翅碱蓬-沙蚕对土壤中Pb的生物可利用性影响研究

用中国北方滩涂湿地优势植物翅碱蓬(Suaeda heteroptera)和潮间带常见物种沙蚕(Nereis succinea)联合处理大连市黑石礁黄海潮间带模拟Pb污染土壤。结果表明,翅碱蓬和沙蚕联合作用,能对Pb~(2+)质量浓度在800mg/kg以下的土壤起到残渣态向可交换态转化的作用,使生物可利用性提高。翅碱蓬和沙蚕联合起协同作用,能显著提高生物体对土壤中总Pb的吸收速率,两者对Pb~(2+)质量浓度800mg/kg以下的土壤30d内都有富集能力,总吸收速率常数随土壤中Pb~(2+)浓度的增大而增大。     

水培翅碱蓬对重金属吸收的研究

由于人类活动以及工业化的迅速发展,滩涂湿地正在遭受前所未有的污染和破坏,其中重金属污染是主要污染问题之一。生物修复技术是近年发展起来的新型环境污染治理方法,它在去除污染的同时还具有较高的环保价值,因此受到人们的广泛关注。以中国北方滩涂湿地的优势种植物翅碱蓬(Suaeda heteroptera kitag)为研究对象,通过测定翅碱蓬体内重金属的含量,分别探讨了翅碱蓬对单一Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd及Cu和Zn、Pb和Cd混合重金属的吸收规律、翅碱蓬不同部位对Cu的积累特性。实验结果表明,翅碱蓬对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的最大吸收速率分别为31、101、34、62mg/(kg.d);Cu的存在,促进了翅碱蓬对Zn的吸收,翅碱蓬各部位对Cu的积累量大小为根>茎>叶。     

石油烃对翅碱蓬生理特性的影响及植物-微生物联合降解

通过盆栽实验,测定在低浓度石油烃浓度下翅碱蓬的生长生理指标及沉积物和翅碱蓬中石油烃含量的变化,研究石油烃对翅碱蓬生理特性和抗氧化酶系统的影响及植物-微生物联合修复效果。结果表明,翅碱蓬抗氧化酶能够快速提高活性来抵御逆境,植株还可通过增加其叶绿素含量等来适应或补偿逆境造成的损失。同时还发现,当植物处于石油烃污染沉积物时,它体内污染物的分布会与自然情况下有所不同,自然情况下分布为茎>叶>根,受污染时分布为根>茎>叶,该结果可以作为判断沉积物是否受到污染的依据。实验的不同处理(加植物加菌组、只加菌未种植物组、种植物未加菌组)去除率分别为70.87%、63.66%和60.26%,翅碱蓬-降解菌处理的沉积物中石油烃残留浓度最低、去除量最高,表明植物-微生物联合作用更有利于石油烃污染沉积物的修复。     

水葫芦圈养对星云湖富营养化水体水质的影响

为了研究水葫芦圈养对富营养化水域的影响,对星云湖14个实验区的采样点及8个对照区采样点的水质各理化性质指标、化学需氧量(COD)、生化需氧量(BOD_5)、不同形态氮浓度进行测定,分析了紫根水葫芦圈养对星云湖水质的影响,结果表明:在紫根水葫芦生长发育期,星云湖中圈养的紫根水葫芦能够显著增加水体中的溶解氧含量,可以有效吸收星云湖湖水中的氨氮、总氮、总磷,降低了水体中BOD-5和COD含量。总磷、总氮和氨氮三者之间显著正相关,总磷、氨氮、总氮以及BOD_5都与水体的pH呈显著负相关,然而溶解氧与pH显著正相关,BOD_5与水温、总磷、COD、氨氮和总氮显著正相关。科学的水葫芦圈养模式可以有效的降低富营养化水体中的营养物质,改善水质。     

清潩河许昌段表层沉积物污染评价

为了解水质污染对沉积物质量的影响,在清潩河许昌段河道内采集10个代表性点位处的沉积物样品,对pH、有机质、总氮、总磷、Cu、Zn、As、Cr和Pb含量进行分析,根据环境背景值或生态风险阈值对各指标及各点位的污染状况进行评价,与文献中报道的其他流域沉积物中污染物含量进行了对比,并对清潩河河道沉积物的污染原因进行分析。结果表明,清潩河河道表层沉积物整体处于污染状态,部分河道为重污染;与其他流域相比,清潩河河道表层沉积物中有机质、总氮和总磷的污染程度比较严重,尤其总氮的污染尤为突出。水资源匮乏、造纸厂及城镇污水处理厂的排污是造成上述结果的主要原因。     

