环境空气污染预报及其意义

由我国在１３个重点城市开展环境空气污染周报出发，综述国内外环境空气污染预报的情况，指出环境空气污染预报的三方面重要意义。     

各地动态

在去年开展省辖城市空气质量日报的基础上，江苏省在全国率先开展省辖城市空气质量预报试报工作，6月5日通过媒体正式向公众发布。空气质量预报不仅能预测预报城市环境空气污染状况及变化趋势，而且能在恶劣的大气条件下(如沙尘暴多发季节)产生预警作用，为人们的生活和健康带来保障。环境空气质量的预测预报为政府、社会管理部门提供技术支持和决策作用，充分发挥环境监测为经济建设和人民群众服务的作用。     

城市环境空气污染预报研究进展

主要介绍了城市环境空气污染预报的方法,综述了城市环境空气污染预报的国内外研究现状,主要介绍了美国第三代Momdel-3 CMAQ模式系统和中国科学院大气所的嵌套网格空气质量预报系统(NAQPMS),以及最新的多模式污染预报技术,本文最后指出中国目前的大气环境形势比较严峻,城市环境空气污染预报模式还存在一些问题,并探讨了今后的发展方向。     

各地动态

在去年开展省辖城市空气质量日报的基础上，江苏省在全国率先开展省辖城市空气质量预报试报工作，６月５日通过媒体正式向公众发布。空气质量预报不仅能预测预报城市环境空气污染状况及变化趋势，而且能在恶劣的大气条件下（如沙尘暴多发季节）产生预警作用，为人们的生活和健康带来保障。环境空气质量的预测预报为政府、社会管理部门提供技术支持和决策作用，充分发挥环境监测为经济建设和人民群众服务的作用。（江苏省环境监测中心供稿）盐都县以科技进步带动标准化生产，通过推广稻麦群体质量栽培、遮阳防虫网应用、平衡配方施肥新技术，…     

沧州市空气质量预报统计模式探讨

环境空气污染与气象条件密切相关，污染物在大气中输送、扩散、沉降无不依赖于各种气象务件，气象要素的变化决定大气过程的性质和强度，也直接影响空气质最的好坏。通过统计方法掌握污染物浓度变化和气象因子变化的规律，进而找到其相关性。并可以此为基础建立适用于本地区的空气质量预报模式。本以此为基础，结合沧州市环境空气污染的特点对空气质量预报的统计模式进行初步探讨。     

采用门限自回归模型预测环境空气质量

应用汤家豪博士提出的门限自回归模型，以上海市环境空气质量时间序列监测数据和相应的气象数据，建立门限自回归大气污染预测模型，对上海市环境空气质量进行预测预报。结果表明：门限自回归模型计算较为简便且便于计算机自动建模。显著性检验表明门限自回归预报方程高度显著，在实际应用中，采用最新的数据建模和采用分站建立模型的方法可以使预测精度进一步提高。     

贵阳市环境空气质量预报预警系统建立的探讨

分析了贵阳市空气质量预报中污染物、地形及下垫面、植被等关键影响因素。提出了贵阳市环境空气质量预报预警系统的整体架构,分别对排放源监测与管理系统、环境空气质量预报系统和污染预警与控制决策支持系统等三个核心部分进行阐述,进一步提出了贵阳市大气污染防控措施及防控机制。     

辽宁省一次大气重度污染过程预报准确性分析

2019年春季辽宁省出现了一次长时间、大范围的空气质量重度污染过程,为进一步了解此次环境空气重度污染过程的预报情况,对CMAQ模型、REG模型和人工订正法在此次污染过程中的污染等级和AQI范围的预报准确率进行了分析。结果表明:人工订正法未来24 h跨级预报准确率最高,72 h最低;AQI范围预报中,人工订正法在未来24和72 h均值预报中准确率均为最高,48 h预报REG模型准确率最高,CMAQ模型均为最低;各预报方法在污染过程前期、后期的预报准确率均高于污染过程中期。     

昭通中心城区环境空气质量预测预报研究及应用

介绍了昭通中心城区环境空气质量预测预报研究的背景及必要性、预期实现目标、模型建立模式、模型建立情况,利用2015年数据进行了预测预报结果验证,对2016年1月8-10日进行了预测预报实践应用。     

非线性时间序列门限自回归模型在环境空气质量预报中的应用

门限自回归模型作为1种利用历史资料对非线性时间序列进行描述从而进行预测的数学模型，多年来在各种统计领域中均取得良好的效果。根据非线性时间序列的门限自回归模型（简称TAR）的基本思路，利用环境空气自动监测系统历史监测数据资料，建立了浦东新区环境空气质量的预报计算模型。通过统计检验，检查使用TAR模型预测浦东新区环境空气质量与实际监测情况的符合程度。讨论了该模型在监测工作中的应用可行性。     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Characteristics of high-sulfate wastewater treatment by two-phase anaerobic digestion process with Jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed

