福州市园林绿地植物应用调查研究

根据福州市134个园林绿地的调查，分析和总结福州市各类园林绿地（公共绿地，专用绿地，居住区绿地，道路绿地等）的植物种类构成，空间结构和植物配置的生态功能和景观效果，对福州市的园林绿化提出了一些建议。     

北京城近郊区园林绿地多目标规划

北京市城近郊区人口密集,经济活动频繁,作为改善城市空气质量的重要环境资源之一,园林绿地提供了不可或缺的生态服务功能。针对研究区降尘大、SO_2浓度高以及生产生活耗氧量大等主要环境问题,以满足城市居民环境质量基本要求为目标,通过一系列决策变量与约束条件的设定,建立起北京城近郊区园林绿地多目标线性规划模型。应用Lingo 8．0软件对规划模型求解,结果表明,规划期(2020年)不同种类园林绿地面积分配较基期(2000年)更为合理,强调通过乔灌草相结合提高园林绿地整体生态服务功能,为北京建设生态城市提供了规划依据。     

上海城市绿地系统构筑初探

本文从剖析上海城市绿地存在问题入手，结合城市规划配套发展原则，走生态城市大园林之路，探讨了绿地系统构筑的指导思想和原则，研究并提出了城市绿地系统的构筑的四大子系统体系。     

城市绿地生态效果评价方法的改进

城市绿地在改善城市环境、为居民提供游憩服务等方面具有重要作用。目前衡量绿地效果的指标从总量上规定城市绿地应达到的指标，但缺乏绿地空间分布合理性的表征。本文采用景观生态学中的异质性指数和均一性指数，提出判断城市绿地分布合理程度的两种新指标。     

淮北市采煤塌陷区土壤养分状况

研究了淮北市采煤塌陷区内湿地(南湖湿地、东湖湿地)、园林绿地、耕地3种土地利用类型土壤的养分含量情况.结果显示:湿地中受人为干扰强烈的南湖湿地土壤全氮量为1.128g/kg,显著高于园林绿地,与人为干扰弱的东湖湿地和耕地无显著差异;湿地有机质含量南湖为23.781 g/kg,东湖为11.250 g/kg,二者之间无差异...     

桂林市典型园林绿地与水体的降温效应研究

随着城市化的快速发展,城市热岛现象也越来越突出。作为城市生态系统中两种重要的地物类型,园林绿地和水体对城市热岛均有明显的降温效应,因此对其进行定量研究具有重要意义。以桂林市建成区为研究对象,利用TM影像数据提取了区域的地表温度(LST)、植被覆盖度(FV)以及改进的归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI)等生物物理信息,同时借助空间统计和缓冲区分析方法,对区域典型园林绿地和水体地表温度的空间特征及其相关性进行了定量研究。结果表明:桂林市5城区的地表温度以低温区和中温区为主。高温区与极高温区也占有较大比例,两者占市区总面积27.8%,较全市平均地表温度高约2~4℃,整体上呈现显著的热岛效应。城市中园林绿地和水体的平均地表温度分别为26.76和24.86℃。相关性分析揭示,城市园林绿地和水体面积与其内部地表温度呈现极显著负相关关系(sig=0.001),园林绿地的FV、水体MNDWI则呈显著负相关关系(sig=0.015和sig=0.038),说明地表温度随着上述参数的增大而降低。除典型水体面积与地表温度的拟合曲线为对数函数之外,其他参数的最佳拟合效果均为线性。缓冲区分析说明,不论是城市园林绿地还是水体,都会对外围一定区域的热环境产生影响。伴随城市园林绿地与水体样区缓冲带距离的增大,外围区域的地表温度呈上升趋势,但这种趋势随距离变化在不断减弱,其有效影响范围在距样区边界120~240 m处。通过对比研究发现,城市中较大面积的公园绿地或水体其降温效应要比面积较小者显著,而水体对于周围热场的影响和敏感度要强于园林绿地。     

