生产工艺过程危险、有害因素辨识方法

提出了采用"工艺生产过程危险、有害因素辨识表"来辨识危险、有害因素的方法.该方法基于PHA分析法,可用于安全预评价和现状评价中生产工艺过程危险、有害因素的辨识.文中引用国家标准归纳了危险、有害因素,利用分级赋值法对危险、有害因素进行了半定量分析,从而辨识出评价项目的主要危险、有害因素,提供了一种可进行半定量化计算的危险因素辨识方法.同时,分别示例应用该方法对一个半导体工厂进行安全预评价和对一个危险化学品生产企业进行安全现状评价.采用本方法进行评价的案例评价结果的合理性得到项目评审会专家的认同.该方法简便易行,为危险、有害因素的半定量化计算提供了可行的方法.     

重大危险隐患的安全评价与安全文化建设

科学地实施危险隐患（重大事故隐患、爆炸危险场所）的安全评价，发现重大事故隐患，运用实际检测数据进行量化评估与分级，与此同时，认真注意有针对性的安全文化建设，提高员工的安全意识，达到对危险隐患进行安全管理的目的。     

进行矿井危险程度综合评价实行分级管理,分级监察初探

进行矿井危险程度综合评价　实行分级管理、分级监察初探吉林省劳动厅矿山安全监察处刘庆敏一、进行矿井危险程度综合评价，实行分级管理、分级监察的必要性长期以来，我国矿山安全管理存在一些不太合理的作法，如确定矿井安全管理目标缺少科学依据，很少考虑矿井危险程度...     

一种基于层次分析法的危险化学品源安全评价综合模型

危险化学品源的安全评价是安全生产管理中的一项重要内容.目前用于危险化学品源安全评价与分级的常用方法有后果分析法、道指数法、蒙德指数法以及使用临界系数判别重大危险源的方法等.在实际应用中,单独使用某一方法时,由于存在各种片面性问题而得不到满意的评价结果; 几种方法同时使用时,其评价指标、评价结果以及结果的形式又会互相冲突.为解决上述问题,建立了基于层次分析法的综合评价模型.首先,根据安全评价要求构建3层次的评价体系,在各层次中构造判断矩阵,并计算4种常用方法相对综合评价模型的置信度; 其次,对各方法统一危险分级标准,均采用危险分数划定危险级别,并取各危险分数的加权平均值--综合危险分数作为综合评价模型下的危险源分级标准.采用综合评价模型可消除单一方法进行评价时的片面性和偏差,同时,评价结果的一致化使得判断危险化学品源的危险级别以及由此采取相应级别的管理措施成为可能,将更有利于实际安全生产管理指导.     

一种基于层次分析法的危险化学品源安全评价综合模型

危险化学品源的安全评价是安全生产管理中的一项重要内容。目前用于危险化学品源安全评价与分级的常用方法有后果分析法、道指数法、蒙德指数法以及使用临界系数判别重大危险源的方法等。在实际应用中,单独使用某一方法时,由于存在各种片面性问题而得不到满意的评价结果;几种方法同时使用时,其评价指标、评价结果以及结果的形式又会互相冲突。为解决上述问题,建立了基于层次分析法的综合评价模型。首先,根据安全评价要求构建3层次的评价体系,在各层次中构造判断矩阵,并计算4种常用方法相对综合评价模型的置信度;其次,对各方法统一危险分级标准,均采用危险分数划定危险级别,并取各危险分数的加权平均值——综合危险分数作为综合评价模型下的危险源分级标准。采用综合评价模型可消除单一方法进行评价时的片面性和偏差,同时,评价结果的一致化使得判断危险化学品源的危险级别以及由此采取相应级别的管理措施成为可能,将更有利于实际安全生产管理指导。     