A new anaerobic reactor, Jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed （JLAFB）, was designed for treating high-sulfate wastewater. The treatment characteristics, including the effect of influent COD/SO42 ratio and alkalinity and sulfide inhibition in reactors, were discussed for a JLAFB and a general anaerobic fiuidized bed （AFB） reactor used as sulfate-reducing phase and methane-producing phase, respectively, in two-phase anaerobic digestion process. The formation of granules in the two reactors was also examined. The results indicated that COD and sulfate removal had different demand of influent COD/SO4^2- ratios. When total COD removal was up to 85%, the ratio was only required up to 1.2, whereas, total sulfate removal up to 95% required it exceeding 3.0. The alkalinity in the two reactors increased linearly with the growth of influent alkalinity. Moreover, the change of influent alkalinity had no significant effect on pH and volatile fatty acids （VFA） in the two reactors. Influent alkalinity kept at 400-500 mg/L could meet the requirement of the treating process. The JLAFB reactor had great advantage in avoiding sulfide and free-H2S accumulation and toxicity inhibition on microorganisms. When sulfate loading rate was up to 8. 1 kg/（m^3.d）, the sulfide and free-H2S concentrations in JLAFB reactor were 58.6 and 49.7 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, the granules, with offwhite color, ellipse shape and diameters of 1.0-3.0 mm, could be developed in JLAFB reactor. In granules, different groups of bacteria were distributed in different layers, and some inorganic metal compounds such as Fe, Ca, Mg etc. were found.     

颗粒尺寸对纳米氧化物环境行为的影响

随着纳米技术迅猛发展,纳米颗粒的环境行为和生态效应越来越受到关注.纳米氧化物作为环境中的重要组成,广泛存在于水体、大气、土壤以及沉积物中,其大比表面积和高表面活性,控制和影响着环境中一些污染物和营养元素的形态、迁移、转化和生物有效性.纳米尺寸是纳米颗粒特有属性,颗粒尺寸大小调控和决定纳米氧化物的结构及物理化学特性,从而在较大程度上影响其与相关元素的界面反应性和环境地球化学行为.综述了纳米氧化物的尺寸对吸附、(还原)溶解、(催化)氧化、聚集和迁移等环境行为的影响,讨论了尺寸效应的作用机制,最后展望了环境中纳米金属氧化物尺寸效应有关的研究热点和方向.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Elevated CO2 changes the moderate shade tolerance of yellow birch seedlings

To demonstrate the existence of light thresholds in plant growth and to examine the effects of elevated CO2 on the shade tolerance of a tree species, an experiment consisting of a completely randomized design for a total of 96 yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) seedlings was conducted with 3 light levels (2.9%, 7.7%, 26.1% of full sunlight)×2 CO2 levels (350 and 700±10 ppm) with 4 replications in a phytotron. The study proved that thresholds exist and they vary in different plant organs. In ambient CO2, the thresholds were 13.3%, 18.7%, 15.0%, 15.2%, and 15.6% of full sunlight for stem, leaf, root, total plant biomass, and the averaged value, respectively. In 700 ppm CO2, the corresponding thresholds were 16.7%, 21.3%, 18.1%, 21.7% and 19.5% for stem, leaf, root, total plant biomass, and the averaged value, respectively. The lowest threshold in the stem is an indicator of the minimal light intensity for regular growth for seedlings of this species. Below this threshold, light-stressful growth occurs. The result of a paired t-test indicated that the thresholds in elevated CO2 were significantly higher than in ambient CO2. This suggests that yellow birch will lose its moderate shade tolerance, evolutionally becoming a shade-intolerant species, and that it may become more difficult to naturally regenerate in the future.     

Detection, isolation, and identification of cadmium-resistant bacteria based on PCR-DGGE

This study focused on the screening of cadmium-resistant bacterial strains from Pb-Zn tailing. We investigated the diversity of microbial community inhabiting Dong-san-cha Pb-Zn tailing in Beijing, China, by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） of 16S rRNA gene of bacterial strain, and found two dominant strains in the DGGE profile. Using special culture media, we isolated two strong cadmium-resistant bacterial strains. On the basis of morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, BIOLOG, and 16S rDNA sequencing, the two strains were identified as Bacillus cereus and Enterobacter cloacae. Minimal inhibitory concentrations （MICs） of heavy metals for the bacteria were determined. E. cloacae showed higher MIC values for heavy metals and a larger range of antibiotic resistance than B. cereus.     

