湿式弦栅丝绕流传热介观模型推导与数值仿真

将隧道施工过程中产生的污风进行净化消热处理,对施工隧道环境控制具有重要意义。为了找到热流体穿越湿式弦栅丝的流动换热规律,采用格子玻尔兹曼方法,建立低雷诺数下的圆柱绕流传热介观模型,进一步结合已有关联式验证模型的准确性;基于上述模型,考察雷诺数Re=200的条件下串列圆柱绕流流场与温度场分布;量化不同间距比L/D下流场与温度场的结构演化,分析换热特征参数努塞尔数Nu与间距比和换热时间的关系,揭示流场结构对温度场的影响。结果表明：流场与温度场的分布规律具有一致性,不同L/D下流场与温度场呈现不同特征,L/D较小时,上下游圆柱之间形成流动死区,换热效果差,随着L/D的增大,下游圆柱对上游圆柱流场的抑制作用减弱,尾流中出现旋涡,流动死区被打破,冷热流体掺混增强;存在临界间距比L/D=2.65,超出这一临界间距时,下游圆柱时均Nu始终大于上游圆柱,且当L/D=4时,上下游圆柱时均Nu趋于稳定,在具体工程应用中,应使间距比L/D≥4。     

风机横向布置间距对公路隧道污染物分布的影响研究

隧道内风机布置方式对通风效率和汽车尾气净化有显著影响,为了优化隧道顶部风机横向布置,提高隧道通风效率,改善隧道内的环境质量,有效节约隧道运营通风能耗,利用计算流体软件Fluent,建立公路隧道射流通风模型,开展不同风机横向布置间距隧道内流场和污染物分布的三维数值模拟,分析隧道内流场分布、纵向CO质量分数分布和不同截面CO质量分数分布特征及规律。结果表明:风机横向布置间距对隧道内的通风和净化除尘效果都有一定的影响,流场分布与污染物分布规律相似;在风机横向布置间距为3倍风机直径时,升压折减系数为0.6154,达到最大值,此时隧道内的流场分布和污染物控制效果较好;因此,在进行风机布置时,建议将风机横向布置间距确定为3倍风机直径。     

分岔隧道强羽流驱动的顶棚射流火焰特征

为探究分岔隧道强羽流驱动的顶棚射流横向长度、纵向长度及火焰面积分布特征,选取火源中线距侧壁0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7和0.9 m等5个火源位置,47.9、63.8、77.7和95.7 k W等4个热释放速率(HRR),分析和确定典型工况下间歇性火焰和连续火焰的横向长度和临界温度,临界温度值分别为325和620℃;以连续火焰的临界值为依据,进一步得到顶棚射流连续火焰的横向长度、纵向长度及火焰面积。结果表明:随着火源中线与侧壁间距从0.1～0.7 m变化,横向火焰长度呈现非单调的趋势,且当间距为0.3 m时,横向火焰长度最大;纵向火焰长度随火源中线与侧壁间距从0.1～0.9 m增加而逐渐减小,且相同工况下纵向火焰长度均长于横向火焰长度;火源中线与侧壁间距从0.1～0.3 m增加,火焰面积逐渐增大,当间距增加至0.7 m,火焰面积逐渐降低。     

基于空气幕与排烟系统的隧道火灾烟气控制研究*

为研究隧道火灾时空气幕与排烟系统复合模式下的烟气蔓延规律,优化选择防排烟方式,以某越江隧道为研究对象,运用FDS数值模拟方法探究射流速度、排烟量和空气幕与排烟口间距对防排烟效果的影响。结果表明:空气幕与排烟口间距对射流特性与烟气蔓延有较强影响,间距为30 m的控烟效果最佳;空气幕与机械排烟复合作用的控烟效果远优于每个独立系统,可实现可靠挡烟和有效排烟;当火源功率20 MW时,随空气幕射流速度的增加挡烟效果有所增加,但射流速度不宜过大,取20~30 m/s;机械排烟对温度与可见度影响比空气幕作用效果显著,一定程度上增加排烟量可降低所需气幕射流速度;综合考虑防排烟的有效性和经济性,取射流速度为20 m/s、排烟量为100 m3/s为最优防排烟组合方式。     

