人车碰撞中行人损伤影响因素研究

为降低行人在碰撞过程中的损伤程度,探讨碰撞中的多元因素对人体损伤程度的影响机制,搭建人车碰撞仿真平台,建立人车碰撞数学模型,利用真实事故案例现场数据,验证模型的有效性。借助该仿真平台,计算在不同多元关联因素影响后的行人的运动学响应及损伤程度。研究表明:二次碰撞中行人头部损伤是导致行人死亡的主要原因;保险杠高度越接近胫骨高度,胫骨加速度和膝关节的弯曲角度越大;减小保险杠倾角能降低行人腿部损伤风险。     

人车碰撞事故中行人动力学响应及损伤研究

为研究行人与车辆碰撞后的抛距、运动姿态及其损伤机制,根据国家车辆事故深度调查体系(NAIS)中的2起真实案例,针对事故中常见的厢式客车和普通轿车车型,基于MADYMO多刚体仿真软件,建立符合中国人体形特征的人车碰撞多刚体模型。在此基础上进行计算机模拟试验,研究2种车型不同车速和碰撞角度对碰撞后行人动力学响应及损伤的影响。结果表明,车型和车速是影响行人抛距和损伤程度的主要因素,而碰撞角度对行人碰撞后的运动姿态有较大影响。     

行人与厢式客车碰撞后的运动形态及损伤研究

为研究厢式客车与行人碰撞后行人运动形态及其损伤机制,根据国家车辆事故深度调查体系(NAIS)中的一个真实案例,利用Madymo仿真软件,建立厢式客车的前部结构模型和中国50百分位的假人模型。在此基础上进行计算机模拟试验,以人体损伤指标为评价标准,研究不同车速和行人朝向对碰撞后的行人运动形态及损伤的影响。结果表明:车速和行人朝向是影响行人损伤程度的主要因素,行人朝向对碰撞后的行人运动形态影响较大;此外,行人先与厢式客车碰撞一侧的小腿损伤值明显大于后碰一侧,行人与地面二次碰撞造成的头部损伤是导致行人死亡的主要原因。     

电动自行车与汽车侧面碰撞对骑车人的损伤研究

为探究电动自行车与汽车侧面碰撞过程中各因素对骑车人损伤的影响规律,基于国家车辆事故深度调查体系(NAIS)中的事故案例,运用多刚体动力学仿真软件PC-Crash开展重建仿真试验,研究电动自行车与不同汽车车型侧面碰撞的角度和接触位置对电动自行车骑车人损伤的影响。结果表明:电动自行车与汽车侧面碰撞接触位置对骑车人的损伤影响较大,SUV车型,中部碰撞骑车人头部损伤最严重,后部碰撞下肢损伤最严重;而电动自行车与汽车碰撞角度的变化对骑车人损伤的影响没有明显的规律性。     

男性行人与SUV正碰后的运动形态及损伤研究

为降低人车正面碰撞事故中男性行人的损伤程度,利用放缩法建立我国50百分位男性身高168.5cm,体质量为50.5、65.5、75.5、80.5 kg等4种体型的男性行人模型;在MADYMO仿真分析环境中建立上述不同体型的男性行人与运动型多功能车(SUV)在不同碰撞速度、不同最大制动减速度下的正面碰撞模型,开展仿真试验,研究碰撞后男性行人运动形态和头部损伤情况。结果表明:碰撞车速决定碰撞后男性行人运动形态,且显著影响男性行人头部损伤来源;碰撞车速为30～80 km/h,男性行人头部损伤主要是与地面碰撞所致;碰撞车速大于90 km/h,男性行人头部损伤主要是与SUV碰撞所致;男性行人体型越肥胖,与SUV碰撞所致的头部伤害指标值(HIC)越小;最大制动减速度越大,男性行人与SUV碰撞所致的头部HIC值越小,头部与SUV碰撞时刻越晚。     

基于Pc-Crash软件的人-车碰撞事故仿真规律研究

以Pc-Crash软件为平台,仿真分析两例实际的人-车碰撞试验。通过对比仿真结果与试验的吻合情况,并结合其他学者所提及的现象,总结了仿真中人-车接触部位、行人终止点位置及抛距、行人被车辆抛出后的运动情况等与实际情况的耦合程度的规律。发现利用Pc-Crash软件实现对人-车碰撞事故仿真时,人-车接触部位与实际情况可以耦合得很好,行人终止点位置一般总体抛距与实际情况差不多,而行人被车辆抛出后的运动情况则与实际不符,针对这些现象提出一些建议。对更好地利用Pc-Crash软件实现对人-车碰撞事故的仿真分析有一定的意义。     

