基于决策树—山体阴影模型的植被信息提取研究

植被是土地覆被分类的重要内容,植被分类对研究流域生态具有重要参考价值。鄂西犟河流域是南水北调中线工程的重要水源地,该区以中低山和丘陵为主,地形起伏剧烈,导致遥感影像存在大量阴影,制约了植被分类的精度。基于LandSAT OLI影像,使用ArcGIS的Hillshade模块,输入DEM数据和传感器具体参数,计算得到影像成像时刻阴影的准确分布;统计野外采集地物样本点在MNDWI、NDVI和RVI等指数上的差异;结合决策树分类法,分别设定阴影和非阴影下6类样本的阈值进行分类。结果表明:(1)该方法总分类精度能够达到92.93%,Kappa系数为0.912;(2)阴影和非阴影区植被具备明显的同物异谱和异物同谱特征,表现为阳面的植被指数整体高于阴面;3类林地的RVI值由高往低依次为:灌木,混交林和针叶林。(3)传统经验模型在不同纬度的适用性不同,无法精确提取阴影的范围,降低了分类精度;决策树—山体阴影模型作为一种智能分类方法,能够还原Landsat OLI影像准确的阴影分布,提高山地和丘陵等阴影面积大、形状复杂区域的植被分类精度。     

Comparison of understorey bird species in relation to edge–interior gradient in an isolated tropical rainforest of Malaysia

Forest fragmentation results in a loss of forest interior and an increase in edge habitat. As a result, these changes may affect the bird species distribution and composition. We studied how understorey bird community composition and habitat variables changed along an edge-to-interior gradient in a fragmented lowland rainforest in Peninsular Malaysia. Birds and environmental variables were recorded at each of the 93 sampling points distributed along the 14 parallel transects that were systematically placed across the gradient of distance from the forest edge to the forest interior. Species composition was different along the edge–interior gradient, although only a few species were strictly confined to either edge or interior habitat. Based on bird–habitat associations along the edge–interior gradient, some of these edge-preferred species occurred in high numbers at the matrix surrounding the patch. In contrast, the interior-specialist group, mainly terrestrial insectivores, avoided the forest edge and was positively associated with humidity, canopy cover, the number of dead trees, percentage of litter cover, and depth of the litter layer. Species endemic to the Sunda subregion were more abundant in the interior of the forest. From a conservation perspective, forest remnants in the lowlands of Peninsular Malaysia that have a deep leaf litter layer, dense canopy cover, high number of dead trees, and high relative humidity are able to support understorey bird species that are sensitive to edge effects. The forest has important conservation value even though it is fragmented and isolated.     

Identification of Forest Vegetation Using Vegetation Indices

Spectral feature of forest vegetation with remote sensing techniques is the research topic all over the world, because forest plays an important role in human beings' living environment. Research on vegetation classification with vegetation index is still very little recently. This paper proposes a method of identifying forest types based on vegetation indices, because the contrast of absorbing red waveband with reflecting near-infrared waveband strongly for different vegetation types is recognized as the theoretic basis of vegetation analysis with remote sensing. Vegetation index is highly related to leaf area index, absorbed photosynthetically active radiation and vegetation cover. Vegetation index reflects photosynthesis intensity of plants and manifests different forest types. According to reflectance data of forest canopy and soil line equation NIR=1.506R+0.0076 in Jingyuetan, Changchun of China, many vegetation indices are calculated and analyzed. The result shows that the relationships between veg     

Identification of Forest Vegetation Using Vegetation Indices

Abstract

Spectral feature of forest vegetation with remote sensing techniques is the research topic all over the world, because forest plays an important role in human beings' living environment. Research on vegetation classification with vegetation index is still very little recently. This paper proposes a method of identifying forest types based on vegetation indices, because the contrast of absorbing red waveband with reflecting near-infrared waveband strongly for different vegetation types is recognized as the theoretic basis of vegetation analysis with remote sensing. Vegetation index is highly related to leaf area index, absorbed photosynthetically active radiation and vegetation cover. Vegetation index reflects photosynthesis intensity of plants and manifests different forest types. According to reflectance data of forest canopy and soil line equation NIR=1.506R+0.0076 in Jingyuetan, Changchun of China, many vegetation indices are calculated and analyzed. The result shows that the relationships between vegetation indices and forest types are that perpendicular vegetation index (PVI) identifies broadleaf forest and coniferous forest the most easily; the next is transformed soil-adjusted vegetation index (TSVI) and modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSVI), but their calculation is complex. Ratio vegetation index (RVI) values of different coniferous forest vary obviously, so RVI can classify conifers. Therefore, the combination of PVI and RVI is evaluated to classify different vegetation types.     