石化企业危险化工工艺风险等级评估指标体系研究

随着石化企业的迅猛发展,危险化学品的用量不断增加,生产工艺和条件也越趋苛刻,在带来巨大经济效益的同时,也存在重大安全事故隐患,因此石化企业危险工艺的风险评估显得尤为重要。考虑到目前国内还没有能够比较科学完整地评估石化企业危险化工工艺风险等级的安全评价方法,在国家安监总局划分的15种危险化工工艺的基础上,根据危险化工工艺表征涉及的影响因素,结合化工工艺的实际情况,选择具有典型代表意义的重要性评价指标作为研究对象,将危险化工工艺风险等级分为工艺固有危险性以及安全补偿两部分,其中固有危险性又分为目标层、准则层和因素层3个层次。采用理论分析法与专家咨询法筛选指标,最终建立了由67个具体指标组成的动态指标体系,从而为政府和企业加强安全管理提供了便利,进一步实现石化企业的本质安全化。     

《机械工厂安全性评价标准》在我厂的应用

安全评价又称危险性评价。它是对某单位在某一时期的安全工作进行预测和度量的方法,即评定某单位在某时期的固有危险级别和安全等级。 (1)固有危险级别表明单位的固有危险程度。我《机械工厂安全评价标准》规定:固有危险指数T>23为高度危险,13≤T≤23为中度危险,T<13为低度危险。 (2)安全等级表明单位对其固有危险的控制水平。我《机械工厂安全性评价标准》规定:安全评价总分≥950分为特级,800～949分为安全级,500～799分为临界级,<500分为危险级。为了促进安全管理,在对402车间开展安全评价的基础上,根据《机械工厂安全性评价标准》,对公司一分厂也进行了安全评价。     

作业条件危险性评价方法在建筑物爆破拆除的应用

运用作业条件危险性评价方法原理，对建筑物爆破拆除中危险有害因素进行分析和赋值，建立评价关系式，对存在的危险有害因素进行危险度分级，确定重大危险岗位，并针对性地提出了有效的安全措施，确保建筑物爆破拆除中的安全性。     

作业条件危险评价方法的修正及在吉林油田的应用

对隐患的评价分级是治理的重要依据 ,作业条件危险评价方法是常用的一种危险评价方法。笔者认为 ,这种方法中的L项过于强调生产系统自身的客观不利因素 ,对管理行为外界主观因素没有考虑 ,恰恰就是这些因素可以在一定程度上消减客观不利因素。因此 ,通过对L项的修正 ,客观地评价危险的等级 ,从而降低了安全投入 ,提高了治理措施的经济性。     

建筑业危险源风险等级评价初探

建筑业的危险源风险等级评价是一项非常重要的工作。“职业健康安全管理体系规范》（即GB／T28001：2001）、《安全生产法》和《建设工程安全生产管理条例》等均对危险源的检测、评价、分级与消除或控制作了相关的规定，本文拟对相关问题作一些探讨。     

3-Parameters SPW technique: A new method for evaluation of target safety integrity level

Introduced by IEC-61508 standard, safety integrity levels (SIL) have been used for assessing the reliability of safety instrumented functions (SIF) for protection of the system under control in abnormal conditions. Different qualitative, semi-qualitative and quantitative methods have been proposed by the standard for establishing target safety integrity levels amongst which “Risk Graph” has gained wide attention due to its simplicity and easy-to-apply characteristics. However, this method is subject to many deficiencies that have forced industry men and experts to modify it to fit their demands. In this paper, a new modification to risk graph parameters has been proposed that adds more flexibility to them and reduces their subjective uncertainties but keeps the method as simple as before. Three parameters, namely severity (S), hazard avoidance probability (P), and demand rate (W) are used instead of former four parameters. Hence, the method is named SPW. The outcome results of this method can be directly converted to probability of failure on demand (PFD) or risk reduction factor (RRF). The proposed method has been tested on an example case that has been studied before with conventional risk graph and LOPA techniques. The results show that new method agrees well with LOPA and reduces costs imposed by conservative approximations assumed during application of conventional risk graph.     