基于低浓度瓦斯利用的换热器设计及数值分析*

为提高低浓度瓦斯利用效率,对螺旋式、列管式、翅片式3种换热方式进行参数化研究,探讨不同形状换热方式对预热效果的影响,并通过改变流速和温度研究螺旋管换热效果。结果表明:螺旋管换热效果相对最佳,并在vh=0.9 m/s,vc=2.0 m/s时换热温度相对最高。同时,随换热温度升高,出口温度逐渐升高,随速率增加,出口温度先升高后降低。通过研究换热器形状对换热效果的影响,优化换热方式设计,为低浓度瓦斯高效利用提供理论依据。     

障碍物与管道壁面间距比对瓦斯爆炸传播特性的影响

运用自建瓦斯爆炸实验平台,对障碍物与管道壁面间距比变化下的瓦斯爆炸特性进行实验研究。结果表明:随着障碍物与管道壁面间距比的增加,预混气体的爆炸压力和平均火焰传播速度都有一定程度的增大,其中当障碍物与管道两侧壁面间距比相同时,对爆炸火焰传播特性的影响最大;相比于其他阻塞率的障碍物,间距比的改变对阻塞率50%的障碍物爆炸压力增幅比最大,对比间距比为0时的爆燃压力,间距比为0.25和0.5时的爆燃压力分别增加了55.6%,101.8%。研究结果可为工业和井下设备的设计、安装提供实验依据,具有一定的理论和现实指导意义。     

爆炸应力波在层状节理岩体中的传播规律试验研究

为了研究爆炸应力波在岩体中的传播规律,基于相似理论,开展了爆炸应力波在层状节理岩体中衰减的实验研究。研究表明,节理阻碍 应力波的传播且存在各向异性;对于垂直或小角度入射节理的应力波,在垂直方向和纵向的衰减很明显并且幅度较大,在横向衰减不明显;对 于斜入射节理的应力波,横向和垂直方向没有明显的衰减,纵向的衰减很明显并且幅度较大;应力波的合成峰值速度与炮孔密集度之间的关系 密切,当炮孔间距超过一定距离时,实际测得的速度时程为最近药包爆破产生的应力波,并非总药量产生的应力波的叠加。     

煤层双重介质模型及瓦斯抽采合理布孔间距研究

为使瓦斯抽采效果在技术、经济方面达到最佳,研究了瓦斯抽采过程中煤层瓦斯的运移规律和钻孔的合理布孔间距。将煤层视为双孔隙双渗透率弹性介质,推导了煤基质、裂隙渗透率演化方程,综合考虑了瓦斯吸附/解吸特性、煤岩变形等因素的影响,建立了煤层双重介质流固耦合模型,并进行了钻孔瓦斯抽采模拟,分析了钻孔间距对瓦斯抽采的影响。结果表明:不同钻孔间距的瓦斯压力随抽采时间的增加先快速下降再趋于平缓,且钻孔间距越小,瓦斯压力下降越快;随着钻孔间距的增大,O点消突时间逐渐增加,与钻孔间距呈二次方关系;现场试验与模拟结果基本吻合,钻孔间距5 m时瓦斯抽采效果最佳。     

地铁区间隧道半横向通风排烟方式对排烟效果的影响

通过数值模拟与试验的方法研究地铁区间隧道发生火灾(火源功率为5 MW)时,半横向排烟方式中排烟风速、排烟口间距、排烟口面积对排烟效果的影响。以某地铁区间隧道为原型,利用FDS建立全尺寸隧道模型进行数值模拟研究。此外,根据Froude相似模型,建立了1∶10的地铁区间隧道模型试验台,以验证数值模拟的可靠性。结果表明,半横向排烟方式可以有效地排出隧道发生火灾时产生的烟气。数值模拟结果与试验结果的相对误差在2.5%~25%,验证了利用FDS研究隧道火灾的结论是可靠的。排烟风速、排烟口间距、排烟口面积设置过大或过小都会影响排烟效果。     

小型四旋翼无人机悬停状态气动干扰与安全间隔研究*

为保证小型旋翼无人机近距编队悬停状态的安全性,采用数值模拟方法研究不同横向和纵向间隔双机悬停流场特征和气动参数变化规律,通过与实验结果对比,验证数值仿真方法的准确性。研究结果表明:无人机内部旋翼间的气动干扰会导致整机单旋翼拉力降低、扭矩增大,使整机气动效率下降;当双机无横向间隔时,双机下洗流场保持对称,同时2股下洗流叠加,呈现较明显的横向扩张趋势,此时后机所受气动影响主要为拉力损失,当纵向间隔大于5 D时,该影响基本消失;当横向间隔X=1 D时,位于尾流区一侧的旋翼拉力减小,后机所受俯仰力矩作用显著,无人机有侧翻风险;横向间隔X≥2 D时,2机之间气动干扰较弱,为较安全区域。     