基于形态学空间格局分析的城市绿地对热环境的影响研究

城市绿地是改善热环境的重要方式之一,当前研究主要集中于以景观指数衡量的绿地空间形态与热环境之间的关系,较少关注以城市公园为主的绿地内部空间结构对热环境的影响及其规划设计实施的可操作性。基于另一种视角——形态学空间格局分析的7个指标量化绿地空间格局,以武汉主城区的其中25个绿地为研究对象,通过2018年9月15日Landsat 8遥感数据反演地表温度,从绿地的点面、边界、廊道三方面分析绿地空间格局对绿地内部平均温度(T)、降温幅度(ΔT)的影响。结果表明:25个绿地可分为内外降温显著型、内部降温显著型、降温效果一般型、降温能力较弱型4类绿地,它们具有显著差异的空间格局主要集中在核心、孤岛与分支。绿地空间格局对自身温度的影响上,T与核心、孔隙指标显著负相关,与孤岛、分支指标显著正相关,可通过提高绿地核心斑块的集中性、核心斑块内部边界营造、减少破碎化小斑块数量、避免仅一端连接核心斑块的廊道等措施,提高绿地自身的降温效果。环线、桥接以非线性方式影响T,可将二者的比例分别控制在5%、17%以内。绿地空间格局对周围温度的影响上,ΔT与核心指标显著正相关,与孤岛、边缘指标显著负相关。ΔT随边缘、分支指标的增加先快速下降后逐渐趋于平稳,需尽可能避免绿地核心斑块被割裂与出现分支。环线仍以非线性方式影响ΔT,适宜控制其比例在6%。     

两种绿地对机动车排放CO_2的削减作用比较

不同群落结构绿地系统中大气CO_2的空间分布特征和来源解析是优化植物配置模式、评价绿地生态效益的重要依据。本文以北京市园林科学研究院("乔-灌-草"结构)和四得公园绿地(单一乔木结构)距离北京市四环路0、30、60、90和120 m处大气CO_2为研究对象,测定其浓度和δ13C值,并利用Keeling plot方程结合Iso Source软件对CO_2来源进行定量估算,以期获得不同群落对机动车排放CO_2的消减作用的差异。结果表明,城市绿地系统CO_2浓度和CO_2增量中机动车尾气贡献率随与道路距离的增加呈明显下降趋势,"乔-灌-草"结构和单一乔木结构绿地中距离道路120 m处CO_2摩尔分数分别为403.36和423.57μmol·mol~(-1),分别较路旁降低7.42%和4.32%,其中外源CO_2中机动车尾气的贡献率分别降低33.9%和22.5%,土壤呼吸贡献率分别升高12.1%和7.6%,植物呼吸贡献率分别升高21.8%和14.9%。"乔-灌-草"结构较单一乔木结构对CO_2浓度和机动车尾气CO_2贡献率的削减作用更明显,且最大削减率的位置更靠近绿地边缘。在城市系统中临近道路的边缘位置配植"乔-灌-草"结构的绿地能有效削减道路上机动车排放的CO_2。     

合肥城市主要绿地类型小气候调节作用初析

城市植被作为城市生态系统的主要组成部分之一,能有效缓解城市热岛效应,改善环境。为探讨不同绿化类型生态效应的差异,以合肥市公共绿地中的林地和草地为研究对象,于2009年3~5月间利用电子温湿度计和电子照度计分别测定不同面积的森林和草地内温度、湿度、光照强度的变化。结果表明:不同规模的林地和草地降温增湿的效果随着林地和草地绿化面积的增大而增强,不同面积的林地和草地内湿度之间存在显著的差异性(p<0.05);相同面积的林地降温增湿效果随林分郁闭度的增大而增强,郁闭度分别为0.5、0.64、0.73的林地降温效果比非绿地高1.9%、2.2%和3.9%,增湿效果高12.3%、12.6%和14.7%;以非绿地为对照,相同面积的林地改善城市气候的效果明显高于草地;一天早、中、晚3个测定时段内林地的降温率比草地高2.34%、2.75%和5.03%,增湿率比草地高1.18%、2.41%、4.42%。     

广州城市绿地系统景观生态学分析

绿地是城市这个人工景观中最重要的自然要素。以往对绿地的研究主要集中于能量流动等功能方面，很少涉及空间结构，在本文中，将利用景观生态学中的原理和方法，分析广州市绿地景观的异质性，并提出一些建议。     

Integrated water resource management at the industrial park level: A case of the Tianjin Economic Development Area

Water reuse and wastewater minimization are becoming increasingly important strategies for industrial parks. However, integrated industrial water management systems at an industrial park level have not yet been adequately investigated to determine synergies. This paper employs a case study of the Tianjin Economic Development Area (TEDA) to examine the importance of developing an integrated water resources management framework at the industrial park level. The paper presents a framework for effective and efficient management of water resources within an industrial park by taking a systems approach to conventional water management practices, designed to minimize industrial water use and maximize wastewater reuse among different tenants of an industrial park. The framework is composed of four elements: a management information system, policies and regulations, economic instruments and capacity building. The paper then considers how to implement such an integrated approach.     

