活性炭的光催化再生机理

通过研究催化剂的改性、再生温度、外加氧化剂对活性炭光催化再生反应速度的影响,结合光催化与活性炭的吸附理论,分析了活性炭的光催化再生机理．研究表明,活性炭的光催化再生由三个准一级反应组成．再生初期,再生反应速度由TiO2光催化降解吸附质的速率决定;反应的第二个阶段由光催化反应速度和吸附质的解吸速度共同决定;再生后期,再生反应速度由吸附质在活性炭上的解吸速率所决定．活性炭表面及其大孔内负载的Ti0：是使苯酚降解转化分解为无机物的降解中心．正是由于降解中心的存在及其表面苯酚浓度趋于零的状态,使得已吸附于活性炭孔内的苯酚不断向这个中心扩散,形成活性炭孔内苯酚的浓度差．在浓度差的作用下,扩散作用持续进行,导致活性炭内吸附位的逐步空出,从而实现活性炭的光催化再生．     

青霉素钠在土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性

分别采用振荡平衡法和土柱淋溶法分析了青霉素钠在不同土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性及其影响因素。结果表明,25℃以下,3种供试土壤对青霉素钠的吸附特性能用Freundlic模型进行较好的拟合,江西红壤、太湖水稻土和东北黑土的吸附常数KF分别为30.73、39.26和64.58 m L·g-1。偏最小二乘法(PLS)分析表明土壤黏粒含量和有机质含量是影响土壤吸附青霉素钠的主要因素。供试土壤对青霉素钠的吸附自由能变化值均40 k J·mol-1,该吸附过程主要属于物理吸附,吸附能力由大到小依次为东北黑土、太湖水稻土和江西红壤。土柱淋溶试验结果显示,土壤有机质含量和黏粒含量亦是影响淋溶过程的主要因素,青霉素钠在土壤剖面中的迁移能力较弱,3种土壤淋溶性能由大到小依次为江西红壤、太湖水稻土和东北黑土。     

活性炭纤维对水中敌草隆的吸附性能

探讨了活性炭纤维对水中敌草隆的吸附．结果表明,在pH=2．9时,吸附量最大;活性炭纤维的吸附能力随着温度的升高而升高;Redlich．Peterson方程更适合描述敌草隆的吸附行为;Gibbs自由能（△G0）值小于零,说明此吸附过程是自发进行的吸附过程;假二级方程更适用于描述活性炭纤维对水中敌草隆的吸附动力学过程．     

丁噻隆在土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性

分别利用振荡平衡法和土柱淋溶法研究了丁噻隆在不同土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性及其影响因素。结果表明,丁噻隆在5种供试土壤中的吸附特性能较好地用线性模型拟合,吸附能力顺序为:东北黑土>太湖水稻土>江西红壤>南京黄棕壤>陕西潮土,吸附常数Kd为0.19~2.87 mL.g-1,吸附性能较差。丁噻隆在3种典型土壤中的淋溶试验表明其具有较强的淋溶性,淋溶速率为:江西红壤>太湖水稻土>东北黑土。影响丁噻隆吸附和淋溶的主要因素是土壤有机质含量。     

湿式氧化再生饱和片状活性炭及机理研究

采用湿式氧化装置再生吸附间甲酚饱和片状活性炭,采用标准再吸附实验法测定饱和活性炭的再生效率,确定湿式氧化再生的最佳反应时间和温度.通过总有机碳测定仪和高效液相色谱测得再生过程中总有机碳和间甲酚浓度变化,其中间甲酚浓度由脱附过程和降解过程综合影响.通过高效液相色谱和气相色谱-质谱联用确定活性炭再生过程产物包括:间甲酚降解产物乙酸、丙烯酸以及部分稳定的大分子物质,其中乙酸浓度变化是导致总有机碳变化的主要因素.通过氮气吸附脱附测试可知,再生过程中活性炭表面有部分塌陷.通过程序升温脱附-质谱联用技术得出经过再生处理的活性炭表面氧化官能团的数量有显著增加,其中以羧酸酐类和内酯的增加最为显著,表明再生过程中活性炭表面部分被氧化.通过溶液分析以及表征结果,推测再生过程的反应机理.     