烟气源热泵波纹板蒸发器冷凝换热特性数值研究

对波纹板蒸发器中的烟气冷凝换热进行数值模拟,运用Fluent软件得出烟气温度场、速度场、冷凝水浓度场;分析烟气特性和波纹板蒸发器的结构参数对冷凝换热的影响,发现当过量空气系数较小、烟气流速为2~3 m/s、烟道宽度为10~12 mm、波纹高度为18~20 mm、波纹节距为36~40 mm时,能带来较好的换热效果。通过与平板换热器进行对比,波纹板的冷凝换热效果优于平板,为工程设计提供理论基础和参考。     

液化石油气钢瓶长径比研究

分析钢瓶的长度和直径之比(长径比)对容积变形率的影响,在材料相同的条件下,长径比大的气瓶的容积变形率的要求也相应提高。笔者分别从钢瓶的边界效应、冲压工艺、制造经济性3个方面探讨了液化石油气钢瓶的合适长径比,并综合提出了液化石油气钢瓶的长径比的适宜范围为0.8～1.6。     

氧气瓶内附油脂充氧过程爆炸分析与计算

分析总结了氧气钢瓶物理爆炸和化学爆炸的原因。针对2009年某市发生的一起氧气瓶内含油脂爆炸事故,系统分析了国内曾经发生的几次因油脂导致气瓶爆炸事故。油脂进入到氧气瓶内大都是由于误操作。油脂与高压纯氧接触会发生剧烈的自燃氧化放热,使瓶内的氧气迅速升温升压,超出气瓶承压极限导致爆炸破裂。分析比较发现由油脂导致的气瓶爆炸,其破坏程度不如混入可燃气体导致的气瓶爆炸剧烈,一般不是粉碎性爆炸。在正常的充氧过程中,氧气瓶温度会升高,采用变质量热力学中的方法,计算说明气瓶在充装过程中氧气温度的具体变化。充氧温度计算为充氧工作人员提供参考,如发现异常情况,可以及时地控制和预防。由现场压力表可知氧气瓶在充装至12MPa时发生爆炸,而氧气瓶最小爆炸压力为37.6MPa,油脂燃烧放热,计算可知致使钢瓶爆炸破裂所需要的最小油脂量,为66.4-79.6g。不同的充装压力下发生爆炸,所需要的最小油脂量不同,充装压力越高,爆炸所需要的最小油脂量越少。     

在用车用全复合缠绕气瓶安全性分析

本文通过全复合材料气瓶性能试验、用工业CT方法以及充气时瓶内温度场动态监测，讨论气瓶的内胆、接嘴部位质量以及复合材料强度层质量对气瓶安全性能的影响，并且用统计及实验方法对气瓶的使用环节进行评估，使用1O年以上的气瓶仍具有良好的整体安全性能。     

氧气瓶爆炸事故性质认定及原因分析

在事故现场勘查的基础上,通过材料成分、力学性能、金相组织与断口、碎片附着物以及充装气体成分等检测和试验,结合爆炸能量的理论估算,对一起氧气瓶爆炸事故的性质和原因进行了系统分析。结果表明：瓶体存在的脱碳、微裂纹及局部腐蚀凹坑这些类裂纹缺陷在爆炸产生的巨大载荷下诱发了气瓶的开裂及扩展,其宏观断口表现为韧脆交替的快速断裂特征。依据碎片抛射距离估算的气瓶实际爆炸能量远大于其发生物理爆炸所产生的能量,气瓶爆炸属于化学爆炸。气瓶内存在的碳烃类油脂有机物以及瓶阀关闭时产生的摩擦热或静电火花是氧气瓶发生化学爆炸的直接原因。     

Modeling the heat transfer in acetylene cylinders during and after the exposure to fire