广州市城市林业管理信息系统的研制开发

将ＧＩＳ技术引进技术林业研究，建立广州市城市林业管理信息系统，该系统具有采集，管理，分析和更新多种区域空间信息的能力，其分六个子系统，公园管理子系统，绿地管理子系统、市郊森林管理子系统、管理机构管理子系统，法规文件管理子系统。可以文字，数据，报表，图形，录像和声音等方式输入、存储、显示、输出绿化系统各类信息，并能随时查阅，检索、修改、录入、删除各类信息。     

Protected‐Area Boundaries as Filters of Plant Invasions

Abstract: Human land uses surrounding protected areas provide propagules for colonization of these areas by non‐native species, and corridors between protected‐area networks and drainage systems of rivers provide pathways for long‐distance dispersal of non‐native species. Nevertheless, the influence of protected‐area boundaries on colonization of protected areas by invasive non‐native species is unknown. We drew on a spatially explicit data set of more than 27,000 non‐native plant presence records for South Africa's Kruger National Park to examine the role of boundaries in preventing colonization of protected areas by non‐native species. The number of records of non‐native invasive plants declined rapidly beyond 1500 m inside the park; thus, we believe that the park boundary limited the spread of non‐native plants. The number of non‐native invasive plants inside the park was a function of the amount of water runoff, density of major roads, and the presence of natural vegetation outside the park. Of the types of human‐induced disturbance, only the density of major roads outside the protected area significantly increased the number of non‐native plant records. Our findings suggest that the probability of incursion of invasive plants into protected areas can be quantified reliably.     

漳州市绿地有机质和磁化率特征及其相关性

对漳州市的公园绿地、道路绿地、单位附属绿地和居住区绿地的有机质含量和磁学特征进行了分析,结果表明漳州市城区绿地有机质含量波动范围较大,土壤样品有机质含量的平均值是12.47 g/kg,变化范围为2.27～27.79 g/kg,不同绿地功能区有机质含量为单位附属绿地道路绿地公园绿地居住区绿地。土壤样品的平均磁化率值为300.39×10-8 m3/kg,频率磁化率平均值为1.58%,土壤呈现明显的磁性增强,不同绿地功能区土壤磁化率值为居住区绿地道路绿地单位附属绿地公园绿地;有机质与磁化率的相关性较弱,基本上不存在土壤发生学上的联系。由于工业排放,汽车尾气等人类活动的影响,原始土壤已经严重破坏,土壤组成复杂,大量外来物质入侵,漳州市城市绿地表现出明显的人为扰动特征,并且可能受到一定程度的重金属污染。     

公园景观视觉质量的评价方法研究

介绍一种新的适用于公园景观视觉质量评价的方法,即“区内、区外景观复合叠加分析法”。该方法在实地观测和评价的基础上选用6个评价因子,分别为区内自然景观所占比例、区内自然景观的质素、区内景观建筑物与自然景观的协调性、区外人工建筑物的视觉占有率、区外人工建筑物离观测点的距离、区外人工建筑物的视觉主导性,对公园进行区内、区外景观的复合叠加分析,并将该方法应用于北京市典型的城市公园（紫竹院公园）和郊野公园（东小口公园）。其评价结果既可以从视觉角度对城市公园和郊野公园进行区分,又可以为公园内景观规划管理以及公园外围的空间控制提供依据。     

上海市免费公园中老年游客行为及满意度特征调查

中老年游客是免费公园游客人群的主要群体,以上海市27座免费公园为例,分析中老年两年龄段游客行为特征,以及其对公园设施服务的重要性和满意度。结果表明:中年游客具有择园路程范围广,公共交通利用率高,来园频率低,入园时间晚,喜爱亲子活动,停留时间短等特征;而老年游客则表现出偏爱短距离公园,以步行为主,来园频率高,入园时间早,倾向运动健身,停留时间长等特征。两年龄段游客对公园满意度评价总体相近,均认为绿化、卫生状况和安全性,以及景点、厕所和无障碍设施设置是影响游客来园的关键因子,前3项令游客满意,而后3项却达不到期望。针对两年龄段游客不同的行为和满意度特征,对免费公园的经营管理提出建议。     