汽车一体化安全与行人保护研究

汽车一体化安全把汽车被动安全与主动安全有机结合,可以充分发挥主、被动安全措施的最佳效用,其代表技术是汽车预碰撞安全,该技术已成为汽车安全领域新的研究热点和发展趋势。笔者介绍了汽车一体化安全的定义与组成,通过应用实例概述了汽车预碰撞安全的研究现状。通过统计分析人-车碰撞时序探讨汽车一体化安全技术应用于行人保护的必要性。在此基础上介绍了基于一体化安全的行人碰撞保护方案的基本原理,列举应用实例分析该方案的技术特点,应用实例表明一体化安全可以为行人提供更好的保护效果,将成为行人碰撞保护今后的发展方向。     

人车碰撞中行人大腿保护研究

研究提高人车碰撞中行人大腿的保护性能的方法。首先对大腿伤害机理,伤害评价指标以及车辆自身结构进行阐述和研究,总结车辆前端结构的关键参数;对某车型的前大灯进行结构改进,按照欧洲新车安全评鉴协会(Euro NCAP)行人大腿保护的试验评价方法,改进后进行碰撞试验;建立装有发动机罩安全气囊的整车仿真模型,验证安全气囊对行人大腿的保护性能。经过试验和仿真可以得出:车辆前大灯结构刚度改进和发动机罩安全气囊可以改善行人大腿的保护性能。     

ISO发布新的行人碰撞试验方法标准

国际标准化组织(ISO)最近发布的一项新的国际标准——ISO11096:2011《道路车辆-行人防护-对行人大腿、腿和膝盖碰撞试验方法》,定义了新的碰撞试验方法,这将降低由于危险的汽车设计而引起的大量的行人腿所受到的伤害。     

基于Logistic的不同车型碰撞行人事故严重程度致因分析

为定量分析不同车型碰撞行人事故严重程度影响因素,以美国北卡罗来纳州2007-2016年人车碰撞事故数据为样本,将其分为小轿车、SUV、货车碰撞行人事故3类,以事故严重程度为因变量,交通参与者属性、道路、环境条件和事故特征为候选自变量,分别建立累计logistic模型进行对比分析,探究人、车、路和环境因素对人车碰撞事故严...     

广州市机动车人行横道让行行为及影响因素分析

为了探索广州市机动车驾驶员人行横道处让行行为的特征与其影响因素,采用实地调查、问卷调查和卡方检验等方法,对广州市3处典型人行横道处进行现场观测,发放并收集434份有效问卷,开展机动车让行率、行人和驾驶员对于让行行为的认知及态度、驾驶员特征因素对让行行为频率的影响等方面的统计分析。研究结果显示,广州市机动车在人行横道处减速或停车让行的比例低于15%;女性驾驶员、年龄较大的驾驶员和受教育程度高的驾驶员更倾向于在人行横道处让行。     

行人与轿车正碰后卷绕型运动形态仿真研究*

为研究行人与轿车正碰后卷绕型运动形态规律以及行人损伤情况,基于PC Crash和MADYMO软件进行仿真分析。分析不同发动机罩倾斜程度对行人抛距的影响,以及不同车速、行人走向、前挡风玻璃倾角对行人头部、胸腔的损伤影响,最后通过CIDAS数据库中的3起真实案例进行验证。结果表明:分段抛距公式不仅能反映行人抛距变化趋势,而且在2个分段范围内均能较好地拟合实际抛距,平均误差为4.23%,实际案例验证的结果误差在5%以内,证明实验方法的准确性。     

开放空间复杂地形人员疏散模拟研究

为研究开放空间复杂地形条件下人员疏散,开发出能够模拟行人疏散的三维可视化软件系统。将复杂多变的地形分解为一系列连续变化的坡面,分析斜坡上行人受力,考虑重力影响,在经典社会力模型的基础上,提出一个改进模型。选择某气井周边居民疏散案例,运用VC++和OpenGL图形库技术初步完成整合数字高程模型(DEM)、道路网络和行人特征的三维社会力人员疏散模拟程序。最后通过实例模拟,可以明显地观察到人群的动态疏散过程以及在灾难中的拥堵行为、转向躲避行为和超越行为。应用该模型,能够实现复杂地形人员疏散三维动态模拟,并快速预测疏散时间。     

