羰基镍急性染毒致大鼠淋巴细胞DNA损伤的剂量时间效应

通过急性动物实验观察不同剂量羰基镍(Ni(CO)4)染毒对大鼠淋巴细胞DNA的损伤程度。采用静态方式对SD大鼠染毒30 min,以羰基镍20 mg·m~(-3)、135 mg·m~(-3)和250 mg·m~(-3)为低、中和高剂量染毒组,250 mg·m~(-3)氯气染毒组为阳性对照组,未染毒组为正常对照组。大鼠染毒后1 d、2 d、3 d和7 d分别收集样本。采用单细胞凝胶电泳测量淋巴细胞DNA的损伤程度。通过对所得彗星图像的尾长和Olive尾距(OTM)指标结果分析发现,大鼠淋巴细胞损伤程度随着羰基镍染毒剂量的增加而增加,4个时间点各剂量组间均有显著差异(P0.05),4个剂量组各时间点均有显著差异(P0.05),且随时间变化有一定的变化规律,损伤程度在3 d时达最大,而后缓慢下降;在高剂量组染毒和染毒后3 d,损伤程度达到最大。急性羰基镍染毒可致淋巴细胞DNA显著损伤,且存在明显的剂量、时间和交互效应。     

利用彗星实验检测丙烯酰胺对小鼠两种细胞的DNA损伤和修复

为了研究丙烯酰胺致小鼠睾丸细胞和外周血淋巴细胞DNA的损伤及修复情况,同时比较这两种细胞对丙烯酰胺的敏感性,将雄性昆明种小鼠一次性腹腔注射丙烯酰胺(50mg·kg-1(bw)),在暴露后第1、2、4、6、8、10、12d,分别对其睾丸组织细胞和外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤进行彗星实验分析.结果表明,暴露结束后每个时间点小鼠睾丸组织细胞、外周血淋巴细胞DNA的迁移率均显著高于阴性对照组,随时间推移两种细胞DNA迁移距离逐渐降低,同一时间点睾丸组织细胞DNA损伤较外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤更为严重,两者差异显著(p<0.05).以上结果表明,睾丸组织和外周血淋巴细胞可能是丙烯酰胺的作用位点;机体对丙烯酰胺造成的遗传损伤有一定的修复能力;与淋巴细胞相比,睾丸细胞对丙烯酰胺导致的遗传损伤更为敏感.     

硫化镉量子点与常规硫化镉对小鼠遗传毒性的比较研究

为比较硫化镉量子点(CdS quantum dots,CdSQDs)与常规硫化镉(CdS)对小鼠的遗传毒性作用,将30只昆明种健康雄性小鼠随机分为对照组、CdSQDs组和常规CdS组,通过经口灌胃法进行染毒,其中CdSQDs组和常规CdS组染毒剂量为100mg·kg-1,对照组为等体积的生理盐水.染毒35d后将小鼠处死,通过单细胞凝胶电泳观察外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤情况,取小鼠一侧附睾观察精子畸形率,并取双侧肾脏做组织病理学检验.结果表明,与对照组小鼠比较,CdSQDs组和常规CdS组小鼠DNA损伤和精子畸形率均显著升高(p<0.05);CdSQDs组小鼠DNA损伤程度及精子畸形率均显著低于常规CdS组(p<0.05);组织病理切片观察显示,两种材料均可引起小鼠肾脏病变,但CdSQDs组小鼠病变程度明显轻于常规CdS组.以上结果提示,CdSQDs和常规CdS均会对小鼠产生一定程度的遗传毒性作用,但CdSQDs毒性低于相同剂量的常规CdS.     