Contrasting approved uses against actual uses at La Restinga Lagoon National Park, Margarita Island, Venezuela. A GPS and GIS method to improve management plans and rangers coverage

Protected areas are the core of efforts to conserve biological diversity and zoning uses, and they are used as a tool for their management. Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) have been used to evaluate conflicts between approved uses and actual uses in La Restinga Lagoon National Park in Venezuela (LRLNP). The park (188.6 km²), covers various ecosystems such as coastal lagoons, marine waters and xerophytic vegetation, it is visited by up to 260,000 people visit per year. A GIS, using a base map compiled from 1:25,000 maps was developed. Natural cover was mapped from LANDSAT VII TM images, orthophotomaps and aerial photographs. Spatial use data was collected by field GPS location of any use inside the park during 2 years. Thematic vector maps for each land cover, zoning area, and observed use were created. Maps of zoning and uses were overlapped and new maps for each use-zoning crossing were created. The park contain nine different zoning areas wherein 28 different uses were identified, 18 of them were direct consumptive and non-consumptive uses, occurring on 54% of the park. Tourism transit areas were the most used zones. More than 5,000 people use the park during a high season day. Superimposition of zoning maps with actual use data produced 13 uses taking place in not allowed areas (46% of park area). Most common prohibited use was commercial net fishing, occurring in nearly 40% of the park area. Therefore, identifying human use conflicts and its geographical distribution is a key issue to improve Management Plans as well as identifying hot sites. The GPS-GIS methodology presented here allows Park Rangers to select those areas which could benefit from enhanced supervision with the limited budget available.     

Pah characteristics in ambient air within a steel industrial complex

Ambient air samples at ten sites in an iron and steel industrial complex were collected from June to December for analyzing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Sixteen species of PAH components in air samples were identified. The results indicate that both gaseous phase and particle‐bound PAHs at the top of the cokemaking plants are unusually high. The profiles of particle‐bound PAHs indicate that the predominant species at the top of, the coke oven batteries are those of high molecular weight components. The major components of particle‐bound PAHs at sampling sites near the fenceline, however, include the medium molecular weight components. The PAH profiles of air samples within the industrial complex show a strong similarity to those of cokemaking plant samples. The concentrations and the specific content of benzo(a)pyrene in the iron and steel industrial complex are higher than those values measured in urban area, petrochemical industry park, and open‐air burning area.     

基于TM遥感影像的广州市城区公园增湿效应研究

选取广州市城区17个公园作为研究对象,分析了公园对周边环境的增湿效应。结果表明,公园周边与公园边界点的空气湿度差随着其远离公园边界距离的增大而增加,且增长趋势逐渐减缓,拟合曲线近似于一条过原点的三次多项式（R2〉0.80）。绿化率大于50%、长宽比接近1的公园,其平均增湿范围和增湿湿度差均与绿地面积存在显著的正线性关系（R2分别为0.94和0.77）。水体面积比例较大或长宽比较大（约≥2）的公园,比同等条件下水体面积较小或长宽比较小的公园（≈1）增湿效果好。     

Conservation in a Region of Political Instability: Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda

Abstract: Bwindi Impenetrable is the most important forest in Uganda for conservation of biodiversity. It contains over half the world's mountain gorillas. It is surrounded by densely populated agricultural land and lies within a region of political instability. Gazetted as a forest reserve in 1932, little forest now remains outside its boundaries. Transformation of nearby communal swampland to farmland, much owned by a few individuals, shows the probable fate of Bwindi if it had not been declared a protected area. Widespread illegal logging and other activities were among reasons why the status of the forest was raised to national park in 1991. This resulted in local resentment, fed by inadequate consultation and concern about the local people's loss of access to resources. Fires were set in the forest and threats made against the gorillas. Three schemes to provide benefits from the existence of the forest to communities and involve them in park management were then instituted: agreements allowing controlled harvesting of resources in the park, receipt of some revenue from tourism, and establishment of a trust fund partly for community development. Tension between people and park has been reduced. This case demonstrates the importance of protected areas and community involvement in such circumstances. Community support is especially critical, as here, when resources available to park managers are limited and political instability endemic.