改性活性炭对有机物的吸附性能

研究了表面改性对活性炭吸附各种有机物性能的影响，研究发现，硝酸氧化可显著增加活性炭表面酸性基团的含量，提高了活性炭的表面亲水性，降低pHpzc值，并造成活性炭的结构塌陷和比表面积的减少，因而对活性炭吸附水中的苯酚、苯胺、腐殖酸、氯仿、四氯化碳等有机物的性能产生明显影响，以去除水中有机污染物为目的的活性炭表面改性的方向应为：减少表面内酯基及竣基等含氧官能团的含量，增加活性炭表面的疏水性。     

不同微波条件对活性炭微波再生效率的影响研究

研究了吸附药厂废水COD的粉末活性炭在不同微波条件下的微波再生。以碘吸附值为指标,通过单因素实验考查了微波功率、微波辐照时间对粉末活性炭性能恢复率、再生损耗率、综合恢复率的影响,结合实验拟合曲线特点,分析了呈现的规律和原因。实验结果表明,在微波功率为648W、辐照时间为180s时活性炭性能恢复率达到最大,为99.73%;在功率为464W、时间为180s时综合恢复率最佳,为96.81%。     

土壤有机质对镉在土壤中吸附-解吸行为的影响

研究了Cd^2＋在红壤、黄泥土、乌栅土及去除有机质后的三种土壤中的吸附-解吸行为．结果表明,有机质的去除显著降低了三种土壤体系Cd^2＋吸附-解吸平衡液的pH值,ApH范围为0．51到3．05．三种土壤中Cd^2＋的吸附量大小为：乌栅土〉黄泥土〉〉红壤,与土壤有机质含量的顺序一致;去除有机质后土壤对Cd^2＋的吸附量均明显下降,尤其是有机质含量高的黄泥土和乌栅土;三种土壤有机质对Cd^2＋吸附的贡献率平均值分别为红壤43．75％、黄泥土544．77％、乌栅土993．76％．Cd^2＋在所有土壤中的吸附均可用Freundlich方程来描述,相关系数均大于0．991,吸附亲和力的变化与吸附量大小的变化一致,n值在0．350到0．975之间变化．三种土壤中Cd^2＋解吸量依次减少,红壤中Cd^2＋解吸率均在50％以上,而黄泥土和乌栅土中解吸率最高为42％和19％;去除有机质后解吸率均在50％以上,且解吸量相差不大．     

水中1,3-二硝基苯在原油污染土壤中的吸附

研究水中1,3-二硝基苯在新疆原油开采区土壤中的吸附作用,探讨了其在土壤中的吸附机理及原油污染对吸附的影响.结果表明,水中1,3-二硝基苯在原土及原油污染土壤中的吸附等温线均符合Freundlich等温式.当原油含量较低时,水中1,3-二硝基苯在油污土壤中的吸附系数值略小于未污染土壤;1,3-二硝基苯在高原油含量污染土...     

煤泥制备活性炭的研究及应用

以洗煤厂的废料为原料制备活性炭,结果表明,只要其灰分含量小于25%,就可以制备出性能较好的粒状活性炭.活性炭对苯的吸附容量达450mg·g~(-1),对水中对硝基苯酚的饱和吸附容量约为430mg·g~(-1),四氯化碳吸附率约54%,比表面积约1000m~2·g~(-1),碘值700mgI_2·g~(-1),可用于有机溶剂回收、空气与水的净化及作催化剂载体.     

香芋高产、优质栽培技术与产品分级及加工

香芋是多年生宿根草本植物,属天南星科(Araceae)一年生栽培,是我省重要的特种蔬菜之一,随着农业结构调整步伐的加快,香芋的种植面积也在不断扩大,为了提高香芋的产量和品质,达到绿色蔬菜的标准,该文提出了香芋高产、优质栽培技术与产品分级及加工.表3,参5.     

Nanosensors and nanobiosensors in food and agriculture

The food and agriculture sector controls the economic growth of a developing country. The food industries have practices of growing crops, raising livestock and sea foods, food processing and packaging, regulating production and distribution with quality and safety. The process control and monitoring quality are crucial steps. Here we review nanosensors and nanobiosensors as alternative of classical quantification methods. Nanoscale dimensions of metal nanoparticles, metal nanoclusters, metal oxide nanoparticles, metal and carbon quantum dots, graphene, carbon nanotubes, and nanocomposites expand the sensitivity by signal amplification and integrate several novel transduction principles such as enhanced electrochemical, optical, Raman, enhanced catalytic activity, and superparamagnetic properties into the nanosensors. The electrochemical nanosensors, optical nanosensors, electronic nose and electronic tongue, nanobarcode technology, and wireless nanosensors have revolutionized the sensing in food and agriculture sectors with multiplex and real-time sensing capabilities. Despite previous success stories of the remunerative health sector, the approaches are transferred subsequently to food and agriculture sector; with potential application in detection of food contaminants such as preservatives, antibiotics, heavy metal ions, toxins, microbial load, and pathogens along with the rapid monitoring of temperature, traceability, humidity, gas, and aroma of the food stuff.     

