、47.5%±29.6%和44.9%±30.8%.在相同速度下,RDE工况下的CO₂排放因子相比不考虑启动排放的台架工况排放因子要高出31.7%±5.0%.单车瞬态排放数据分析结果表明,RDE测试相比于台架工况测试覆盖了更多的机动车行驶工况特征,可以更准确地量化车辆在实际道路行...     

燃烧室沉积物对点燃式发动机不同工况下排放的影响

第三代汽油清净剂在保持发动机喷嘴、进气阀清洁的同时,增加了燃烧室沉积物(CCD),这将增加部分污染物的排放. 通过M111发动机台架试验,测量了试验过程中CO,碳氢化合物(HC)和NO_x的排放,考察了燃烧室沉积物对不同工况下污染物排放的影响. 结果表明:燃烧室沉积物对NO_x的生成有明显的促进作用,也可能会增加CO排放;燃烧室沉积物对HC排放的影响较为复杂,一方面会增加高速工况下HC的排放,但其少量存在时可降低发动机在低速低负荷工况下的HC排放.      

WLTC循环下汽油车氨排放影响因素分析

为研究WLTC（worldwide light-duty test cycle,全球轻型汽车驾驶循环）循环下常规污染物和行驶工况对汽油车NH₃排放的影响,选定一辆满足国Ⅴ排放标准、配备TWC（three way catalyst,三元催化器）尾气后处理装置的轻型汽油车,测定其在WLTC循环下CO₂、CO、NO_x和NH₃的摩尔排放量.结果表明:CO、NO_x与NH₃排放的线性相关系数分别为0.626和0.321.NH₃高排放的出现除了伴有CO的高排放外,还需车辆具有高速和持续的正向加速度.用配备TWC尾气后处理装置前、后NO_x排放量的差值表示NO_x的转化量发现,NO_x的高转化量并不一定对应NH₃的高排放量,在循环后期大量产生的NO_x会抑制NH₃的排放.由于VSP（vehicle specific power,比功率）能综合反映行驶工况,研究行驶工况对NH₃排放的影响时主要分析VSP与NH₃之间的关系,通过VSP聚类方法将VSP划分为不同区间,得出当VSP Bin（vehicle specific power bin,比功率区间）大于0时,基于CO₂的NH₃排放基本呈随VSP Bin增大而增加的规律,并且基于CO₂的NH₃排放量最大值对应的VSP Bin为持续正向加速工况.研究显示,常规污染物中CO和NO_x对NH₃的排放会产生不同程度的影响,加速度作为行驶工况的表征参数之一会直接或通过影响CO和NO_x的排放间接影响NH₃的生成.      

内河船舶柴油机的实际排放特征

利用由SEMTECH-DS和ELPI组成的PEMS(车载排放测试系统),对京杭运河江苏段具有代表性的12艘内河船舶进行实际排放测试,分析不同工况下CO、HC、NO_x和PM的排放. 结果表明:巡航工况下CO、HC和PM排放速率分别为0.093、0.019、0.018g/s,低于进、出港工况;而NO_x排放速率为0.347g/s,分别为出港和进港工况的1.66和2.90倍;不同工况外排NO占NO_x比例不同,其中巡航工况中外排NO所占比例最大(达到96.7%),而出港和进港工况则分别为93.6%和93.1%. 随着负荷增加,船舶 CO、HC、NO和PM的排放浓度增大,高负荷下CO、HC、NO_x、PM的排放浓度比低负荷分别增高89.23%、29.51%、44.72%和229.49%. 由颗粒物的粒径分布可知,3种工况下颗粒物数浓度的粒径分布呈双峰分布,分别对应核模态和积聚模态,粒径<120nm的颗粒物数浓度占总浓度的99.84%以上,PM_2.5数浓度占PM₁₀比例均超过99.9%.      