栘依树抗氧化剂对香烟烟气自由基及人淋巴细胞姐妹染色单体交换率的影响

采用电子顺磁共振法研究了栘依树抗氧化剂对香烟烟气自由基含量的影响,并比较了不同自由基含量的香烟烟气冷凝物(CSC)对人淋巴细胞姐妹染色单体的损伤情况.在香烟滤嘴中注入50μL0.2%的栘依树抗氧化剂溶液后,香烟烟气中气相、粒相自由基含量分别降低40.2%和28.3%,平均降低39.6%;中高剂量的实验烟(添加栘依树),与对照烟(不加栘依树)相比,人淋巴细胞姐妹染色单体交换率显著降低(t＞t0．05),其中中剂量烟降低幅度更大;低剂量实验烟与对照烟相比,姐妹染色单体交换率也有降低趋势,但差异不显著(t相似文献   

大气细颗粒物对CHO细胞的损伤作用及天然物质的拮抗机制

PM2.5引起的健康危害日益受到广泛关注,但其确切的损伤机理仍不完全清楚,目前也缺乏有效拮抗PM2.5损伤的天然活性物质。因此本文对北京市PM2.5造成CHO细胞的损伤作用及天然物质的拮抗作用进行研究,结果可为PM2.5污染治理和疾病的预防提供科学依据。通过CCK-8法测定细胞存活率;通过流式细胞仪测定细胞凋亡;用荧光探针DCFH-DA法测定ROS;提取细胞内总蛋白并测定其中SOD含量;以及通过Western Blot法分别测定了p-akt/akt、p65及Bad的相对表达量。结果显示:(1)10~40μg·m L-1的PM2.5可明显降低CHO细胞存活率,并呈现极显著的剂量-效应关系(r=-0.964,P0.01);15μg·m L-1PM2.5可以显著增加细胞凋亡、引起细胞内ROS增加、SOD含量下降;p-akt/akt、p65表达量增加说明Akt通路与NF-κB通路均被激活。(2)20μmol·L-1阿魏酸、50μmol·L-1绿原酸和10μmol·L-1荭草素预处理可拮抗PM2.5引起的细胞存活率下降以及细胞凋亡率增加,同时降低细胞内ROS并增加SOD含量,下调p-akt/akt、p65及Bad的相对表达量。其中20μmol·L-1阿魏酸的保护作用最佳。结果说明,PM2.5引起的CHO细胞损伤与细胞凋亡与Akt和NF-κB通路的激活有关;三种天然活性物质具有拮抗PM2.5造成的细胞损伤的能力,其保护机理是通过其降低PM2.5引起的细胞内氧化应激反应,进而降低被PM2.5激活的Akt通路与NF-κB通路和下调Bad蛋白表达量来实现的。     

敌百虫致小鼠外周血淋巴细胞DNA-蛋白质交联作用研究

为探讨敌百虫致DNA-蛋白质交联作用,以昆明小鼠为受试动物,敌百虫按0、20、40、60 mg·kg^-1四个剂量水平,灌胃染毒小鼠两周。第五组以提取的正常小鼠外周血淋巴细胞经50 μmol·L^-1的H2O2处理为阳性对照组。采用经改进的彗星试验方法来检测染毒后外周血淋巴细胞DNA-蛋白质交联效应。结果表明,与空白组相比,各敌百虫染毒组都能引起DNA损伤作用(p<0.01)并引起一定程度的DNA-蛋白质交联效应,在较高浓度(40、60 mg·kg^-1）时DNA-蛋白质交联尤为明显,存在一定的潜在突变风险。     

敌百虫致小鼠外周血淋巴细胞DNA-蛋白质交联作用研究

为探讨敌百虫致DNA-蛋白质交联作用,以昆明小鼠为受试动物,敌百虫按0、20、40、60 mg·kg-14个剂量水平,灌胃染毒小鼠2周。第5组以提取的正常小鼠外周血淋巴细胞经50μmol·L-1的H2O2处理为阳性对照组。采用经改进的彗星试验方法来检测染毒后外周血淋巴细胞DNA-蛋白质交联效应。结果表明,与空白组相比,各敌百虫染毒组都能引起DNA损伤作用(P0.01)并引起一定程度的DNA-蛋白质交联效应,在较高浓度(40、60 mg·kg-1)时DNA-蛋白质交联尤为明显,存在一定的潜在突变风险。     