上覆水环境条件对底泥氮磷释放的影响研究

研究了不同温度、pH、DO环境条件下底泥对上覆水总氮、总磷释放强度的影响。结果表明:(1)随着温度升高,总氮、总磷释放强度增加;中性(pH=7)不利于底泥总氮、总磷的释放,强碱性(pH=10)条件下总氮、总磷释放强度最大;底泥中总氮、总磷的释放强度总体随DO浓度的升高而降低。(2)底泥中总氮平均释放强度与温度(R2为0.998)的关系符合二次曲线,与pH(R2为0.976)和DO(R2为1.000)的关系都符合三次曲线;总磷平均释放强度与温度(R2为0.999)、pH(R2为0.999)和DO(R2为1.000)的关系均符合三次曲线。(3)极差分析发现,环境条件对底泥总氮释放影响的大小表现为温度DOpH,对底泥总磷释放影响的大小表现为pH温度DO。     

鄱阳湖流域重金属污染评价与分析

为分析评价鄱阳湖流域重金属积累污染情况,采集流域内沉积物及土壤样品,测定其Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、As、Hg含量以及pH、氧化还原电位(Eh)、有机质(SOM)以及黏粒含量等理化参数,采用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法评价流域内沉积物及土壤的重金属污染水平,利用相关性分析法及主成分分析法解析重金属污染的影响因素...     

土壤石油污染对植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的响应

研究了不同质量分数石油污染土壤对4种植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,并对幼苗叶片的丙二醛(MDA)含量对污染胁迫的响应进行了研究,以期筛选适合石油污染土壤的潜在修复植物。设置了4组不同质量分数的石油污染土壤处理,对玉米(Zea mays L.)、高粱(Sorghum bicolor(L.)Moench)、披碱草(Elymus dahuricus Turcz.)和翅碱蓬(Suaeda hetroptera Kitag)4种供试植物进行了温室盆栽试验观测。结果表明,试验土属滨海盐渍土,在盐碱化和石油污染的双重胁迫下,不同的植物种子对石油污染表现出不同的耐受性;受试植物在10%(质量分数)石油污染处理下的发芽率均达80%以上,且石油的暴露水平越高,高粱、披碱草和翅碱蓬的种子发芽率越大;玉米和高粱的株高和根长均与土壤中石油浓度呈极显著正相关,而披碱草的根长则与之呈显著负相关;玉米的根冠比与土壤中石油浓度呈显著负相关,高粱和披碱草则与之相关性不明显;在石油污染土壤中生长的玉米和高粱,其叶片中MDA含量与空白对照组存在极显著差异,且随着污染土壤石油质量分数的升高呈现单峰响应特征;披碱草2个生长期(45、60d)叶片内的MDA含量均随土壤中石油浓度的升高而增加,土壤石油污染会对其造成毒害作用。总的来看,相比其他2种植物,高粱和披碱草具有较大的种子发芽率和石油污染耐受性,表明它们具有修复石油污染土壤的应用潜力。     

中国重点污染源总磷、总氮排放状况研究

中国氮、磷污染较为突出,然而氮、磷排放负荷底数不清,尤其是对具有监管优势的工业源和城镇生活源研究不足。利用《中国环境统计公报》数据和污染源监督性监测数据,对中国重点污染源的总磷、总氮排放状况分析得出:农业源是总磷、总氮的主要排放源;污水处理厂、工业企业的总磷、总氮排放浓度基本持平,规模化畜禽养殖企业总磷排放浓度较高;工业源中化工、农副食品加工等大类行业总磷、总氮排放量较大,淀粉制造等小类行业总磷、总氮排放量也较大;中国总磷、总氮排放主要集中在中东部地区。     

电渗脱水对污泥性质及结合水含量的影响

为探究电渗脱水对污泥理化性质及内部结合水的影响,采用电渗脱水技术处理机械脱水后的污泥,研究了电渗脱水后污泥的含水率、pH、总氮、总磷及结合水的含量变化。结果表明,随着脱水实验的进行,污泥的含水率均呈下降趋势,其中阳极下降最快,最低含水率可降至50.4%。阴极pH上升至9.1,中部变化不明显,而阳极持续下降至5.8。总氮含量表现为阴极和中部缓慢上升,而阳极持续下降;总磷含量的变化为阳极缓慢上升,而阴极和中部持续下降。电渗脱水后污泥中结合水含量较原泥降低,其中阳极结合水含量最低,结合水与干物质的质量之比由初始的2.67降低至0.76。同时发现,结合水含量越少,其所需的融化热就会越高,脱除难度越大。     

Field and laboratory studies of the fate and enantiomeric enrichment of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