市场经济与土肥科技

土肥的基础地位是不随社会性质或社会经济类型的变化而变化的，它既具重要性，又具长久性．市场经济是仍然需要土肥科技的．土肥科技的教学、科研和推广的力度必须加大，局面必须改观，且宜快不宜迟．土肥科技工作者一定要将培肥地力作为中心工作．根据广东的实际，增施有机肥是培肥地力的主要措施，因而抓秸秆还田和发展冬绿肥是我们工作的重点．     

基因污染与生态环境安全

论述了基因污染可能对生态环境安全造成的影响。转基因作物有可能污染天然物种的基因库；有可能破坏传统农作物品种的遗传多样性，加速作物种植品种的单一化及基因资源的流失；使抗除草剂作物的基因向野生或半野生植物漂移的可能性加大，有可能创造出“超级杂草”；带有病毒型转基因作物的基因重组，有可能创造出新的植物病毒，导致新的病害；BT转基因抗虫作物分泌的毒素，在食物链中传递，很难加以控制，对非目标生物造成危害，并最终破坏自然生态系统的平衡。文章还从不同角度分析了基因污染的严重性。     

Indoor and outdoor air pollution and lung cancer in New Hampshire and Vermont

Indoor and outdoor air pollution is known to contribute to increased lung cancer incidence. This study is the first to address the contribution of home heating fuel and geographical course particulate matter (PM₁₀) concentrations to lung cancer rates in New Hampshire, USA. First, Pearson correlation analysis and geographically weighted regression were used to investigate spatial relationships between outdoor PM₁₀ and lung cancer rates. While the aforementioned analyses did not indicate a significant contribution of PM₁₀ to lung cancer in the state, there was a trend towards a significant association in the northern and southwestern regions of the state. Second, case-control data were used to estimate the contributions of indoor pollution and secondhand smoke to the risk of lung cancer with adjustment for confounders. Increased risk was found among those who used wood or coal to heat their homes for more than 10 winters before the age of 18, with a significant increase in risk per winter. Resulting data suggest that further investigation of the relationship between heating-related air pollution levels and lung cancer risk is needed.     

Characteristics of dispersions and water-soluble extracts of crude and refined oils and their toxicity to estuarine crustaceans and fish

The quantitative hydrocarbon composition and behavior in seawater of water-soluble fractions (WSF) and oil-in-water dispersions (OWD) of 4 oils was investigated. Two crude oils, South Louisiana crude and Kuwait crude, and two refined oils, No. 2 fuel oil and bunker C residual oil, were used in these investigations. The WSFs of the crude oils had higher total oil-hydrocarbon concentrations and were richer in light aliphatics and single-ring aromatics than were the WSFs of the refined oils. The WSFs of the refined oils contained significantly higher concentrations of naphthalenes than did those of the crudes. The hydrocarbon composition of the aqueous phase of OWDs closely resembled that of the parent oils. Gentle aeration of the OWDs resulted in a loss of 80 to 90% of the aqueous hydrocarbons in 24 h. Alkanes disappeared from the dispersions more rapidly than aromatics. The WSFs and OWDs of the refined oils were considerably more toxic to the 6 test species than were those of the crude oils. The test species can be ranked according to increasing sensitivity to oil as follows: Cyprinodon variegatus, Menidia beryllina, Fundulus similus, Penaeus aztecus postlarvae, Palaemonetes pugio and Mysidopsis almyra. The results of this investigation are discussed in relation to the potential impacts of oil spills on the marine and estuarine environments.     

1株贫营养好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及其脱氮特性

从水库底泥样品中,以硝酸盐为唯一氮源进行驯化、分离筛选出1株能在贫营养及好氧条件下进行高效反硝化的菌株PY8,经过电镜形态学观察、生理生化和16S rDNA序列分析,并基于16SrDNA序列结果,构建了该菌株的系统发育树,最终确定菌株PY8为根瘤菌Rhizobiumsp.。考察了初始pH值、温度、C/N、初始硝酸钠质量浓度、投菌量对菌株PY8硝酸盐还原活性的影响,以及该菌株的异养硝化性能。结果表明,在pH6.0～10.0,温度25～30℃,C/N1.0～9.0,初始硝酸钠质量浓度0.01～0.50g·L-1,投菌量1%～15%时,菌株PY8培养72h后的硝氮去除率可达到95%以上。另外,该菌株具有同时硝化-反硝化作用,在培养过程中氨氮去除率可达到58%左右。实验结果表明,菌株PY8在微污染水体生物脱氮领域中具有很大的应用潜力。