噻唑蓝试验(MTT)法评价纳米TiO_2的细胞毒性

探讨纳米TiO2颗粒对原代培养的巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞的毒性效应及作用机制.选用了平均粒径为15nm左右的纳米TiO2制备颗粒悬液,设立6个剂量组(0、2、20、60、100、200μg·ml-1)分别对小鼠巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞进行24、48h染毒培养,利用细胞形态学观察和噻唑蓝试验(MTT比色法)检测纳米TiO2颗粒对巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞活性的影响.结果表明,纳米TiO2颗粒均能明显影响巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞的生长形态,染毒24h后,巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞都呈现不同程度的回缩变形,细胞间隙增大,巨噬细胞内颗粒物随纳米TiO2颗粒浓度的增大而增多,细胞折光性下降;纳米TiO2颗粒在24h内对巨噬细胞具有明显的抑制作用,而对淋巴细胞却有一定的增殖作用;在48h内都呈现一定的抑制作用,且存在剂量-效应关系,随着纳米TiO2浓度的升高,其对巨噬细胞的毒性也显著增大。     

除草剂阿特拉津对鲫鱼外周血红细胞微核和总核异常的影响

采用静态水质接触染毒法将鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)分别暴露于质量浓度为0、0.1、0.5、1.0、5.0和10.0 mg·L-1的阿特拉津溶液中,分别在染毒后的第3、6、10、14、19和24 d对所有染毒组鲫鱼进行尾静脉采血;研究在不同作用时间和不同质量浓度下,阿特拉津对鲫鱼外周血红细胞微核和总核异常的影响.结果表明:阿特拉津能使鲫鱼外周血红细胞微核率和总核异常率显著升高,并在一定条件下存在剂量-效应和时间-效应关系.短时间(≤6 d)暴露时,阿特拉津与外周血红细胞微核率之间在0～10.0 mg·L-1范围内存在剂量-效应关系;长时间(≥10 d)暴露时,仅在0.1～5.0 mg·L-1范围内存在剂量-效应关系.而阿特拉津与外周血红细胞总核异常率之间则在所有测定时间下均存在剂量-效应关系.同时,时间-效应的研究结果表明,在所有质量浓度下,鲫鱼外周血红细胞微核率和总核异常率均随着污染胁迫时间的延长而先升高后降低,且外周血红细胞微核率和总核异常率达到峰值所需时间表现为低质量浓度的滞后于高质量浓度的.试验显示,除草剂阿特拉津对鲫鱼具有潜在的致突变作用,其能对鲫鱼产生较强的遗传损伤,且遗传损伤程度随阿特拉津质量浓度的增加或污染胁迫时间的延长而增强.     

人血淋巴细胞检测浊漳河地表水的遗传毒性

为评价浊漳河水体中有机污染物的致突变性,采用单细胞凝胶电泳(SCGE)技术,研究了浊漳河水体3个不同样点的有机提取物对人外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤效应。结果显示,各水样中的有机提取物均能引起DNA损伤,且随剂量的增高,有机物对DNA的损伤加重;细胞DNA损伤与对照组相比均有显著性差异(p<0.01)。这表明人外周血淋巴细胞对水体有机污染物的毒作用非常敏感。细胞彗星尾部DNA含量(%DNAT)和染毒剂量呈极显著正相关(R2>0.8547,p<0.01)。以上结果表明,浊漳河水体受到一定程度的有机物污染,这些有机污染物可诱导淋巴细胞DNA损伤,具有遗传毒性。SCGE技术作为一种简便、快速和灵敏的检测方法在水环境遗传毒性监测方面具有较大的应用价值。     

In vitro evaluation of the effect of dibutyl phthalate on electrogenic sodium-linked glucose transport in isolated rabbit ileum

Dibutyl phthalate, a known endocrine disruptor, is a commonly used plasticizer that influences the glucose homeostasis. The present study elucidates the effects of dibutyl phthalate (1 and 5 mmol/L) on electrogenic sodium-linked glucose transport in the isolated rabbit ileum with ‘Ussing chamber.’ Serosal addition of dibutyl phthalate has no effect on glucose-based electrogenic changes in short circuit current, and no effect of dibutyl phthalate is observed on ileal tissue conductance and catalase activity. However, mucosal addition of dibutyl phthalate in the presence of glucose shows a trend of decrease in short circuit current compared with the control. This indicates that dibutyl phthalate may have a deleterious effect on the electrogenic intestinal glucose transport.     