The effect of natural and anthropogenic disturbance in forest canopy and its effect on species richness in forests of Uttarakhand Himalaya,India

Pinus roxburghii (chir-pine) and Quercus leucothchophora (banj-oak) are dominant forests of mountainous part of the Uttarakhand Himalaya. The continued anthropogenic disturbance is opening the canopy, forming canopy gaps and as a result forest fragments are developing. Thus, the present study aims to analyze variations in species richness and vegetational parameters in relation to canopy gaps in forests. Total species richness was greater in open canopied forest compared to moderate and close canopied forests. In comparison between oak and pine forest, it was greater in oak forest while the proportion of common species was low between oak—pine forests. Mean species richness did not significantly vary from one canopy gap to another as well as in oak and pine dominated forest. This indicated that dominant forest types played an important role to form the community structure. The shrubs richness were greater in closed canopy and between the forests it was greater in pine forest. Tree and shrub density was low in open canopy while herb density was high in moderate canopy. Thus, this study indicated that the dominant canopy species play an important role in deciding the community structures especially the distribution of under canopy species. These parameters should be considered for conservation and maintenance of plant biodiversity of a region.     

西秦岭山地农村生活能源建设与退耕还林的生态经济效益评价

在西秦岭山地使用太阳灶和沼气。生态经济效益显著。1户1台1．5m^2太阳灶、1个80沼气池每年所得刭的热量等于773k标准煤。折合1353kg薪材。净收益为268元。一年内所替代的薪柴等于0．338hm^2有林地一年的生长量，可使0．042275m^2有林地免遭砍伐。农户从退耕还林中得到的收益为平均每年465元。与种植粮食比较，这些收益主要是不再种粮后所节省的生产成本。退耕还林以扩大林木增量为目标，应作为中长期的战略。稳步实施。使用太阳灶和沼气以保护林木存量为目标。是巩固退耕还林成效的有力措施和生态建设的必要手段。应加大投入和建设力度。     

Estimations of the Transparency of the Forest Canopy: Analysis of the Ecological Content

The transparency of the forest canopy of lichen-green moss pine forests was estimated for different numbers of sectors of the celestial hemisphere. The ecological contents of these estimations are discussed. The dominance frequencies of species of the herbaceous-dwarf shrub and moss-lichen layers were analyzed. Based on the results of this analysis, it was concluded that the transparency estimated for the zenith sector alone better reflects the influence of leaf debris and the rainfall interception by the crowns. If the transparency was estimated taking into account all sectors of the celestial hemisphere, the effect of community disturbance increased and the redistribution of rainfall was masked.     

Comparative analysis of forest canopy mapping methods for the Sundarban biosphere reserve,West Bengal,India

The canopy density of forests is highly influenced by population pressure which cause forest fragmentations, deforestations, forest degradation and also land reclamation for infrastructure and agriculture. This study was envisaged with the objective of mapping the forest canopy density with two different methods by using Landsat 8 OLI dataset of the year 2016 after mapping the vegetation indices. One of the two methods is the semi-expert FCD mapper model, while the other model is newly developed by us and consists of eight vegetation indices. After running the models, the results of both the models were compared. It was found that for the semi-expert FCD model, the three classes viz. high canopy density, moderate canopy and low canopy covered an area of 81,615.51 ha (40%), 84,474.72 ha (41%) and 38,844.18 ha (19%), respectively. And for the modified FCD model, the same classes covered 69,134.670 ha (37%), 84,062.250 ha (45%) and 32,529.150 ha (18%), respectively. It was observed that the difference between semi-expert FCD model and the modified FCD model’s accuracy is about 1.75% and difference in Kappa statistics is 0.0362. Thus, the modified model is more accurate than the semi-expert FCD model and gives us more detailed canopy density map than the semi-expert FCD map.

     

Status, diversity and distribution patterns of mangrove vegetation in the Segara Anakan lagoon, Java, Indonesia

In the Segara Anakan lagoon, Java, 21 tree species and 5 understorey genera have been identified. Average tree density is 0.80 ± 0.99 Ind./m2 with 48.71% seedlings and an average basal area of 9.86 ± 10.54 cm2/m2. Tree density and diversity are high in the eastern part of the lagoon, located near the city of Cilacap. There, the dominant tree species are Aegiceras corniculatum, Nypa fruticans and Rhizophora apiculata, of which the two latter are characteristic for mature forests. By contrast, understorey species and the pioneer species (Avicennia alba, Aegiceras corniculatum and Sonneratia caseolaris) dominate the central lagoon where several rivers discharge. Compared to former studies, seedling density and tree diameter in the central lagoon has declined considerably and tree species dominance has changed. The high sedimentation rates and deforestation are likely to prevent the formation of a mature forest there. Tree communities are more equilibrated in the eastern lagoon which points to a more stable and less disturbed mangrove forest.     

