谈谈印制板电路组件的筛选

本文阐明了在产品设计定型阶段和小批量生产过程中对印制板电路组件进行筛选的必要性,并提出了进行印制板电路组件筛选需要注意的问题。     

基于BIM振动信号的变压器机械故障诊断方法研究

为了能够提高电力系统运行过程中的可靠性,基于振动信号研究了电力系统变压器中出现的机械故障诊断方法.分析了BIM定位不同测点下的振动信号,利用时域频谱图对比分析了相同相、不同位置和不同相、相同位置的振动信号基频幅值.提出了基于小波包变换的振动信号故障特征提取方法,将信号特征转化为数值特征,为变压器机械故障的智能诊断提供了...     

印制板蚀刻液再生及铜回收技术与设备

由深圳市拓鑫环保设备有限公司开发的印制板蚀刻液再生及铜回收技术与设备,适用于印制板三废的治理。主要技术内容 一、基本原理利用含重金属溶液的选择性分离技术,对含铜废水中的铜进行选择性分离,使蚀刻废液得以再生循环利用的同时,获得高纯度的金属铜板。针对线路板生产蚀刻过程的特点,高效利用蚀刻废液中残留的有用成分,去除废液中影响蚀刻效果的成分,形成了分离铜、蚀刻液再生、电解铜、蚀刻液循环利用的技术方案,使因铜离子浓度过高而失去蚀刻功能的废液得以再生,同时获得高纯度铜板。对低含铜废水则是把其中的铜选择性分离,电解制成铜板,从而达到减少污染、回收资源的目的。     

电磁辐射测量仪对测量结果的影响分析

目前国内外对环境电磁波的测量仪器主要分为两类,分别是选频式和非选频式。选频式仪器由各类测量接收机或频谱分析仪和接收天线组成,其不适于非周期信号测量。非选频式仪器由各类全向型探头和主机组成,适用于周期和非周期信号的环境电磁波测量,但这类仪器动态范围不高。本文采用了两种不同的测量仪器,分别以单频连续波和调制脉冲为激励信号进行比较分析。结果表明：随着测量信号电平增加,两种仪器测量结果数据趋于一致。而在用两种标准的不同方法计算某一频段的复合场强时,其数值有较大差异。     

战术导弹电子设备热设计研究

由于战术导弹高可靠性的要求，可靠性设计中的热设计问题越来越引起人们的重视。导弹电子设备，安装空间有限，安装密度高，加上密封要求，所以要求进行精心的热设计。本文根据工程实践的再认识，介绍了弹上电子设备的元器件、印制板和机箱等热设计的方法。     

基于存储示波器的PS/2键盘电磁截获研究

计算机键盘有用信号电磁截获的传统方法是基于宽带接收机完成的,这种方法较复杂且需要较多的设备和空间。为使键盘截获技术向小型化和实用化过渡,提出了使用基于软件无线电的解码技术及基于存储示波器全频谱远场截获。首先,基于频谱对比的方法对有用信号的频段进行初判,然后对截获的全频域信号中包含有敏感信息的频段基于软件无线电的方法进行带通滤波和解调。最后,使用一种能够精确判别按键信息的解码方法,通过预先设计的程序来实现信息的截获。实验结果表明计算机键盘有用信号电磁截获实现实用化和小型化是有一定可行性的,并且能够得到比较精确的结果。     

电袋复合除尘器脉冲喷吹清灰机理实验研究

脉冲喷吹清灰装置是电袋复合除尘器的核心部件，其喷吹效果直接关系到除尘系统的排放、除尘效率、运行阻力及滤袋寿命。采用3寸脉冲阀和4寸脉冲阀、8m及10m滤袋进行实验研究，对脉冲清灰过程中喷吹管、滤袋上的压力变化等影响清灰能力的因素进行了测试，根据测试结果分析其变化规律，为大口径脉冲阀和长滤袋应用提供参考。     

通信信号调制识别技术研究

针对通信信号调制方式识别问题,提出了采用高阶累积量与信号瞬时特征相结合提取通信信号特征参数的方法,并讨论了利用获得的特征参数进行模拟、数字通信信号调制方式识别的方法和过程。实验结果表明,该方法对通信信号调制方式有很好的识别效果。     

程控线性水声功率放大器的设计与实现

为了满足水下传感器节点远距离声通信的需求,解决节点发射功率自适应调节和信号在功率放大过程中频谱再生的问题,设计了一种适用于水声通信的程控线性功率放大设备,包括微控处理器和依次连接的一级控制模块、电压放大模块、二级控制模块、功率放大模块和阻抗匹配模块。通过数字开关与电阻组成数字电阻以分压方式对电压放大和功率放大模块的输入信号进行控制,进而控制输出功率;采用线性功率放大器集成芯片进行功率放大,保证信号的无失真传输;通过阻抗匹配变压器,驱动水声换能器工作,以获得最佳的输出功率。实验结果表明,本功放对16-18k Hz频段0—1VPP的交流信号可以进行无失真放大,并且输出功率、程控功能等均能满足系统设计要求。     

