生活垃圾填埋场细菌气溶胶分布及职业暴露风险评估

为探究生活垃圾填埋场细菌气溶胶分布以及场区员工的职业暴露风险,在西安市某垃圾填埋场的6个功能区测定和分析了细菌气溶胶浓度、粒径分布和细菌活性,并运用风险商法评估场区员工的职业暴露风险.结果表明,生活垃圾填埋场细菌气溶胶浓度最高和最低值分别为渗滤液收集区（（5381±3875）CFU·m^-3）和生活办公区（（1227±204）CFU·m^-3）,不同季节细菌气溶胶浓度变化为：夏季 > 秋季 > 冬季 > 春季.各采样点位于0.65~1.1 μm的细菌气溶胶浓度最低,小粒径细菌气溶胶比重由春季到冬季逐渐增大,各采样点细菌气溶胶的平均中值粒径均小于5.0 μm.流式细胞术分析结果显示,冬季不同采样点细菌气溶胶中活菌占比为74%~83%.细菌气溶胶职业暴露风险商均小于1,不同季节的暴露风险大小为夏季 > 秋季 > 冬季 > 春季,成年男性的职业暴露风险大于成年女性.     

长春市大气颗粒汞及其干沉降通量

在1999-07～2000-01,监测了长春市5个功能区及一个对照点的大气颗粒汞浓度.非采暖期,市区颗粒汞浓度范围为0.022ng·m^-3～0.398ng·m^-3,平均为0.145 ng·m^-3,对照点平均为0.084ng·m^-3.采暖期,市区颗粒汞浓度范围为0.148ng·m^-3～1.984ng·m^-3,平均为0.461ng·m^-3,对照点平均为0.211ng·m^-3.采暖期颗粒汞浓度平均超出非采暖期2倍以上.燃煤与地面扬尘是大气颗粒汞的2个主要来源.地面扬尘对颗粒汞的贡献约占8%～30%.应用理论模型估算汞的干沉降通量,市区颗粒汞干沉降通量为43.06μg·(m2·a)^-1,对照点为21.28ng·(m²·a)^-1.     

冬、春季青岛大气气溶胶中乙二酸的分布特征及影响因素

于2012-12~2013-04在青岛采集119个气溶胶样品,分析了冬、春季节气溶胶中乙二酸的浓度分布特征及影响因素.青岛大气气溶胶中乙二酸的浓度冬季为31~370 ng·m^-3,平均为104 ng·m^-3;春季为11~1926 ng·m^-3,平均为400 ng·m^-3,二者存在显著的季节差异.不同天气状况影响气溶胶中乙二酸的分布,霾天时乙二酸浓度最高,其次是沙尘天,雾天与晴天时的基本相当,雨天时的浓度最低.青岛大气气溶胶中乙二酸与温度和太阳辐射之间存在显著正相关关系,表明光化学氧化的二次生成过程对气溶胶中的乙二酸有一定影响.冬、春季气溶胶中乙二酸二次生成的机理可能不同,冬季主要为水相氧化过程、春季为气相氧化过程.PMF源解析结果也显示,二次源是青岛大气气溶胶中乙二酸的主要来源,其贡献冬季约为45%、春季约为70%.春季青岛气溶胶中乙二酸浓度显著高于冬季,其主要原因可能是春季温度和太阳辐射显著高于冬季,增强了颗粒态乙二酸的二次生成过程.     

黄渤海气溶胶中砷的分布特征和季节变化

于2017~2018年冬、春和夏季,在黄渤海海域走航采样,采集总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）样品,分析总砷（As）、As （Ⅴ）、As （Ⅲ）以及水溶性离子,讨论了As在黄渤海气溶胶中浓度、空间分布以及季节变化,估算了As的干沉降通量.气溶胶中As含量冬季（6.6 ng·m^-3） > 夏季（5.5 ng·m^-3） > 春季（4.4 ng·m^-3）,渤海和北黄海远大于南黄海.冬、夏季As（Ⅲ）/As（Ⅴ）比值分别为0.41和0.21.冬、春和夏季As/TSP平均值分别为95.4、83.9和81.4 μg·g^-1,冬季明显高于春季和夏季.冬季在冬季风主导下,携带了环渤海地区排放的污染物导致砷含量最高,夏季受东南季风携带的东部沿海地区污染物的影响也较大,而春季受西伯利亚陆地气团和东南远海海洋性气团的共同影响,浓度最小.冬季K⁺/TSP与As/TSP存在显著正相关（r=0.78,P<0.05）,说明受陆地生物质燃烧排放的As的影响明显,而夏季两者相关性不显著,说明来源不同.冬、春和夏季黄渤海大气气溶胶As的干沉降通量分别为1.15、0.77和0.97 μg·（m²·d）^-1,年平均为0.95 μg·（m²·d）^-1.     