典型山核桃产区土壤重金属空间异质性及其风险评价

山核桃(Carya cathayensis)是我国特有的高档干果和木本油料植物,目前关于山核桃林地土壤重金属污染研究鲜有报道.本研究以典型山核桃产区临安为研究区,系统采集了188个山核桃土壤样品,采用地统计学以及Moran's I等空间分析方法研究土壤重金属的空间异质性,并对山核桃林土壤重金属潜在生态风险进行评价.结果表明,重金属Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr平均含量分别为0.37、40.76、87.61、30.10、28.33、56.57 mg·kg-1,其中Cd、Cu平均值分别是背景值的1.33和2.87倍.单因子污染指数、内梅罗污染指数及潜在生态风险评价结果显示研究区土壤重金属均有样点超过土壤背景值,且Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni有部分样点超过土壤环境质量二级标准,表明研究区土壤已具有Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr不同程度的累积特征,局部土壤已受到Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni的污染,其中Cd最为严重,达到了强生态危害程度,Cu次之,总体上重金属呈中等生态危害程度.基于半方差函数分析得出,Cd、Cu、Pb、Ni、Cr具有强烈的空间自相关,而Zn属于中等空间相关性.Moran's I指数以及克里格插值结果揭示重金属Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr均存在明显的空间分布格局和局部空间聚集现象,高值主要集中在太阳、岛石、清凉峰、河桥以及湍口几个乡镇,且以重金属Cd、Cu污染风险概率较高.土壤Cd、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr高值分布主要与矿区开采有关,而Pb与钾肥的施用密切相关.可见,研究区重金属空间分布特征受人为活动影响明显.     

宏基因组学解析蚯蚓粪中微生物种群及耐药基因的组成

为判定蚯蚓粪作为微生物肥料的潜力,本研究采用宏基因组学的方法,对污泥、牛粪与蔬菜蚯蚓粪样品抽提的DNA进行测序,并将结果进行物种注释及功能注释,以揭示不同蚯蚓粪中功能性微生物的种群结构.结果表明：污泥、牛粪和蔬菜蚯蚓粪分别检测到117505、81182、81104条scaftigs.变形菌门、拟杆菌门、疣微菌门与放线菌门为3种蚯蚓粪的优势菌门.氮磷代谢途径分析表明,蚯蚓粪中富含固氮菌（Rhizobium、Mesorhizobium、Bradyrhizobium、Azospirillum）、硝化菌（Nitrosomonas、Nitrosospira、Nitrosococcus、Nitrospira）和溶磷菌（Flavobacterium、Pseudomonas、Arthrobacter、Streptomyces）等肥料功能菌.相比而言,蔬菜蚯蚓粪微生物肥料潜力较高.相对于蔬菜蚯蚓粪（371条Unigenes）,污泥（2461条Unigenes）和牛粪（965条Unigenes）蚯蚓粪中存在较多的病原菌.而且,污泥、牛粪与蔬菜蚯蚓粪中耐药基因相对丰度高达0.93×10^-3、0.32×10^-3和0.32×10^-3,主要为β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、大环内酯类及四环素类耐药基因等.研究结果显示,蚯蚓粪中有益的功能菌群和有害微生物同时存在,其生物污染物的环境风险值得关注.     

宏基因组学解析蚯蚓粪中微生物种群及耐药基因的组成

为判定蚯蚓粪作为微生物肥料的潜力,本研究采用宏基因组学的方法,对污泥、牛粪与蔬菜蚯蚓粪样品抽提的DNA进行测序,并将结果进行物种注释及功能注释,以揭示不同蚯蚓粪中功能性微生物的种群结构.结果表明：污泥、牛粪和蔬菜蚯蚓粪分别检测到117505、81182、81104条scaftigs.变形菌门、拟杆菌门、疣微菌门与放线菌门为3种蚯蚓粪的优势菌门.氮磷代谢途径分析表明,蚯蚓粪中富含固氮菌（Rhizobium、Mesorhizobium、Bradyrhizobium、Azospirillum）、硝化菌（Nitrosomonas、Nitrosospira、Nitrosococcus、Nitrospira）和溶磷菌（Flavobacterium、Pseudomonas、Arthrobacter、Streptomyces）等肥料功能菌.相比而言,蔬菜蚯蚓粪微生物肥料潜力较高.相对于蔬菜蚯蚓粪（371条Unigenes）,污泥（2461条Unigenes）和牛粪（965条Unigenes）蚯蚓粪中存在较多的病原菌.而且,污泥、牛粪与蔬菜蚯蚓粪中耐药基因相对丰度高达0.93×10^-3、0.32×10^-3和0.32×10^-3,主要为β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、大环内酯类及四环素类耐药基因等.研究结果显示,蚯蚓粪中有益的功能菌群和有害微生物同时存在,其生物污染物的环境风险值得关注.