炭质生物媒除臭技术在污水处理上的应用

本文从理论以及工程实践等方面介绍了炭质生物媒生物除臭技术在市政污水处理上的应用，并以37000m^3／h处理能力的深圳滨河污水处理厂污泥处理工段的生物除臭工程为例，对其调试和运转过程进行了总结。从理论和实际应用两个方面证明了该技术在市政污水处理除臭方面是行之有效的。     

A novel view of biologically active electromagnetic fields

Over the past decades, strong evidence has accumulated that low-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) can be useful in treating human pathologies, such as bone fractures, soft tissue illnesses, and pain. Common strategies for the design of commercial therapeutic devices are to generate EMFs that simulate body endogenous EMFs, or EMFs that resonate with a particular biological process, such as the natural motions of ions. We recently came across a biologically active commercial EMF signal that seems to be different. The signal is generated by summing the fundamental frequencies and harmonics of several periodic base signals which remain proprietary to the company. When first examined in the time domain, the signal resembled electronic noise; however, when critically analyzed, the signal is not identical with noise. Rather, it is a highly complex waveform exhibiting a very wide range of values for the time derivative of the magnetic field density (dB/dt) and a beat frequency in the Extremely Low-Frequency range. In this paper, we speculate on the mechanism of action of this and similar signals. We consider it less likely that cells, or cell components, act like filters to extract and couple with individual signals that make up the complex EMF signal. Consequently, we favor the possibility that with the signal discussed here cells respond to the very complex signal and that the biological response can be modified by the presence of a beat in the signal, in this case a low-frequency beat. More generally, this would suggest the hypothesis that biological processes can be regulated by noise-like signals and that the effects of a noisy signal can be modified by the presence of signal repetition patterns, such as beats. Given the very small energy that signals like these can transduce into a biological system, biological effects can be expected only when the molecular processes involved are poised so that the available energy leads to molecular reactions that achieve the activation state for the reaction.     

Urban/rural division in environmental justice frameworks: revealing modernity-urbanisation nexus in Turkey’s small-scale hydropower development

Environmental justice frameworks predominantly focus on exploration of socio-environmental inequalities faced by racial, ethnic, religious, cultural and low-income groups. This article aims to expand this mainstream focus of the environmental justice concept on these groups by conceptualising urban/rural division as a group difference, based on which rural communities face with socio-environmental burdens of environmental policies in relation to their urban counterparts. It is based on the analysis of Turkey’s small-scale hydroelectricity power plant (HPP) development policies, referring to the planning and constructions of approximately 1500 hydropower plants across the country, along with country’s modernist agenda, i.e. achievement of economic development, social progress and urban transformation of Turkey. These power plants are also strongly associated with numerous socio-economic, environmental and cultural impacts on local rural communities and local environments with dozens of local opposition movements, while favouring needs, interests and lifestyles of urban communities. This point deserves a systematic conceptualisation within the environmental justice frameworks as it helps to further explain deep causes of socio-environmental inequalities particularly in developing country contexts. Thus, this article is built on such a conceptualisation arguing the necessity to integrate urban/rural division as a separate group difference to environmental justice frameworks by examining modernisation and urbanisation nexus in Turkey’s small-scale HPP development process.     

Influence of the Interaction of a 900 MHz Signal with Gender on EEG Energy: Experimental Study on the Influence of 900 MHz Radiation on EEG

Summary The effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) emitted by cellular phones on human electroencephalogram (EEG) were studied during an auditory memory task. The experimental method and the experimental setup are introduced as a credible measurement method of EEG. 19 normal subjects (10 women and 9 men) performed the memory task both with and without exposure to a 900 MHz signal, emitted by a dipole antenna placed near the subjects' head. The energy of the EEG signals was calculated at the time domain. A Fourier transform of the EEG signals was done and the EEG energy was also calculated at the frequency domain. As the Parseval's theorem anticipates the energies were identical. The EEG energy was found concentrated at the four basic bands (α (8–13 Hz), β(14–30 Hz), δ (0–4 Hz) and θ(5–7 Hz)). The primary concern of the present study was the gender related influence of EMF on the spectral energy of EEG. The results show evidence of a strong gender—radiation interaction effect on the EEG energy and on the peak amplitudes within each of the four rhythms. Without radiation the spectral power of males is greater than of females, while under exposure the situation is reversed. Under the influence of EMF the spectral power of the males EEG is decreased while that of the females is increased. In conclusion both the baseline EEG and the changes effected to the EEG power spectrum under the influence of EMF seem to be gender dependent.     