Projecting canopy cover change in Tasmanian eucalypt forests using dynamically downscaled regional climate models

Loss of forest cover is a likely consequence of climate change in many parts of the world. To test the vulnerability of eucalypt forests in Australia’s island state of Tasmania, we modelled tree canopy cover in the period 2070–2099 under a high-emission scenario using the current climate–canopy cover relationship in conjunction with output from a dynamically downscaled regional climate model. The current climate–canopy cover relationship was quantified using Random Forest modelling, and the future climate projections were provided by three dynamically downscaled general circulation model (GCM) simulations. Three GCMs were used to show a range of projections for the selected scenario. We also explored the sensitivity of key endemic and non-endemic Tasmanian eucalypts to climate change. All GCMs suggested that canopy cover should remain stable (proportional cover change <10 %) across ~70 % of the Tasmanian eucalypt forests. However, there were geographic areas where all models projected a decline in canopy cover due to increased summer temperatures and lower precipitation, and in addition, all models projected an increase in canopy cover in the coldest part of the state. The model projections differed substantially for other areas. Tasmanian endemic species appear vulnerable to climate change, but species that also occur on the mainland are likely to be less affected. Given these changes, restoration and carbon sequestration plantings must consider the species and provenances most suitable for future, rather than present, climates.     

Inventories of fallout 210Pb and 137Cs radionuclides in moorland and woodland soils around Edinburgh urban area (UK)

Inventories of fallout (210)Pb and (137)Cs have been measured in moorland and woodland soils around the Edinburgh urban area, using a high purity germanium detector. The (210)Pb inventories in moorland soils were relatively uniform, with a mean value of 2520+/-270Bqm(-2). The mean (137)Cs inventory in moorland soils varied greatly from 1310 to 2100Bqm(-2), with a mean value of 1580+/-310Bqm(-2). The variability was ascribed mainly to the non-uniform distribution of fallout Chernobyl (137)Cs. The mean (210)Pb and (137)Cs inventories in woodland canopy soils were found to be 3630+/-380Bqm(-2) and 2510+/-510Bqm(-2), respectively. At sites for which both moorland and woodland data were available, the mean inventories provided fairly similar average enhancements of (47+/-7)% and (46+/-18)% of (210)Pb and (137)Cs under woodland canopy soils relative to open grassland soils, respectively. The enhancement factors are broadly in line with other independent findings in literature. Enhancement of both (210)Pb and (137)Cs in woodland soils relative to moorland soils is, in part, due to deposition by impaction during air turbulence, wash-off, gravitational settling and deposition during leaf senescence. Results of this study suggest that these processes affect both (210)Pb and (137)Cs carrier aerosols in a similar way.     

Using multitemporal Landsat TM imagery to establish land use pressure induced trends in forest and woodland cover in sections of the Soutpansberg Mountains of Venda region, Limpopo Province, South Africa

Globally, tropical forests are being perturbed by human activity. Tropical vegetation constitutes some of the largest terrestrial carbon stocks against the build up of greenhouse gases. In this paper, a local-scale case study utilising remote sensing methodology in estimating forest loss is presented, for a section of tropical South Africa’s Soutpansberg Mountains where land use pressure threatens some of the last remaining indigenous forests. Landsat TM images from October 1990, August 2000 and September 2006 were used, together with municipality level demographic data. Hybrid image classification techniques distinguished forest cover on the images, which were classified into vegetation density categories. About 20% of forest and woodland cover was lost in the 16-year analysis period, mainly due to pine and eucalyptus plantation and residential housing expansions. The local-scale key drivers behind the deforestation are examined.     

Vegetation of Northeast China during the late seventeenth to early twentieth century as revealed by historical documents

Historical vegetation antedates current anthropogenic land use. It can therefore be used to reveal land use/cover changes due to human activities. We collected 197 records from Chinese historical documents, including gazettes, government files, private literature, and travel notes, to reveal vegetation status during the late seventeenth century to early twentieth century across Northeast China. The results indicate that woodland and grassland were the dominant landscapes, whereas swamps accounted for a small area. Woodland was composed of needleleaf deciduous forest, broadleaf deciduous forest, and mixed needleleaf and broadleaf forest. Mixed forest occupied the largest area. This forest type covered most of the Greater Khingan Range, Lesser Khingan Range, and Changbai Mountains. Grassland occupied the Songnen Plain, Liao River Plain, and Inner Mongolia Plateau, whereas swamps covered nearly the entire Sanjiang Plain. In addition, the data revealed that most current cropland was converted from grassland in the Northeast Plain, whereas a small area of cropland was converted from woodland and swamp.     