沱江流域典型农业小流域氮和磷排放特征

小流域非点源污染氮和磷流失是河流水体污染的重要来源,而且氮和磷流失强度与气候、人为活动有密切的关系.因此,本文以长江上游沱江水系花椒沟小流域为研究对象,对小流域径流量、氮磷流失浓度以及流失量进行定位连续监测,结合降雨分析氮和磷输出变化特征及其响应过程.结果表明：①小流域2012年和2013年的7~9月径流量分别为10.05×10⁵ m³和3.34×10⁵ m³,分别占全年径流量的76.58%和56.51%,而且径流量与降雨量呈正相关关系;②铵态氮最大排放浓度在4~6月,2012年和2013年最高分别能够达到11.51 mg ·L^-1和4.44 mg ·L^-1,流失风险期为4~7月,2012年和2013年流失量分别占全年流失量的78.45%和62.24%;总氮、硝态氮最大排放浓度、流失风险期都为7~9月,硝态氮为总氮的最主要排放形式,2012年和2013年硝态氮最大排放浓度分别为6.06 mg ·L^-1和11.43 mg ·L^-1,7~9月流失量分别占全年流失量的88.74%和65.55%;③总磷、可溶性总磷和颗粒态磷流失风险期为7~9月,颗粒态磷为总磷最主要的排放形式,2012年和2013年7~9月流失量占全年流失的36%和68%,且总磷中颗粒态磷的比例会受到降雨的影响.     

北京平原和延庆地区山谷风异同及对污染的影响

在一定的地形与天气条件下,山谷风环流是影响山地和平原气溶胶污染的主要气象因素之一.本研究基于2015~2019年京津冀地区生态环境监测数据和多源气象数据,对比分析了北京平原和延庆地区山谷风异同,结合典型污染事件揭示了山谷风不同阶段对PM_2.5浓度的影响机制.经分析发现,观象台山谷风为偏西南风转偏东北风,延庆站为偏东南风转偏东北风,随着污染等级加重,山谷风强度减弱17.7%~32.4%;观象台风速2~6 m·s^-1时,最大为SE风向PM_2.5浓度83μg·m^-3,东南风浓度高于西南;延庆站风速2~6 m·s^-1时,偏东南方向浓度高于其他风向20~40μg·m^-3,谷风阶段PM_2.5浓度高于近5年均值10~12μg·m^-3.以2015年3月5~8日重污染事件为例,山谷风的影响作用主要体现在谷风时段东南风的高湿性及区域传输作用,延庆站3月6~7日谷风阶段PM_2.5浓度上升100~130μg·m^-3;山风时段逆温发展至1000 m,观象台和延庆站露点先后抬升18℃左右,延庆站露点峰值滞后观象台2 h,高湿环境下PM_2.5浓度小幅上升.同时,3月6~7日延庆站400 m高度和玉渡山站热力梯度逐渐减小,山谷风分别减小8%和6%,局地环流减弱可能与边界层和高浓度气溶胶双向反馈机制有关.     

超低排放典型燃烧源颗粒物及水溶性离子排放水平与特征

研究以自行开发建立的超低排放高湿废气中总颗粒物（total particulate matter,TPM）的直接冷凝采样系统及监测方法,应用于3台北京市超低排放典型燃烧源烟气中颗粒物的排放监测.分析和评估超低排放典型燃烧源排气中颗粒物及其水溶性离子的排放水平与组成特征,探究可过滤颗粒物（filterable particulate matter,FPM）和可凝聚颗粒物（condensable particulate matter,CPM）及其水溶性离子的相互作用与影响因素.结果表明：北京市超低排放燃煤锅炉FPM基准氧含量排放浓度介于1.04~1.11mg·m^-3之间,TPM基准氧含量排放浓度介于3.82~8.69mg·m^-3之间,均满足国家超低排放颗粒物限值要求（10mg·m^-3）,燃煤电厂TPM排放浓度超过了北京市颗粒物排放标准限值要求（5 mg·m^-3）.燃煤供暖锅炉CPM及其总水溶性离子排放水平分别为3.05mg·m^-3和1.30mg·m^-3,显著低于燃煤电厂,与燃煤电厂的负荷和烟温较高有关;燃煤电厂锅炉CPM及其总水溶性离子排放浓度分别是燃煤供暖锅炉的2.2~2.4倍和1.7~2.2倍.燃气电厂TPM及其总水溶性离子排放水平分别为1.99mg·m^-3和1.44mg·m^-3,均明显低于燃煤锅炉.CPM是燃烧源排气中颗粒物的主要形式,在超低排放锅炉烟气中CPM对TPM的质量贡献显著增加,并随烟温的升高而增加,燃煤锅炉为72.6%~88.1%,燃气电厂为93.1%,且水溶性离子总量的66.1%~94.2%存在于CPM中.排气烟温显著影响颗粒物及其水溶性离子的赋存形态、脱除效率与排放水平.SO₄^2-是燃煤锅炉颗粒物的主要特征离子,排放浓度介于0.98~1.18mg·m^-3,占水溶性离子排放总量的27.7%~49.6%,来源于烟气脱硫;F^-是燃煤电厂颗粒物中又一主要特征离子,排放浓度介于1.91~2.32mg·m^-3,占水溶性离子排放总量的54.4%~56.1%,可能与燃料煤含氟量高有关;NH₄⁺是燃气电厂颗粒物的主要特征离子,排放浓度为0.92mg·m^-3,占水溶性离子排放总量的64.2%,来源于选择性催化还原法（selective catalytic reduction,SCR）脱硝过程中的NH₃逃逸,其排放浓度显著高于燃煤锅炉,可能与燃气电厂缺少其它净化设施的协同去除效应有关.     