Role of the necrosis factor-κB pathway in dibutyl phthalate mediated effects on human glioma cells

Abstract

The human glioma cell line U251 was incubated for 12?h and 24?h in medium containing dibutyl phthalate at concentrations of 25?µmol/L and 100?µmol/L. Decreased cell viability and increased oxidative stress show the cytotoxicity of dibutyl phthalate. Nuclear factor-κB and nuclear factor-κB pathway-related proteins were altered, which could be attenuated by vitamin E at 20?µmol/L. Thus, dibutyl phthalate induces cytotoxicity through activation of nuclear factor-κB and vitamin E exerts neuroprotection against dibutyl phthalate-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro.     

Distribution and sources of phthalate esters in the topsoils of Beijing,China

Phthalate esters in the topsoil samples collected from Beijing were determined by derivatization and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry techniques. The results showed that diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate ester (DIBP), dibutyl phthalate ester (DBP), dibutyl (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and dimethyl phthalate (DMP) were found in the topsoils. The total concentrations of the five phthalate esters varied from 2.30 to 24.71 μg g^?1. According to phthalate esters (PAEs) control standards in soil of the USA, the standard exceeding rates of DMP, DBP, and DEHP were 100 %, 100 %, and 4.84 % in soils of Beijing, respectively. The rate of DBP exceeding soil remediation standard was 12.9 %. Overall, concentrations of PAEs in Beijing were at a high level in China. The concentrations of DBP, DEHP, and DIBP were high, and the total concentrations of all the phthalate esters were higher in the areas with intensive human activities than in the other areas, which may be related to the use of phthalate compounds (such as the use of plastic products). The total and individual concentrations of phthalate compounds were relatively low in the areas that used plastic films compared with other samples due to the diffusion of atmospheric motion, categories, and amounts of plastic products and other factors. The greatest contributor may be the usage amount of plastic products in people’s daily lives.     

藻类与有机污染物间的相互作用研究

本文就若干有机污染物对藻类的毒性效应及藻类对这些污染物的富集降解作用进行了系列研究。结果表明，不同污染物对藻类的毒性有很大差别，其中三有机锡的毒性最大。此外，不同藻类对毒物具有不同的敏感性，其中扁藻Platymonas sp.和斜生栅藻S．obliquus最敏感。藻类通过生物富集和生物降解两种途径去除水中污染物，其中，邻苯二甲酸二丁酯最容易被去除。藻类固定化能够在一定程度上增加藻类对污染物的降解。     

Occurrence of estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals concern in sewage plant effluent

The purpose of this study was to give a worldwide overview of the concentrations of typical estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals （EDCs） in the effluent of sewage plants and then compare the concentra- tion distribution of the estrogenic EDCs in ten countries based on the survey data of the estrogenic EDCs research. The concentrations of three main categories （totally eight kinds） of estrogenic EDCs including steroidal estrogens （estrone （El）, estradiol （E2）, estriol （E3） and 17a- ethynylestradiol （EE2））, phenolic compounds （nonylphe- nol （NP） and bisphenol A （BPA）） and phthalate esters （dibutyl phthalate （DBP） and dibutyl phthalate （2- ethylhexyl） phthalate （DEHP）） in the effluents of sewage plants reported in major international journals over the past decade were collected. The statistics showed that the concentration distributions of eight kinds of EDCs were in the range of ng·L^-1 to μg·L^-1. The concentrations of steroidal estrogens mainly ranged within 50.00 ng. L-1, and the median concentrations of El, E2, E3 and EE2 were 11.00, 3.68, 4.90 and 1.00 ng·L^-1, respectively. Phenolic compounds and phthalate esters were found at pg. L-1 level （some individual values were at the high level of 40.00 μg·L^-1）. The median concentrations of BPA, NP, DBP and DEHP were 0.06, 0.55, 0.07 and 0.88 μg·L^-1, respectively. The concentrations of phenolic compounds and phthalate esters in the effluents were higher than that of steroids estrogens. The analysis of the concentration in various ten countries showed that steroids estrogens, phenolic compounds and phthalate esters in sewage plant effluents were detected with high concentration in Canada, Spain and China, respectively.     