上海城区六种林地凋落物中土壤动物群落结构

为探究上海城区不同林地凋落物中土壤动物的群落组成、群落多样性及其与环境因子的关系,于2014年4月~2015年1月分四个季度,对上海市建成年代较久的不同林地凋落物层土壤动物群落进行调查,共捕获凋落物土壤动物9 391只,隶属于2门11纲21个类群,其中优势类群为蜱螨亚纲和弹尾纲,两个类群共占总密度的90.31%,常见类群为双翅目、寡毛纲和等足目,占总密度的的5.29%。不同林地凋落物中土壤动物密度存在极显著差异(F=146.31,P0.01),其中香樟悬铃木林土壤动物密度最高,水杉林密度最低。此外各林地土壤动物季节动态表现出一定的差异性。密度-类群指数大小顺序为香樟悬铃木林(4.62)悬铃木林(2.69)香樟杨树林(1.86)香樟林(1.36)香樟水杉林(0.91)水杉林(0.85),该顺序可以较好地表征各林地的群落多样性。CCA分析显示凋落物有机碳、生物量、表土含水量、温度是影响城市林地凋落物土壤动物群落的主要环境因子,不同类群对环境因子适应程度不同。     

长江防护林——樟树林对降雨再分配的影响

林冠对降雨的再分配,是森林生态学和森林水文学研究的一个重要方面,其影响降雨从林冠到土壤的转移以及水土流失的变化,具有突出的生态水文意义。通过对樟树林下穿透雨和树干流的定位监测,旨在揭示林冠水文效应的变化规律,结果表明：林冠对降雨的再分配功能受到降雨量的影响,穿透雨、树干流和截留量与降雨量呈显著的正相关(〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗<005);穿透雨率随着降雨量增加而增加,而截留率随降雨量增加而减小,并且两者在高的雨量下逐渐趋于稳定,但是树干流率随着降雨量增加先升高后降低。同时,降雨强度也影响林冠的水文效应,随着降雨强度的增加,穿透雨率升高,截留率下降。在整个测定期间,樟树林穿透雨率为685%,截留率为292%,而树干流率为23%。在不同雨量和雨强级间,樟树林冠对降雨再分配存在着差异,而且林内雨的组成比例（〖WTBX〗SF／TF〖WTBZ〗）也受到降雨量和降雨强度的影响。樟树林下水分输入存在明显的空间异质性,穿透雨率在不同位置间具有显著性的差异,而且穿透雨的空间变化率,即穿透雨率的变异系数（CV）随着降雨量或降雨强度的增加而减少。     

Agroforestry in the Western Ghats of peninsular India and the satoyama landscapes of Japan: a comparison of two sustainable land use systems

Agroforestry in the Western Ghats (WG) of peninsular India and satoyama in rural Japan are traditional land-use systems with similar evolutionary trajectories. Some of their relevance was lost by the middle of the twentieth century, when modern agricultural technologies and urbanisation engineered shifts in emphasis towards maximising crop production. There has been, however, a resurgence of interest in traditional land-use systems recently, in view of their ability to provide ecosystem services. Both agroforestry and satoyama are thought to be harbingers of biological diversity and have the potential to serve as “carbon forests.” Carbon (C) stock estimates of the sampled homegardens in WG ranged from 16 to 36 Mg ha⁻¹. Satoyama woodlands owing to variations in tree stocking and management conditions indicated widely varying C stocks (2–279 Mg ha⁻¹). Agroforestry and satoyama also differ in nature, complexity, and objectives. While agroforestry involves key productive and protective functions, and adopts ‘intensive management’, the satoyama woodlands are extensively managed; understorey production is seldom a consideration. Differences in canopy architecture (multi-tiered structure of agroforestry vs. the more or less unitary canopy of satoayama) and land ownership pattern (privately owned/managed agroforestry holdings vs. community or local government or privately owned and mostly abandoned satoyamas) pose other challenges in the transfer and application of knowledge gained in one system to the other. Nonetheless, lessons learnt from satoyama conservation may be suitable for common pool resource management elsewhere in Asia, and aspects relating to understorey production in agroforestry may be relevant for satoyama under certain scenarios.     