In this paper two different approaches for predicting the heating-up of an acetylene cylinder involved in a fire and the afterward cooling with water are presented. In the simulations polynomial functions were used to describe the temperature dependency of the thermal properties of the cylinder interior, which is a complex system composed by a solid porous material, a solvent (typically acetone) and acetylene dissolved in it. Model equations covered heat conduction in the cylinder interior and at its walls. In the first approach the cylinder surroundings were simulated as a further domain constituted by CO₂, during the fire exposure, and for water, during the cooling. In this domain the coupled heat transfer (convection and conduction) and the momentum equation (Navier–Stokes) were solved. In the second approach no further domain was considered but boundary conditions were set directly on the cylinder walls. Results of the calculations performed with both approaches are presented. This work could prove helpful in predicting to which extent the interior of an acetylene cylinder exposed to fire reaches temperatures capable of initiating the decomposition of acetylene and to determine how long a water cooling should be applied, so that the system is brought again under non-critical conditions.     

Hot steam transfer through heat protective clothing layers.

The aim of this study was to analyse the transfer of steam through different types of textile layers as a function of sample parameters such as thickness and permeability. In order to simulate the human body, a cylinder releasing defined amounts of moisture was also used. The influence of sweating on heat and mass transfer was assessed. The results show that in general impermeable materials offer better protection against hot steam than semi-permeable ones. The transfer of steam depended on the water vapour permeability of the samples, but also on their thermal insulation and their thickness. Increasing the thickness of the samples with a spacer gave a larger increase in protection with the impermeable samples compared to semi-permeable materials. Measurements with pre-wetted samples showed a reduction in steam protection in any case. On the other hand, the measurements with a sweating cylinder showed a beneficial effect of sweating.     

Hot Steam Transfer Through Heat Protective Clothing Layers

The aim of this study was to analyse the transfer of steam through different types of textile layers as a function of sample parameters such as thickness and permeability. In order to simulate the human body, a cylinder releasing defined amounts of moisture was also used. The influence of sweating on heat and mass transfer was assessed.

The results show that in general impermeable materials offer better protection against hot steam than semi-permeable ones. The transfer of steam depended on the water vapour permeability of the samples, but also on their thermal insulation and their thickness. Increasing the thickness of the samples with a spacer gave a larger increase in protection with the impermeable samples compared to semi-permeable materials. Measurements with pre-wetted samples showed a reduction in steam protection in any case. On the other hand, the measurements with a sweating cylinder showed a beneficial effect of sweating.     

Experimental study on thermal runaway risk of 18650 lithium ion battery under side-heating condition

To simulate the heat transfer process between lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), an electric heater with the same size and shape as LIB in this work is used to trigger thermal runaway event. The effect of state of charge (SOC), the power of heater, the cell spacing on thermal behavior of LIB was investigated as well the amount of transferred heat between the heater and LIB was calculated. The results indicate that 50% SOC is an unstable state for LIB, that a stronger jet flame becomes more likely when the SOC of LIB is higher than 50%. Additionally, the increased spacing, lower heating power and SOC can contribute to mitigate the severity of thermal runaway behavior. Further, the dominant path of heat transfer between the heater and LIB will also vary with operating conditions. The heat conduction through air is the main heat transfer path in tests with lower heating power. However, heat radiation will replace heat conduction as the primary heat transfer mode when there is a large temperature difference between the heater and LIB in tests with higher heating power. Understanding the leading heat transfer path between LIBs can provide valuable guidelines for the safety design of lithium-ion battery modules.     

On the failure of steam-side oxide scales in high temperature components of boilers during unsteady thermal processes

Failure of steam-side oxide scales in high temperature components of boilers such as superheater and reheater tubes has significant effect on the safety of thermal power plants. Taking into account the influence that temperature has on physical properties of metal substrate and oxide scale, transient heat transfer model as well as multi-layered hollow cylinder stress model is successively developed in this work. Employing the Advanced Oxide Scale Failure Diagram (AOSFD) as failure criterion, a systematic analysis model for the failure behavior of steam-side oxide scales in T92 superheater tubes during unsteady thermal processes is established. Focusing on different steam temperature variation processes, the effects of steam-side oxide scale thickness as well as different steam temperature variation modes and variation durations on oxide scale failure issues have been analyzed. Besides, critical steam temperature drops leading to failure of oxide scales when steam temperature decreases linearly have also been investigated. Based on the analysis results, feasible measures such as selecting reasonable steam temperature variation mode and appropriately lengthening variation duration are subsequently proposed. The analysis results as well as the suggested measures in this work can provide valuable guidance for the solution of steam-side oxide scale failure issues in thermal power plants.