汽油车技术发展对尾气排放影响研究进展

近年来,汽油车尾气排放已成为城市大气污染的主要来源之一.为减少油耗、温室气体和大气污染物的排放,汽油直喷技术(GDI)、醇类燃料替代以及混合动力系统等新兴技术被应用到汽车产品中,该研究对GDI发动机汽车、醇类燃料车和混合动力车的颗粒物(PM)、氮氧化物(NO_x)、总碳氢化合物(THC)的排放研究进行梳理和总结,综合评估先进动力技术和醇类燃料的环境影响.结果表明:GDI汽油车的PM排放因子为进气道喷射(PFI)汽油车的1.2~5倍,加装汽油颗粒物捕集器(GPF)后GDI汽油车的PM排放大幅下降,同时具备催化能力的GPF可减少NO_x和THC排放.与汽油车相比,乙醇燃料车PM排放量减少了35%~56%,尾气THC排放减少了10%~44%,但挥发性有机物(VOCs)蒸发排放增加了20%~41%,其主要来自于日呼吸损失.各类型车辆的NO_x排放差异较小,比较结果存在一定的不确定性.混合动力车相比传统内燃机汽车污染物减排优势明显,可积极推广其在公共交通和私家车队中的应用.建议今后研究应着重关注以下几个方面:①GDI和混合动力车在实际条件下排放污染物的环境影响;②醇类燃料车VOCs蒸发排放控制技术及相关法规标准的完善;③新兴技术汽油车排放污染物的生成机理及其影响因素.      

疫情背景下的福建省高速公路机动车污染物排放清单

机动车排放污染物已经成为大气污染的重要来源.基于福建省高速公路交通流量数据,采用自下而上的计算方法建立了2020年1—7月福建省高速公路机动车高分辨率污染物排放清单.结果表明,受疫情影响,福建省高速公路月均车流量和污染物排放量呈先下降后上升的变化趋势,4月污染物排放量达到最低,5月污染物排放量又迅速恢复到疫情前的排放水平,其中,疫情中期污染物CO、HC、NO_x、PM_2.5和PM₁₀排放较疫情后期分别减少了90.68%、89.06%、92.58%、89.58%和89.63%.在整个研究期内,不同城市高速公路机动车污染物排放的分担率有所不同,泉州、福州和漳州的高速公路机动车排放分担率较高;从车型来看,小型客车和轻型货车是CO和HC的主要贡献车型,NO_x和PM主要来自重型货车和轻型货车;从燃料类型来看,汽油车是CO和HC的主要贡献源,柴油车则对NO_x和PM贡献突出;从排放标准来看,国三和国四车对各项污染物的贡献率最大.各项污染物空间分布一致,排放高值区位于东部沿海地区路段,西部内陆的...     

首都国际机场飞机排放清单的建立

将基于标准起飞着陆（LTO）循环各阶段工作时间的飞机排放量计算方法加以改进,利用AMDAR资料计算飞机的有效排放高度,进而准确计算出基于逐架飞机的大气污染物排放总量.结果表明,首都国际机场2013年飞机NO_x、CO、HC、SO₂和PM_2.5排放总量分别为7042.1t、3189.9t、295.3t、429.4t和150.4t.与传统的基于LTO循环的方法相比,修正后的首都机场飞机NO_x、CO、HC和SO₂排放增加了23.5%、2.3%、2.1%和18.1%.飞机排放的CO、HC、SO₂和PM_2.5月变化较小,NO_x排放受飞机有效排放高度影响月波动较大.1～2月飞机污染物排放量处于全年最低水平,8月各污染物排放达到峰值.此外,飞机在爬升和滑行/慢车两种模式下污染物排放比例最大,分别占排放总量的37.7%与36.8%.     

宁波市区道路机动车综合排放因子

机动车综合排放因子是计算城市机动车污染物排放总量和排放分担率的基础,是降低城市机动车排放的重要依据,是控制城市道路交通污染的源头.根据宁波市区道路机动车运行工况的研究成果,利用加速模拟工况(ASM)排放测试系统,检测主要污染物HC,CO和NO_x的排放浓度;依据试验车变速器和主减速器的结构参数,以及试验车在宁波市区道路运行时的档位分布计算排污值,并依据机动车的年代和车型分布对该值进行修正,计算宁波市区道路机动车综合排放因子.结果表明,宁波市区道路机动车主要污染物HC,CO和NO_x的综合排放因子分别为5.89,21.22和18.91 g/(km·辆).      