A study on chest injury mechanism and the effectiveness of a headform impact test for pedestrian chest protection from vehicle collisions

This study was aimed at investigating the injury mechanism of pedestrian chests in collisions with passenger vehicles of various frontal shapes and examining the influence of the local structural stiffness on the chest injury risk by using the headform impact test at the chest contact area of the vehicle. Three simulations of vehicle to pedestrian collisions were conducted using three validated pedestrian finite element (FE) models of three pedestrian heights of 177 (AM50th), 165 and 150 cm and three FE vehicles models representing a one-box vehicle, a minicar and a medium car. The validity of the vehicle models was evaluated by comparing the headform acceleration against the measured responses from headform impact tests. The chest impact kinematics and the injury mechanisms were analyzed in terms of the distribution of the von Mises stress of the ribcage and in terms of the chest deflections. The chest contact locations on the front panel and the bonnet top were identified in connection to the causation of rib fractures. The risk of rib fractures was predicted by using the von Mises stress distribution. The headform impact tests were carried out at the chest contact area on the front panel and bonnet to examine the safety performance with respect to pedestrian chest protection. In simulations of the one-box vehicle to pedestrian collisions, the chest was struck directly by the frontal structure at a high velocity and deformed substantially, since a shear force was generated by the stiff windshield frame. The acceleration of the headform was related to the rib deflections. The injury threshold of the ribcage deflection (42 mm) corresponded to the headform average acceleration of 68 G. In the minicar collision, the chest was struck with the bonnet top and cowl area at a low velocity, and the deformation was small due to the distributed contact force between the chest and the bonnet top. Besides, the ribcage deformation was too small for bridging a relation between the headform accelerations and rib deflections. In the medium car collision, the deformation mode of the chest was similar to that in the minicar collision. The chest collided with the bonnet top at a low velocity and deformed uniformly. The deflection of the ribs had an observable correlation with the headform accelerations measured in the headform impact tests. The frontal shape of a vehicle has a large influence on a pedestrian’s chest loadings, and the chest deformation depends on the size of the pedestrian and the stiffness of the vehicle. The one-box passenger vehicle causes a high chest injury risk. The headform impactor test can be utilized for the evaluation of the local stiffness of a vehicle’s frontal structure. The reduction of the headform acceleration is an effective measure for pedestrian chest protection for specific shapes of vehicles by efficacy in modifying the local structural stiffness.     

Pedestrian head impact conditions depending on the vehicle front shape and its construction--full model simulation

For the evaluation of pedestrian protection, the European Enhanced Vehicle-Safety Committee Working Group 17 report is now commonly used. In the evaluation of head injuries, the report takes into account only the hood area of the vehicle. But recent pedestrian accident data has shown the injury source for head injury changing to the windshield and A-pillar from the hood. The head contact points are considered to fall on a parallel to the front shape of the vehicle along the lateral direction, but the rigidity of the outer side construction is different from the center area. The purpose of this study is to consider the reason for the change in injury source for recent vehicle models. The head contact points and contact conditions, speed and angle, are thought to be influenced not only by the vehicle's geometry, but also its construction (rigidity). In this study, vehicle-pedestrian impact simulations were calculated with a finite element model for several hitting positions, including the outer side areas. Full dummy sled tests were conducted to confirm the simulation results. These results show that, for impacts at the outer sides of the vehicle, the head contact points are more rearward than at the vehicle center. In addition, the speed and angle of the head contact were found to be influenced by the pedestrian height.     

A virtual test system representing the distribution of pedestrian impact configurations for future vehicle front-end optimization

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to define a computationally efficient virtual test system (VTS) to assess the aggressivity of vehicle front-end designs to pedestrians considering the distribution of pedestrian impact configurations for future vehicle front-end optimization. The VTS should represent real-world impact configurations in terms of the distribution of vehicle impact speeds, pedestrian walking speeds, pedestrian gait, and pedestrian height. The distribution of injuries as a function of body region, vehicle impact speed, and pedestrian size produced using this VTS should match the distribution of injuries observed in the accident data. The VTS should have the predictive ability to distinguish the aggressivity of different vehicle front-end designs to pedestrians.