水射流技术的未来——兼论在安全工程领域的技术创新

安全生产、环境保护是国家的重要国策之一。我国政府和人民对能提高现代化安全生产、环保卫生水平的新技术、新工艺非常重视。水射流技术在安全工程领域中的应用已取得重大成果 ,在保护职工安全生产、无害环境工作方面 ,已形成了重要的安全工程技术学科。从不断发展的水射流理论、水射流技术的发展与新应用、水射流技术在安全环保减灾中的应用等三方面加以阐述 ,并兼论其在安全工程领域的技术创新。水射流技术 ,既是当今的高新技术 ,也是 2 1世纪具有广泛应用前景的安全科学技术。     

Measuring safety climate: identifying the common features

In UK industry, particularly in the energy sector, there has been a movement away from ‘lagging’ measures of safety based on retrospective data, such as lost time accidents and incidents, towards ‘leading’ or predictive assessments of the safety climate of the organisation or worksite. A number of different instruments have been developed by industrial psychologists for this purpose, resulting in a proliferation of scales with distinct developmental histories. Reviewing the methods and results from a sample of industrial surveys, the thematic basis of 18 scales used to assess safety climate is examined. This suggests that the most typically assessed dimensions relate to management (72% of studies), the safety system (67%), and risk (67%), in addition themes relating to work pressure and competence appear in a third of the studies.     

在《授予博士、硕士学位的学科专业目录》中设立“安全科学与工程”一级学科的论证报告

由于过去我国工业基础较薄弱 ,矿业领域的安全问题较多等缘故 ,在《授予博士、硕士学位的学科专业目录》中 ,“安全技术及工程”作为二级学科、专业被列在一级学科“矿业工程”的名下。随着我国工业的不断发展 ,各领域中存在的安全问题日益突出 ,并且随着安全学科的创立与发展 ,仍将“安全技术及工程”列在“矿业工程”名下已不适应目前的形势要求。笔者就“安全科学与工程”名称的内涵、单设一级学科 (专业 )的必要性和可行性 ,以大量的论据 ,充分地阐述了应在《授予博士、硕士学位的学科专业目录》中 ,设立“安全科学与工程”一级学科。     

安全裕度研究与应用进展

随着人们对安全认识和需求的不断提高 ,安全裕度的概念越来越多受到工程设计界及人们日常生活的关注。笔者综述了安全裕度概念在不同工程技术领域应用情况 ,重点讨论了在压力容器设计、机械加工、电力系统运行、航空飞行管理、军备等复杂系统研究中安全裕度的含义、安全裕度设计方法以及应用安全裕度进行安全评定的方法。通过对安全裕度应用情况分析 ,表明安全裕度已经成为现代科学技术领域和日常生活中不可缺少的重要概念 ,广泛受到科技工作者和管理人员的高度重视。笔者还分析了目前安全裕度研究和应用方面存在的问题 ,提出了应尽快开展安全裕度理论的系统研究 ,使这一重要概念从目前主要以定性讨论为主上升到定量计算 ,建立安全裕度学科 ,并且使安全裕度理论成为安全科学重要组成部分的观点。     

铁路运输安全事故灰色预测方法研究

近年来 ,我国铁路运输发展迅猛 ,尤其是列车运行多次提速 ,列车运行密度加大 ,对铁路运输安全管理不断提出了新的要求。依靠科技进步 ,尽量防止或减少安全事故的发生 ,要应用安全信息技术 ,使安全管理人员对铁路运输安全现状及未来事故发展趋势有所了解 ,提高安全防范意识及事故处理能力 ,同时还要不断提高员工的安全意识和安全文化素质 ,这些方法对于提高安全管理水平 ,降低事故的发生 ,保护人民的生命安全与健康具有重要意义。铁路运输安全事故预测技术就可很好解决上述问题。笔者应用灰色预测理论 ,建立了铁路运输安全事故预测模型 ,开发了安全事故预测软件系统 ,并以某铁路运输企业为例 ,介绍了研制的灰色预测系统软件的应用效果     