亚热带山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种幼苗功能性状差异研究

以湖南八大公山25 hm~2常绿落叶阔叶混交林动态监测样地中24个常见物种为研究对象,按照不同生长阶段(H_1:5≤H20 cm、H_2:20≤H40 cm、H_3:40≤H80 cm、H_4:80≤H130 cm、H_5:H≥130 cm且DBH1 cm)获取了826株幼苗并测量了叶片和茎干功能性状,分析了不同生长阶段、冠层和叶片习性幼苗功能性状变异,以及不同功能性状对幼苗存活的影响。结果表明:(1)幼苗功能性状在不同生长阶段差异显著,随着幼苗生长,比叶面积(SLA)、叶片碳氮比(C/N)呈现下降趋势,比茎密度(SSD)、叶柄长度(PL)、叶片氮磷比(N/P)和叶绿素含量(Chl)呈现升高趋势;(2)SLA在灌木层、亚乔木层和乔木层间无明显变化,叶片厚度(LT)、Chl和N/P在3个冠层间变化显著,SSD和PL均在灌木层和乔木层间无明显变化,C/N在灌木层和亚乔木层间无明显差异;(3)常绿树种幼苗具有较高的Chl和LT,落叶树种幼苗具有较高的SLA、叶片氮含量(LNC)、叶片磷含量(LPC)和PL;(4)个体大小对幼苗存活具有显著正效应,LPC促进落叶树种幼苗存活,抑制常绿树种幼苗存活。在植物生活史早期,不同功能群植物针对林下低光环境采取了不同生长适应策略,不同生长阶段幼苗也根据光环境的改变调整自身功能性状。另外,八大公山常绿落叶阔叶混交林中幼苗的生长主要受氮素限制,且这种限制作用随着幼苗生长逐渐减弱。     

The influence of forest/grassland proportion on the species composition,diversity and natural values of an eastern Austrian forest-steppe

Eastern Austrian forest-steppe remnants are extremey important both from conservation and a scientific perspective, yet case studies integrating the examination of the grassland and the forest components are relatively scarce. Consequently, the knowledge on how the pattern of forested vs. non-forested patches influences species composition and diversity remains rather limited. In this study, we compared three sites with different forest/grassland proportions: grassland with a low canopy cover, a mosaic area with alternating forest and grassland habitats, and a forest with some canopy gaps. Our aim was to find out which one of them is the best for conservation purposes. We found that the grassland and the mosaic area had a similar composition, while the forested one was distinct from them. The mosaic vegetation seemed to be the most species rich, also hosting a high number of red-listed species. Beside forest-related and grassland-related species, the mosaic plot also supported some edge-related plants. We conclude that the preservation of mosaic-like forest- grassland habitats is the most favorable for conservation aims. Nevertheless, several species, among them some red-listed ones, were clearly linked either to the forest or to the grassland plot. Therefore, even though mosaics deserve a special attention, open grasslands and xeric forests should also be preserved.     

江西庐山自然保护区主要森林植被水土保持功能评价

随着环境压力的与日俱增以及森林过度采伐带来的生态危机的加剧,森林生态系统控制水土流失与涵养水源功能的量化及机理研究已成为各国生态学家、林学家、水土保持学家共同关注的课题。以江西庐山自然保护区的6种主要森林植被为研究对象,基于野外调查和室内实验获取的相关数据,采用层次分析法,选取郁闭度、丰富度指数、土壤容重、毛管孔隙度、土壤稳渗速率、枯落物储量、枯落物分解强度、海拔、坡度等15个指标构建多层次多指标的水土保持功能评价体系,根据层次总排序结果,分别计算出各指标的权重,并利用线型评分函数求出各森林植被类型水土保持功能的综合评价值,即6种主要森林植被类型水土保持功能排序为:常绿阔叶林玉山竹林常绿-落叶阔叶混交林落叶阔叶林黄山松林马尾松林。     

流域植被水文效应的动态模拟

为了揭示森林植被水文效应的动态变化过程，将简化的简单生物圈模型与动态植被模型和流域地形指数水文模型相耦合进行长江上游梭磨河流域植被及其水文效应的动态模拟。结果表明：植被覆盖和叶面积指数的增加使植被蒸腾和冠层截留蒸发增加而使土壤蒸发减小，植被的水文效应取决于蒸发分量中这两个相反方向变化的净效应。流域主要由草地和灌木覆盖时流域总蒸发大于裸地和林地。与裸地相比较，当单位叶面积指数截留能力取值0.1 mm时，森林减小了流域总蒸发，但当单位叶面积指数截留能力取值0.2 mm时，森林增加了流域总蒸发。森林的水文效应对冠层截留能力敏感，冠层截留能力存在一个控制森林水文效应从减小总蒸发变为增加总蒸发的转折点。植被的水文效应是随时间变化的，对于给定的植被类型其叶面积指数是决定其水文效应的关键因子。