地震海啸危险性概率分析的数值模型可靠性

随着地震危险性分析方法的成熟,地震海啸危险性评价工作也逐渐展开,并过渡为基于概率方法的危险性分析。对于没有足够历史海啸观测记录的地区,基于数值模拟的分析方法来评价该地区的海啸危险性是一种有效方法。本文选取了2010年以来发生的五次典型海洋地震,模拟海啸的产生和传播过程;对比分析模拟结果与观测数据后得出两者比较一致,从而验证了数值模型的可靠性,为今后我国地震海啸危险性概率分析提供了可靠的数值方法。．     

右江地震带潜在震源区空间分布函数不确定性对地震危险性的影响

以右江地震带中部4个潜在震源区为例,利用综合概率地震危险性分析方法,研究了潜在震源区空间分布函数值的不确定性对50年超越概率63%、10%、2%水准下自由基岩地震动峰值加速度(PGA)的影响程度和范围,揭示了不同震级档空间分布函数对50年超越概率63%、10%、2%水准下地震动峰值加速度的影响规律,为工程场地地震危险性分析结果的综合选取提供借鉴,有助于提高右江地震带工程场地地震危险性分析结果的可靠性。     

核电站电气柜地震易损性分析的一般方法概述与相关问题讨论

基于若干实际评估的经验,概述了核电站安全评估中对电气柜进行地震易损性分析的一般方法,包括获取分析的前提条件、对电气柜进行保守确定性分析以辨识其潜在失效模式、对最可能失效模式进行确定性分析以确定危险点、以及对各危险点进行不确定性失效分析以获得电气柜的地震易损度等。然后从评估经验的角度,介绍了评估分析中遇到的一些问题及其处理方法,包括对评估前提条件缺失的解决方法、对确定性和不确定性参数值的取定方法、以及对电气柜螺栓连接与焊接连接的比较。这些方法有助于评估分析人员更加容易地开展相关评估工作,并合理解决评估中可能出现的问题。     

中国东南沿海邻近海沟潜在海啸危险性研究

针对中国东南沿海邻近海沟潜藏大地震的可能性,采用基于有限体积法的浅水波数值模型GeoClaw分别对琉球海沟和马尼拉海沟潜在9级地震进行海啸数值模拟研究。结果表明,琉球海沟和马尼拉海沟地震发生时都释放了巨大的能量,并以海啸波的形式向中国沿海传播。其中,琉球海沟地震引发的海啸波经东海大陆架传播3 h后到达福建北部,并在随后2 h内对浙江、上海、江苏沿岸地区造成影响。海啸波高普遍达到0.5 m以上,浙江、上海局部海岸地区达到1 m以上。而马尼拉海沟地震海啸传播过程通畅,2 h后到达海南沿岸,并依次影响湛江、澳门、香港、厦门、高雄等沿海区域。海啸波高普遍达到2 m以上,澳门、香港海岸地区达到5 m以上,面临严重危险等级。基于我国东南沿岸港口、核电站、钻井平台等海洋工程项目持续建设的考虑,需要对潜在海啸威胁进行研究并采取相应措施。     

解密海啸

名词解释：海啸。海啸(Tsunami)一词源于日本一它是一种具有强大破坏力的海浪。太平洋是海啸发生最活跃的区域，全球的海啸发生区域大致与地震带一致。全球有记载的破坏性海啸大约有260次左右，平均大约六七年发生一次，发生在环太平洋地区的地震海啸占约80％，日本列岛及附近海域的地震又占太平洋地震海啸的60％左右，而印度洋发生海啸比较罕见，其他水域如加勒比海、地中海和大西洋也有海啸发生。     

怒吼的巨浪——海啸

给地球以重创的＂311＂日本9.0级地震引发的巨大海啸,至今令人惊魂未定,海啸这一名词则被越来越多的世人所点击和热议。海啸是由海底地震或风暴等造成的海面恶浪并伴随巨响的具有强大破坏力的现象。海啸在许多西方语言中被称为＂tsunami＂,该词源自日语＂津波＂,     

对长春市区贡献量最大潜在震源区的确定

采用地震危险性分析软件SHA,对长春市区一个场址进行地震危险性分析,分别计算得到周期为0s、1.0s和6s时,长春市区附近存在的各潜在震源区对场址地震危险性的贡献量。计算结果表明:长春潜在震源区在短周期时对场址贡献量最大,舒兰和松原潜在震源区在长周期时对场址贡献量最大。研究不同周期时对场址贡献量最大的潜在震源区,符合工程的实际情况,能够使最终确定的地震动参数更为合理可靠。     

城市总体规划环境影响评价方法

开发不同类型规划的环境影响评价技术和方法是当前国内的热点研究领域之一.围绕城市总体规划特点,在分析识别规划经济增长和用地布局方案中存在的多种不确定性的基础上,以产业和用地为基本评估单元,综合运用蒙特卡罗随机采样技术和HSY算法,并将其与地理信息系统进行整合,建立了基于结构与空间不确定性分析的城市规划环评方法和系统评估模型.     

基于地理信息的地质灾害危险性空间分布特征

本文以中巴资源卫星02C影像为数据源,选取2008年5·12地震重灾区作为研究区,采用地理信息与遥感相结合的手段,根据研究区地质灾害发育特征,通过地理信息的空间分析能力,总结研究区内与地质灾害有关的四大类因子,并逐级进行分析研究,总结出了研究区地质灾害危险性空间分布特征,确定了一套行之有效的地质灾害危险性空间分布特征分析的方法。     

西安市阎良区工程场地土层地震反应分析

本文根据西安市阎良区及周围地区的地震地质环境,在地震危险性分析的基础上,采用等效线性一维波动方法进行土层地震反应分析.计算得出50年超越概率63%、10%和2%的地面水平向峰值加速度,该结果为该地区抗震设计提供了依据,具有应用价值.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.