Safety and associated parameters influencing performance of rail road grade crossings: A critical review of state of the art

Introduction: Railroad grade crossings (RRGCs) have emerged as critical transportation infrastructures from the point of safety and operational aspects because two modes of transportation intermingle at the intersecting zone; the understanding of safety and traffic operation at RRGC is of prime concern while planning and designing this transportation facility. Method: In this context, this work tries to comprehend RRGC performance-related parameters from published literature and figure out critical gaps. An international synthesis on the identified potential parameters influencing the RRGC performance (i.e., safety, driver behavior, and operational impact) was carried out by critically reviewing the articles published worldwide. Furthermore, key findings, used variables, analysis methods, research gaps, and recommendations were studied. Results: The review revealed that many researchers had explored the driver behavior and safety aspect based on past crash data and violations prevailing at RRGC. However, little research has been done to evaluate the effect of highways' operational characteristics on the performance of RRGC. Moreover, limited investigation has been carried out to understand the dilemma of drivers and the proactive safety evaluation of pedestrians and non-motorized vehicles at RRGC. A total of seven critical research gaps concerning parameters are recognized, facilitating a clear agenda for further research pertaining to RRGC performance.     

The safety chain: A delusive concept

Various governments have defined a so-called safety chain to structure their efforts in the field of risk management for low-probability disasters. The safety chain typically consists of the following components: proaction, prevention, preparation, repression. While the terminology suggests that the safety chain should be interpreted a series system, the safety chain more closely resembles a parallel system. This has important implications: the safety chain is not as weak as its weakest link; unreliable links need not always be strengthened as it will often be more efficient to rely on a few layers of protection, or just one. To avoid misguided efforts caused by the confusing terminology ‘safety chain’, we propose the use of the term ‘layers of protection’, as is currently the case in the Dutch flood safety policy. Furthermore, we show that imperfect preparedness for low-probability disasters is often perfectly defensible or rational, given the differences between the cost-effectiveness of investments in prevention and disaster preparedness.     

突发疫情冲击下的中国安全文化

非典型肺炎在中国的传播 ,给中国的政治、经济和文化带来了不同程度的影响。笔者重点分析了“非典”疫情对我国安全文化的冲击 ,尽管安全文化在中国得到很快的发展 ,由于没有得到大力普及 ,以致类似“非典”等大型危害公共安全事件到来之时 ,还需要一段时间才能适应 ;首次分析了安全文化和危机管理之间的内在联系 ,安全文化和危机管理相互促进 ,共同发展 ,共同起作用 ;指出在国内应大力普及安全文化的宣传和教育 ,提高全民的安全意识和自我保护意识 ;创造适应新时代发展的新安全文化 ,建设我国安全文化大厦 ,是我国今后安全文化工作的重要任务。     

Creating safer workplaces: assessing the determinants and role of safety climate

PROBLEM: Although there has been considerable interest in safety climate, relatively little attention has been given to the factors that determine safety climate or to testing the hypothesized mediating role of safety climate with respect to safety-related outcomes. METHOD: Questionnaire responses were obtained from 2,208 employees of a large national retail chain in 21 different locations. RESULTS: After controlling for demographic variables, three factors: environmental conditions, safety-related policies and programs, and general organizational climate, accounted for 55% of the variance in perceived safety climate. Interestingly, organizational climate made a significant contribution to safety climate, even after controlling for the other more safety-relevant variables. Partial correlations showed that safety policies and programs had the largest observed correlation with safety climate, followed by two of the dimensions of organizational climate (communication and organizational support). Using Baron and Kenny's (J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 51 (1986) 1173) procedures, the principal effects of the various work situation factors on perceived safety at work were found to be direct rather than mediated by safety climate. Safety climate influenced perceived safety at work, but its role as a mediator was limited. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: These results are discussed in terms of other recent findings on safety climate and the growing interest in understanding management and organizational factors in the context of workplace safety.