基于风险的Football组合法在筛选农用地优先控制酞酸酯类污染物的应用

为探索建立农用地优先管控酞酸酯类有毒有害化学物质的筛选方法,基于Football组合法开展了相关研究。结果表明,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)等5种酞酸酯类内源污染物潜在风险较高,将筛选结果与国内外管控化学物质名单进行比较分析,表明Football组合法可用于筛选农用地优先控制酞酸酯类有毒有害物质。     

Occurrence and migration of microplastics and plasticizers in different wastewater and sludge treatment units in municipal wastewater treatment plant

● Reduce the quantifying MPs time by using Nile red staining. ● The removal rate of MPs and PAEs in wastewater and sludge were investigated. ● MPs and PAEs were firstly analyzed during thermal hydrolysis treatment. ● The removal of PAEs from wastewater and sludge was mainly biodegradation. Microplastics (MPs) and plasticizers, such as phthalate esters (PAEs), were frequently detected in municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTP). Previous research mainly studied the removal of MPs and PAEs in wastewater. However, the occurrence of MPs and PAEs in the sludge was generally ignored. To comprehensively investigate the occurrence and the migration behaviors of MPs and PAEs in MWTP, a series of representative parameters including the number, size, color, shape of MPs, and the concentrations of PAEs in wastewater and sludge were systematically investigated. In this study, the concentrations of MPs in the influent and effluent were 15.46±0.37 and 0.30±0.14 particles/L. The MP removal efficiency of 98.1% was achieved and about 73.8% of MPs were accumulated in the sludge in the MWTP. The numbers of MPs in the sludge before and after digestion were 4.40±0.14 and 0.31±0.01 particles/g (dry sludge), respectively. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) analysis showed that the main types of MPs were polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and polystyrene (PS). Six PAEs, including phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), ortho dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), and bis(2-ethyl) hexyl phthalate (DEHP), were detected in the MWTP. The concentrations of total PAEs (ΣPAEs) in the influent and effluent were 76.66 and 6.28 µg/L, respectively. The concentrations of ΣPAEs in the sludge before and after digestion were 152.64 and 31.70 µg/g, respectively. In the process of thermal hydrolysis, the number and size of MPs decreased accompanied by the increase of the plasticizer concentration.     

几种环境激素酞酸酯的光催化降解研究

在紫外光照射下,以TiO2为催化剂,研究邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二环己酯(DCHP)和邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)水溶液的光催化降解规律,不同结构特征的酞酸酯在降解过程中pH值均表现为先升高,再降低的趋势.降解为表观一级反应.采用色质联用技术(GC-MS)分别对上述物质降解过程中生成的中间体进行分析,提出了可能的降解机理.     

行道树悬铃木叶片中邻苯二甲酸酯的研究

采集上海市杨浦区部分交通道路两侧行道树悬铃木叶片样品,对邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的分布特征进行分析.结果表明,叶片组织和表面附着物中均含有邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP);叶片组织易于吸收主要以气相存在于大气中的DBP,质量面积比范围高于表面附着物8倍以上;而主要存在于大气悬浮颗粒中的DEHP在叶片表面附着物中的质量面积比高于DBP.行道树悬铃木叶片中的PAEs质量面积比与机动车流量有一定的相关性.     

污水处理厂出水中抗雄激素样化合物控制的优先性研究

污水处理厂出水是环境中内分泌干扰物的重要来源之一。针对关注较少的抗雄激素样内分泌干扰物,在已有研究基础上,依据抗雄激素样化合物的抗雄激素样活性风险,建立了污水处理厂出水中抗雄激素样化合物控制的优先性排序方法。在污水处理厂出水中,共有147种疑似抗雄激素样化合物需要关注,主要为农药类,约占总数的60%。抗雄激素样活性风险排名前10%的化合物如下:邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二己酯、双酚A、溴螨酯、对叔辛基酚、腐霉利、烯菌酮、氯苯嘧啶醇、烯酰吗啉、杀螟松、十二烷基酚、敌草隆、咯菌酯、2-羟基-4'-甲氧基二苯甲酮、以及邻苯基苯酚。