Optimizing phosphorus characterization in animal manures by solution phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

A procedure involving alkaline extraction and solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was developed and optimized for the characterization of P in animal manures (broiler, swine, beef cattle). Inclusion of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in the alkaline extraction solution recovered between 82 and 97% of the total P from the three manures, which represented a significant improvement on recovery in NaOH alone. Low concentrations of paramagnetic ions in all manure extracts meant that relatively long delay times (> 5 s) were required for quantitative analysis by solution 31P NMR spectroscopy. The manures contained inorganic orthophosphate, orthophosphate monoesters, orthophosphate diesters, and inorganic polyphosphates, but results were markedly influenced by the concentration of NaOH in the extractant, which affected both spectral resolution and the apparent P composition of the extracts. For example, extraction of swine manure and broiler litter with 0.5 M NaOH + 50 mM EDTA produced remarkable spectral resolution that allowed accurate quantification of the four signals from phytic acid, the major organic P compound in these manures. In contrast, more dilute NaOH concentrations produced considerable line broadening that obscured individual signals in the orthophosphate monoester region of the spectra. Spectral resolution of cattle manure extracts was relatively unaffected by NaOH concentration. Improvements in spectral resolution of more concentrated NaOH extracts were, however, compromised by the disappearance of phospholipids and inorganic polyphosphates, notably in swine and cattle manure extracts, which indicated either degradation or a change in solubility. The optimum extraction conditions will therefore vary depending on the manure type and the objectives of the study. Phytic acid can be accurately quantified in swine manure and broiler litter by extraction with 0.5 M NaOH + 50 mM EDTA, while a more dilute NaOH concentration should be used for complete P characterization or comparison among different manure types.     

气动锤头式冲击响应谱模拟方法研究

分析了目前常用的机械撞击式响应谱试验机的特点和存在的一些问题，设计了一种以压缩空气作为锤头动力的新型气动式冲击响应谱试验机，给出了锤头速度计算公式和响应谱最大值的估算方法，为大型产品的冲击响应谱试验提供了一种手段。     

Towards a More Participative Definition of Food Justice

This paper argues that the definition of food justice must be defined in more participatory terms. Current accounts of food justice tend to emphasize distributional inequalities. However, there is broad recognition that these distributional inequalities are the result of participative inequalities and that the participation of marginalized groups in advocacy plays an important role in creating just food systems. In addition, thinking of food justice in more participative terms also suggests a more well-rounded and comprehensive approach to dealing with inequalities within the food system. One manner in which the concept of food justice can be redefined to better capture the importance of participative justice is by considering what is required for informed consent.     

The evolution of community water governance in Uchira, Tanzania: The implications for equality of access, sustainability and effectiveness

Community participation, ownership and cost sharing are key components of Tanzania's water policy, in common with the broad international consensus on water governance. However these policy goals are difficult to achieve, beset with paradoxes and their benefits may be overstated, both in terms of efficiency of resource management and equality of outcomes. This article draws on longitudinal ethnographic research of a village water supply in Tanzania to explore two issues: the contested nature of community ownership and the complex evolution of a ‘community‐owned’ institution. The evidence from the Uchira Water Users Association leads us to question some of the simplistic assumptions made concerning the capacity of local communities to manage service delivery and to balance equity and sustainability principles. The limitations of ‘bottom‐up’ and demand led approaches need to be recognised without discrediting their potential for challenging inequalities. The article concludes with a consideration of some of the tensions in community‐driven development, which raises some important questions about the role of the State and external agencies in setting and enforcing equity criteria in community‐managed initiatives.     

液压振动台功率谱复现控制研究

PID控制因为结构简单、稳定性好、可靠性高等优点被广泛应用。针对实际控制系统往往存在非线性因素,常规PID不能满足实际需求,设计了基H1法频响函数估计的变参数PID控制算法。通过对两点激励液压振动试验系统进行随机振动试验,表明H1法变参数PID控制算法对振动台具有良好的控制效果,可以实现高精度的功率谱复现。     

Policy And Practice Green Grass and Brown Roots: Understanding Environmental Problems in Deprived Neighbourhoods

Understanding neighbourhood conditions can play an important role in urban environmental management, especially when environmental services are lacking and new approachesare being debated. This paper describes and evaluates three research methods for assessing some of the environmentalproblems facing low income households and communities: (1) broad spectrum household surveys; (2) participatory rapid assessment; and (3) contingent valuation. As part of the study upon which this paper is based, the techniques were applied on a small scale in Jakarta. The paper finds that each technique can provide important and often complementaryinsights. The broad spectrum survey is particularly suitable to broad based planning, participatory appraisal to NGO initiatives and contingent valuation to utility pricing decisions.