浙江省台州市电子垃圾拆解地多溴联苯醚浓度水平分布特征和迁移趋势

本研究分析了浙江省台州市电子垃圾拆解地及其周边表层土壤和大气中多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）的浓度水平.结果表明,台州市峰江和滨海的拆解园区、农田和居住区土壤中∑₁₂PBDEs含量（以dw计）范围分别为21.8~1310 ng ·g^-1和6.19~220 ng ·g^-1,PBDEs单体分布没有显著差异.峰江和滨海两地大气中∑₁₂PBDEs质量浓度范围分别为262~3240 pg ·m^-3和840~2990 pg ·m^-3,浓度中值分别为1410 pg ·m^-3和840 pg ·m^-3（冬季）、1590 pg ·m^-3和1960 pg ·m^-3（夏季）,除去BDE209外的11种PBDEs单体分布在冬夏两季呈现显著性差异.通过土-气交换逸度分析发现峰江和滨海PBDEs在土-气分布迁移趋势上呈现一定的差异性.峰江PBDEs的迁移趋势主要以土壤挥发为主,土壤是大气中3~5溴代BDEs的排放源,温度的升高可以促进这一过程,这说明峰江土壤中PBDEs已成为污染释放源,建议应对峰江电子垃圾拆解园区土壤和附近农田开展土壤修复.滨海PBDEs的迁移趋势则主要以大气沉降为主,土壤是PBDEs主要的汇,说明滨海的拆解园成为PBDEs的新排放源.     

新疆天山夏季气象条件对气溶胶粒径分布的影响

使用宽范围粒径谱仪对天山白杨沟风景区2019年8月5-25日10 nm~10 μm气溶胶数浓度粒径分布进行观测,结合气象要素数据,分析了天山地区夏季气象条件对气溶胶粒径分布特征的影响.结果表明,夏季天山地区10 nm~10 μm气溶胶数浓度、表面积浓度和体积浓度平均为3539.2 cm^-3、116.5 μm²·cm^-3和17.6 μm³·cm^-3.不同降水过程对气溶胶数浓度的影响不同.不同降水过程中气溶胶数浓度谱均为单峰型分布,持续时间长的小雨和毛毛雨对气溶胶数浓度谱谱形的影响较小,而降雨量较强的短时降水过程往往会使得气溶胶粒径谱峰值往大粒径段偏移.降雨过程气溶胶表面积浓度谱和体积浓度谱为多峰型分布,表面积浓度主要集中在30~500 nm的细粒子段,体积浓度主要集中在1~10 μm的粗粒子段.相对湿度（RH）对核模态气溶胶数浓度和积聚模态气溶胶数浓度的影响较大,对爱根核模态气溶胶数浓度的影响较小.不同相对湿度条件下气溶胶数浓度谱均为单峰型分布.随着相对湿度的增加,气溶胶数浓度谱的峰宽呈现先增加后减小的趋势,这种变化趋势在<40 nm时更加显著.气溶胶数浓度、表面积浓度和体积浓度随风速风向的分布与能见度随风速风向的分布呈现相反的趋势.     

2017年秋季长春市PM2.5中多环芳烃的污染来源及健康风险评价

本研究采集了长春市2017年秋季大气中的PM_2.5样品共30个,采用气相色谱质谱仪（GC-MS）分析了样品中17种多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）的浓度和组成特征,运用比值法和主成分分析法确定PAHs的污染来源,并通过计算苯并（a）芘等效致癌浓度和终身致癌超额危险度进行健康风险评估.结果表明,长春市秋季PM_2.5平均质量浓度为（50.84±12.23）μg·m^-3,有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）含量分别为（17.07±5.64）μg·m^-3和（1.33±0.75）μg·m^-3,占PM_2.5总量的37%;PAHs总浓度为（15.69±5.93）ng·m^-3,以中高环数的PAHs为主,占总PAHs的84.26%;长春市秋季大气中PAHs主要来源于机动车尾气排放（44.48%） > 煤燃烧（29.16%） > 生物质燃烧（26.36%）,本地交通（汽油车）排放是主要污染源;苯并（a）芘等效致癌平均浓度在1.55~5.38 ng·m^-3之间,总致癌等效平均浓度为（6.44±1.53）ng·m^-3,总体处于轻微污染水平;通过呼吸摄入PAHs对成年女性健康危害最大,其次是成年男性和儿童,但所有人群的终身致癌风险值均未超过1×10^-6,其健康风险处于可接受水平.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.