大连海域远洋船舶排放清单

为准确评估船用柴油机实际排放,利用船舶自动识别系统(automatic identification system,AIS)采集远洋船舶的船速、航行时间、地理位置信息等实时航行数据,采用动力法对2012年大连港远洋船舶的排放清单进行计算. 结果表明:2012年大连港远洋船舶PM₁₀、NO_x、SO_x、CO、HC、CO₂总排放量分别为5 785(包括4 628 t PM_2.5)、51 451、49 437、4 677、2 010及2 885 388 t. 在4种运行工况中系泊工况排放量最大,受船舶类型和污染物种类影响,系泊工况污染物排放所占比例有所不同,但其分担率均在75.0%左右. 船舶排放污染物的空间分析表明,船舶系泊停靠的港口区域是污染物排放最密集的区域. 从船舶类型来看,散货船、集装箱船、邮轮和油轮是污染物主要排放船型,在整个船舶排放清单中,这4类船舶对DPM(柴油机颗粒物)、NO_x、SO_x、CO、CO₂的排放分担率之和分别为90.9%、91.4%、91.9%、91.5%、91.9%. 在船舶的主机、辅机和锅炉3种排放源中,主机是主要排放源,集装箱船和滚装船的主机分担率为90.0%,货船和邮轮的辅机排放分担率达到40.0%.      

乌鲁木齐市机动车排放清单研究

近年来随着乌鲁木齐市机动车数量的快速增加,致使机动车排放污染突出. 通过调查乌鲁木齐市2007年机动车的保有情况及技术水平分布,研究了各类型机动车的排放因子以及年均行驶里程,并测算了该市2007年机动车污染物排放总量、分区排放量及各类型机动车的分担率. 结果表明:2007年在乌鲁木齐市注册的各类型机动车排放的CO总量为11.09×104 t,HC总量为1.53×104 t,NO_x总量为2.73×104 t,PM总量为0.38×104 t;其中CO和HC排放主要集中在城区,NO_x和PM排放主要集中在外埠;在城区的机动车排放中,CO和HC排放以轻型载客汽车为主,NO_x排放以中重型公交车为主,PM排放以中、重型载货汽车为主.      

Evaluation of the International Vehicle Emission （IVE） model with on-road remote sensing measurements

Intemational Vehicle Emissions （IVE） model funded by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency （USEPA） is designed to estimate emissions from motor vehicles in developing countries. In this study, the IVE model was evaluated by utilizing a dataset available from the remote sensing measurements on a large number of vehicles at five different sites in Hangzhou, China, in 2004 and 2005. Average fuel-based emission factors derived from the remote sensing measurements were compared with corresponding emission factors derived from IVE calculations for urban, hot stabilized condition. The results show a good agreement between the two methods for gasoline passenger cars＇ HC emission for all 1VE subsectors and technology classes. In the case of CO emissions, the modeled results were reasonably good, although systematically underestimate the emissions by almost 12%-50% for different technology classes. However, the model totally overestimated NOx emissions. The IVE NOx emission factors were 1.5-3.5 times of the remote sensing measured ones. The IVE model was also evaluated for light duty gasoline truck, heavy duty gasoline vehicles and motor cycles. A notable result was observed that the decrease in emissions from technology class State II to State I were overestimated by the IVE model compared to remote sensing measurements for all the three pollutants. Finally, in order to improve emission estimation, the adjusted base emission factors from local studies are strongly recommended to be used in the IVE model.     