The stereoselectivity of R,S-venlafaxine and its metabolites R,S-O-desmethylvenlafaxine, N-desmethylvenlafaxine, O,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine, N,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine and tridesmethylvenlafaxine was studied in three processes: (i) anaerobic and aerobic laboratory scale tests; (ii) six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) operating under different conditions; and (iii) a variety of wastewater treatments including conventional activated sludge, natural attenuation along a receiving river stream and storage in operational and seasonal reservoirs. In the laboratory and field studies, the degradation of the venlafaxine yielded O-desmethylvenalfaxine as the dominant metabolite under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Venlafaxine was almost exclusively converted to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under anaerobic conditions, but only a fraction of the drug was transformed to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic conditions. Degradation of venlafaxine involved only small stereoisomeric selectivity. In contrast, the degradation of O-desmethylvenlafaxine yielded remarkable S to R enrichment under aerobic conditions but none under anaerobic conditions. Determination of venlafaxine and its metabolites in the WWTPs agreed well with the stereoselectivity observed in the laboratory studies. Our results suggest that the levels of the drug and its metabolites and the stereoisomeric enrichment of the metabolite and its parent drug can be used for source tracking and for discrimination between domestic and nondomestic wastewater pollution. This was indeed demonstrated in the investigations carried out at the Jerusalem WWTP.     

骆马湖富营养化和生态状况调查与评价

为了了解骆马湖水质状况，在2005年对骆马湖富营养化状态和生态特性进行了调查，并结合“十五”期间的监测资料进行了分析。2005年骆马湖水体中总氮和总磷的平均值超《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）中Ⅲ类，超标情况分别为0．78倍和0．54倍，达到湖库特定项目Ⅳ类水标准，骆马湖处于轻度富营养化状态。对骆马湖生态特征分析表明，由于该湖泊的形态以及“藻型浊水状态”和“泥沙型浊水状态”交替出现，遏制了湖水从高营养盐含量向全面富营养化状态演变，保障了底栖动物的良好生长环境，从而形成了骆马湖独特的环境生态平衡。     

Copper-catalyzed chlorination and condensation of acetylene and dichloroacetylene

The chlorination and condensation of acetylene at low temperatures is demonstrated using copper chlorides as chlorinated agents coated to model borosilicate surfaces. Experiments with and without both a chlorine source and borosilicate surfaces indicate the absence of gas-phase and gas-surface reactions. Chlorination and condensation occur only in the presence of the copper catalyst. C₂ through C₈ organic products were observed in the effluent; PCDD/F were only observed from extraction of the borosilicate surfaces. A global reaction model is proposed that is consistent with the observed product distributions. Similar experiments with dichloroacetylene indicate greater reactivity in the absence of the copper catalyst. Reaction is observed in the gas-phase and in the presence of borosilicate surfaces at low temperatures. The formation of hexachlorobenzene is only observed in the presence of a copper catalyst. PCDD/F were only observed from extraction of the borosilicate surfaces. A global reaction model is proposed for the formation of hexachlorobenzene from dichloroacetylene.     

Aerobic and anaerobic degradation of profluralin and trifluralin

Abstract

The degradation of profluralin [N‐(cyclopropylmethyl)‐α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N‐propyl‐]p‐toluidine] and trifluralin (α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐p‐toluidine) was studied under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. Three soils (Goldsboro loamy sand, Cecil loamy sand, Drummer clay loam) were each treated with 1 ppmw herbicide; anaerobic conditions were maintained by flooding. Soil samples were extracted monthly and subjected to TLC analysis. No degradation was detected in sterile controls. Aerobic degradation of both herbicides was greatest in the Cecil loamy sand soil over the entire incubation period. Degradation of profluralin in Cecil soil under aerobic conditions was 86 percent after 4 months with three products detected; 83 percent of the trifluralin was degraded with two products detected. Anaerobic degradation accounted for 72 percent of the profluralin and 78 percent of the trifluralin after 4 months. Degradation of both herbicides increased with incubation time for the first 3 months and decreased slightly thereafter. Generally there was more extensive degradation (percent and in number of products formed) of profluralin than trifluralin under the conditions tested. More degradation products were detected for both herbicides under aerobic conditions than under anaerobic conditions.     

剩余污泥浓缩脱水投药量优化和模型建立

应用高分子阳离子絮凝剂（CPF-100）和聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）对污水厂剩余污泥进行浓缩脱水实验，研究表明：CPF-100的浓缩脱水效果优于PAM；当CPF-00投加量为1．16‰时，污泥沉降性能改善程度为37．51％；且在CPF-100投加量逐渐增大的初始阶段，污泥沉降性能改善程度随投加量的增加而增大，但CPF-100投加量也不宜过大，当CPF-100投加量超过1．16‰后，反而会使浓缩脱水效果变差。同时，建立了污泥沉降性能改善程度与絮凝剂CPF-100投加量、沉降时间之间的数学模型，其能较好地反映污水厂剩余污泥的浓缩脱水效果。     

Sources and distribution of polychlorinated-dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans in soil and sediment from the Yellow Sea region of China and Korea