Methods: The proposed VTS includes 2 parts: a simulation test sample (STS) and an injury weighting system (IWS). The STS was defined based on MADYMO multibody vehicle to pedestrian impact simulations accounting for the range of vehicle impact speeds, pedestrian heights, pedestrian gait, and walking speed to represent real world impact configurations using the Pedestrian Crash Data Study (PCDS) and anthropometric data. In total 1,300 impact configurations were accounted for in the STS. Three vehicle shapes were then tested using the STS. The IWS was developed to weight the predicted injuries in the STS using the estimated proportion of each impact configuration in the PCDS accident data. A weighted injury number (WIN) was defined as the resulting output of the VTS. The WIN is the weighted number of average Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2+ injuries recorded per impact simulation in the STS. Then the predictive capability of the VTS was evaluated by comparing the distributions of AIS 2+ injuries to different pedestrian body regions and heights, as well as vehicle types and impact speeds, with that from the PCDS database. Further, a parametric analysis was performed with the VTS to assess the sensitivity of the injury predictions to changes in vehicle shape (type) and stiffness to establish the potential for using the VTS for future vehicle front-end optimization.

Results: An STS of 1,300 multibody simulations and an IWS based on the distribution of impact speed, pedestrian height, gait stance, and walking speed is broadly capable of predicting the distribution of pedestrian injuries observed in the PCDS database when the same vehicle type distribution as the accident data is employed. The sensitivity study shows significant variations in the WIN when either vehicle type or stiffness is altered.

Conclusions: Injury predictions derived from the VTS give a good representation of the distribution of injuries observed in the PCDS and distinguishing ability on the aggressivity of vehicle front-end designs to pedestrians. The VTS can be considered as an effective approach for assessing pedestrian safety performance of vehicle front-end designs at the generalized level. However, the absolute injury number is substantially underpredicted by the VTS, and this needs further development.     

Pedestrian fatalities, Atlanta Metropolitan Statistical Area and United States, 2000-2004

Motor vehicle crashes killed almost 5,000 pedestrians in 2005 in the United States. Pedestrian risk may be higher in areas characterized by urban sprawl. From 2000 to 2004, pedestrian fatality rates declined in the United States, but the Atlanta metropolitan statistical area did not experience the same decline. Pedestrian fatality rates for males, Hispanics, and the 15–34 and 35–54 year age groups were higher in Atlanta than in the United States overall. Pedestrian safety interventions should be targeted to high-risk populations and localized pedestrian settings.     

Creating Pedestrian Crash Scenarios in a Driving Simulator Environment

Objective: In 2012 in the United States, pedestrian injuries accounted for 3.3% of all traffic injuries but, disproportionately, pedestrian fatalities accounted for roughly 14% of traffic-related deaths (NHTSA 2014 NHTSA. Traffic Safety Facts 2012 Pedestrians. Washington, DC: Author; 2014. DOT HS 811 888. [Google Scholar]). In many other countries, pedestrians make up more than 50% of those injured and killed in crashes. This research project examined driver response to crash-imminent situations involving pedestrians in a high-fidelity, full-motion driving simulator. This article presents a scenario development method and discusses experimental design and control issues in conducting pedestrian crash research in a simulation environment. Driving simulators offer a safe environment in which to test driver response and offer the advantage of having virtual pedestrian models that move realistically, unlike test track studies, which by nature must use pedestrian dummies on some moving track.

Methods: An analysis of pedestrian crash trajectories, speeds, roadside features, and pedestrian behavior was used to create 18 unique crash scenarios representative of the most frequent and most costly crash types. For the study reported here, we only considered scenarios where the car is traveling straight because these represent the majority of fatalities. We manipulated driver expectation of a pedestrian both by presenting intersection and mid-block crossing as well as by using features in the scene to direct the driver's visual attention toward or away from the crossing pedestrian. Three visual environments for the scenarios were used to provide a variety of roadside environments and speed: a 20–30 mph residential area, a 55 mph rural undivided highway, and a 40 mph urban area.

Results: Many variables of crash situations were considered in selecting and developing the scenarios, including vehicle and pedestrian movements; roadway and roadside features; environmental conditions; and characteristics of the pedestrian, driver, and vehicle. The driving simulator scenarios were subjected to iterative testing to adjust time to arrival triggers for the pedestrian actions. This article discusses the rationale behind creating the simulator scenarios and some of the procedural considerations for conducting this type of research.

Conclusions: Crash analyses can be used to construct test scenarios for driver behavior evaluations using driving simulators. By considering trajectories, roadway, and environmental conditions of real-world crashes, representative virtual scenarios can serve as safe test beds for advanced driver assistance systems. The results of such research can be used to inform pedestrian crash avoidance/mitigation systems by identifying driver error, driver response time, and driver response choice (i.e., steering vs. braking).