Optimization of gasoline hydrocarbon compositions for reducing exhaust emissions

Effects of hydrocarbon compositions on raw exhaust emissions and combustion processes were studied on an engine test bench. The optimization of gasoline hydrocarbon composition was discussed. As olefins content increased from 10.0% to 25.0% in volume, the combustion duration was shortened by about 2 degree crank angle ( CA), and the engine-out THC emission was reduced by about 15%. On the other hand, as aromatics content changed from 35.0% to 45.0%, the engine-out NOx emissions increased by 4%. An increment in olefins content resulted in a slight increase in engine-out CO emission, while the aromatics content had little e ect on engine-out total hydrocarbon (THC) and CO emissions. Over the new European driving cycle (NEDC), the THC, NOx and CO emissions of fuel with 25.0% olefins and 35.0% aromatics were about 45%, 21% and 19% lower than those of fuel with 10.0% olefins and 40.0% aromatics, respectively. The optimized gasoline compositions for new engines and new vehicles have low aromatics and high olefins contents.     

车用乙醇汽油和无铅汽油对电喷汽车排放性能的影响

分别对电喷车长时间燃用乙醇汽油、无铅汽油前后的喷油器流量进行了测试,并采用轻型汽车整车排放测试系统对燃用不同油时的主要污染排放物HC、CO和NO_x进行了分析.结果表明:与无铅汽油相比,乙醇汽油能有效降低发动机排放的CO和HC(均约10%)及经过三元催化转化器作用后HC、CO和NO_x的排放,燃用无铅汽油时整车在装有三元催化转化器下的排放达到或接近欧洲1号排放标准,换用乙醇汽油后,CO降低较明显,达30%左右,HC和NO_x分别降低约18%、10%,此时排放在欧洲1号排放标准之上或接近欧洲2号排放标准;乙醇汽油还具有优于无铅汽油的其它性能,如对喷油器有轻微的清净作用,发动机排放的CO和HC恶化趋势较慢,延长三元催化转化器的使用寿命.     

生命周期方法在天然气基汽车燃料评价中的运用

运用生命周期评价方法,对以天然气为原料生产压缩天然气、甲醇、二甲醚、柴油4种汽车代用燃料系统进行生命周期的能源、环境和经济评价,评价结果是：压缩天然气系统生命周期内的能耗相对少,总成本相对低,对生态环境更友好,压缩天然气是富含天然气地区一段时期内汽车代用燃料的优先选择．     

Exhaust emissions from gasoline-fuelled light duty vehicles operated in different driving conditions: A chemical and biological characterization

Chemical analysis and mutagenicity tests on Salmonella typtimurium strains TA 98 and TA 100 (Ames test) of exhaust emissions from five passengers vehicles, with or without a three-way catalyst, have been carried out to obtain emission factors and to characterize exhaust emissions. Both constant cruising speeds and transient driving conditions were investigated, regulated CO, HC, NO_x and particulates, as well as unregulated pollutants, were analysed. The following unregulated pollutants were measured: particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), 1-nitropyrene, light aromatics and light oxygenates. In total, 39 individual compounds were assayed. Emissions from catalyst-equipped vehicles showed a dramatic decrease compared with those from the vehicle without a catalyst. An emission dependency of both regulated and unregulated pollutants and biological activity on driving conditions were determined. An increased emission of PAH, 1-nitropyrene, particulates and mutagenic activity was found with a higher cruising speed.     

Influence of driving cycles on exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of gasoline passenger car in Bangkok

The influence of different driving cycles on their exhaust emissions and fuel consumption rate of gasoline passenger car was investigated in Bangkok based on the actual measurements obtained from a test vehicle driving on a standard chassis dynamometer. A newly established Bangkok driving cycle (BDC) and the European driving cycle (EDC) which is presently adopted as the legislative cycle for testing automobiles registered in Thailand were used. The newly developed BDC is constructed using the driving characteristic data obtained from the real on-road driving tests along selected traffic routes. A method for selecting appropriate road routes for real driving tests is also introduced. Variations of keyed driving parameters of BDC with different driving cycles were discussed. The results showed that the HC and CO emission factors of BDC are almost two and four times greater than those of EDC, respectively. Although the difference in the NOx emission factor is small, the value from BDC is still greater than that of EDC by 10%. Under BDC, the test vehicle consumes fuel about 25% more than it does under EDC. All these differences are mainly attributed to the greater proportion of idle periods and higher fluctuations of vehicle speed in the BDC cycle. This result indicated that the exhausted emissions and fuel consumption of vehicles obtained from tests under the legislative modal-type driving cycle (EDC) are significantly different from those actually produced under real traffic conditions especially during peak periods.     