Polychlorinated-dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were measured in soils and sediments from the Yellow Sea region. Korean soils and sediments mostly contained detectable PCDD/Fs and showed a widespread distribution among locations. Soil and sedimentary PCDD/Fs from China were comparable to or less than those in Korea. The patterns of relative concentrations of individual congeners in soils were different between the two countries, but similar in sediments. Sources of PCDD/Fs in China and Korea were found to be independent of each other and their distributions reflected matrix-dependent accumulation. Spatial distribution indicated some point sources in Korea while Chinese sources were more widespread and diffuse. PCDD/Fs measured in the coastal areas of the Yellow Sea were comparable to or less than those previously reported in for eastern Asia. However, ∑TEQs in soils and sediments were near to or, in some cases exceeded environmental quality guidelines.     

Quantification of carbamazepine and atrazine and screening of suspect organic contaminants in surface and drinking waters

A new approach for the identification of suspect trace organic contaminants in drinking and surface waters is presented. Samples were initially analyzed using a target determination method for two contamination tracers, carbamazepine (CBZ) and atrazine (ATZ). This method used offline solid-phase extraction and online solid-phase extraction techniques coupled to liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry to accelerate the sample preparation process and improve method performance. CBZ and ATZ were found respectively in 31% and 56% of the samples, and concentrations were usually <20 ng L⁻¹. These samples were re-analyzed with a similar method on a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer to identify suspect contaminants by means of exact mass measurements and isotope patterns. A database of 264 common organic contaminants was built and used in conjunction with a Molecular Feature algorithm to identify the presence of these substances in drinking and surface water collected from different sources at various locations across Canada. Several organic contaminants were identified in the samples, but only the presence of caffeine, desethylatrazine, simazine and venlafaxine could be verified by comparison to pure standards. The presence of desethylatrazine was also confirmed by MS/MS experiments. These results suggest that target analysis for tracers of organic contamination may be a helpful tool to prioritize samples which should be further screened for suspect contaminants. This study also shows that the combination of separation techniques (offline and online SPE, LC) contribute to advance the applicability of high-resolution mass spectrometry for the identification of trace organic contaminants by accelerating the preparation step, reducing complexity and increasing analyte concentrations for optimal detection.     

Persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in onion and soil

The persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on onion were studied after application of their combination formulation at a standard and double dose of 75 + 150 and 150 + 300 g a.i. ha^?1. The fungicides were extracted with acetone, cleaned-up using activated charcoal (trifloxystrobin) and neutral alumina (tebuconazole). Analysis was carried out by gas chromatograph (GC) and confirmed by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The recovery was above 80% and limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.05 mg kg^?1 for both fungicides. Initial residue deposits of trifloxystrobin were 0.68 and 1.01 mg kg^?1 and tebuconazole 0.673 and 1.95 mg kg^?1 from standard and double dose treatments, respectively. Dissipation of the fungicides followed first-order kinetics and the half life of degradation was 6–6.6 days. Matured onion bulb (and field soil) harvested after 30 days was free from fungicide residues. These findings suggest recommended safe pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 14 and 25 days for spring onion consumption after treatment of Nativo 75 WG at the standard and double doses, respectively. Matured onion bulbs at harvest were free from fungicide residues.     

Effects of compositional heterogeneity and nanoporosity of raw and treated biomass-generated soot on adsorption and absorption of organic contaminants

A biomass-generated soot was sequentially treated by HCl-HF solution, organic solvent, and oxidative acid to remove ash, extractable native organic matter (EOM), and amorphous carbon. The compositional heterogeneity and nano-structure of the untreated and treated soot samples were characterized by elemental analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis, BET-N₂ surface area, and electron microscopic analysis. Sorption properties of polar and nonpolar organic pollutants onto the soot samples were compared, and individual contributions of adsorption and absorption were quantified. The sorption isotherms for raw sample were practically linear, while were nonlinear for the pretreated-soot. The removal of EOM enhanced adsorption and reduced absorption, indicating that EOM served as a partitioning phase and simultaneously masked the adsorptive sites. By drastic-oxidation, the outer amorphous carbon and the inner disordered core of the soot particles were completely removed, and a fullerene-like nanoporous structure (aromatic shell) was created, which promoted additional π-π interaction between phenanthrene and the soot.     

城市污水厂水质相关性及分布状态的研究和应用

采用统计学及质量控制的一些基本理论及方法对污水处理厂的运行数据进行分析,得出城市污水处理厂BOD5、COD、SS、TN、TP等主要出水指标呈正态分布的规律;城市污水BOD5、COD、TN、TP等指标间存在显著线性相关性的结论.研究结论可用于污水处理厂制定经济合理的出水监测方案以及对污水处理厂运行可靠性等进行评估.