杭州市机动车污染物排放清单的建立

基于调研的基础数据,运用修正后的IVE排放模型及GIS系统建立了杭州市2010年1km×1km的高时空分辨率的机动车排放清单.结果表明,2010年杭州市机动车污染物CO、HC、NOx、PM的年排放量分别为44.06,2.31,4.43,0.65万t,主要来自线源道路的排放.各车型污染物分担率各不相同,汽油乘用车和公交车排放CO和HC最大,柴油重型货车和公交车是NOx和PM排放的主要来源,两种燃油下的机动车排放差异十分明显.机动车污染排放与路网密集程度及道路长度密切相关,因此西湖区和江干区排放总量远远高出其他区域.机动车各污染物排放强度空间分布均呈现由城市中心向城市边缘的递减趋势,各污染物中心城区排放量占总排量的70%以上.机动车污染物排放日变化十分明显,与人群出行规律有极大的相关性.     

杭州市区机动车污染物排放特征及分担率

选取杭州市区绕城高速、快速路、主干道和民用支路4种典型道路进行工况测试,建立了2010年机动车CO、HC、NOx和PM10排放清单,获得了分车型、燃料类型、排放标准以及道路类型的机动车污染物排放分担率.结果表明,杭州市机动车的污染物排放分担率差别显著,乘用车、出租车和公交车是CO和HC排放的主要来源,重型货车和公交车是NOx和PM10排放的主要来源,且乘用车的NOx排放分担率也较大;柴油车的NOx和PM10的排放分担率远大于其保有量的贡献率,是其排放的主要来源,汽油车是CO和HC排放的主要来源;占保有量30%的国0和国I车辆,对CO、HC、NOx和PM10排放分担率分别为67%、69%、58%和82%;主干道是机动车CO、HC和NOx排放的主要来源,其排放分担率分别为66%、65%和64%,民用支路是PM10排放的主要来源,分担率为55%.     

Effects of different mixing ratios on emissions from passenger cars fueled with methanol/gasoline blends

The effects of different mixing ratios of methanol/gasoline blends and new three-way catalytic converter on regulated and unregulated emissions, especially VOC and carbonyl compound emissions were investigated.     

Evaluating the emission status of light-duty gasoline vehicles and motorcycles in Macao with real-world remote sensing measurement

Roadside remote sensing measurement was used to explore the real-world emission status of light duty gasoline vehicles （LDGVs） and motorcycles in Macao. Both fuel-based and distance-based emission factors were derived using the mass balance method. The emission concentration profile of LDGVs illustrated the benefits of tightening emission standards at the source country or region of import. The distance-based emission factors for CO, HC and NOx of LDGVs registered before 2000 were 8.00, 1.04 and 1.36 g/km, respectively. The distance-based emission factors for CO, HC and NOx of LDGVs registered in or after 2000 were 1.16, 0.15 and 0.18 g/km, respectively. The fuel-based CO emission factors of light duty motorcycles （LDMCs） and heavy duty motorcycles （HDMCs） registered before 2000 were about 10 times higher than those of LDGVs of the same age group. As the emissions of LDGVs decreased more quickly after 2000, the gap widens for newer vehicles. The distance-based HC emission factors of LDMCs and HDMCs registered before 2000 were 4.81 and 2.91 g/km, respectively. The distance-based HC emission factors of LDMCs and HDMCs registered in or after 2000 were 3.52 and 0.93 g/km, respectively. The poor emission performance of motorcycles and their larger share in the traffic flow will cause them to be the major contributor to traffic CO and HC emissions. LDMCs, especially two-stroke models, should be the priority for vehicle emission control efforts in Macao.