1,2—缩水—3,4—二—O—苄基—6—脱氧—β—L—塔罗吡喃糖的合成

以Ｌ－鼠李糖为原料，首先合成６－脱氧塔罗糖的生物（５），再经过一系列反应得到２－Ｏ－乙酰基－３，４－二Ｏ－苄基－６－脱氧α－Ｌ－塔罗吡喃糖氯代物（９），在下醇钾的作用下，化合物９很容易关环得到最终产物１，２－内醚糖。     

甘蔗泛素结合酶基因的克隆与表达北大核心CSCD

为克隆鉴定甘蔗泛素结合酶基因（Sugarcane ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme,ScUBc E2）并探索其在激素信号通路和甘蔗与黑穗病互作过程中的作用,选择黑穗病菌胁迫下甘蔗抑制消减杂交文库（Suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH）中注释为泛素结合酶的差异表达EST序列为探针,结合电子克隆技术和RT-PCR技术,以甘蔗cDNA为模板进行泛素结合酶基因克隆.对克隆获得的序列进行生物信息学分析,并利用qRT-PCR技术分析该基因在甘蔗根、蔗髓、叶、芽中的组织特异性表达以及在黑穗病菌、茉莉酸甲酯（Methyl jasmonate,Me JA）、脱落酸（Abscisic acid,ABA）和水杨酸（Salicylic acid,SA）胁迫下的表达情况.最终克隆得到一条长度为699 bp的甘蔗泛素结合酶基因（ScUBc E2;Gen Bank accession number：KJ577594.1）,该基因包含长度为447 bp的完整开放读码框,编码148个氨基酸.生物信息学分析结果显示,ScUBc E2编码的蛋白分子量（Mr）为16.507×10^3;无信号肽,为碱性不稳定的亲水蛋白;包含4个α螺旋、4个β折叠和一些无规则卷曲;第15位氨基酸为泛素化位点,74-89位氨基酸为活性位点;在进化过程中与高粱泛素结合酶基因的亲缘关系最近.qRT-PCR分析结果表明,ScUBc E2基因组成型表达,但在芽中的表达量最高;其表达在甘蔗感黑穗病基因型ROC22中受到黑穗病菌胁迫的抑制,在黑穗病抗病基因型YC05-179中则先被抑制,后被诱导;ScUBc E2基因受MeJA及SA诱导表达,对ABA胁迫的响应不明显.本研究表明,甘蔗ScUBc E2基因在抗病基因型和感病基因型甘蔗中存在不同表达模式,可能参与甘蔗与黑穗病菌的互作过程,有望为抗病育种分子标记提供潜在基因资源;同时,该基因受MeJA和SA外源激素胁迫后的表达模式,可为泛素-蛋白酶体途径及激素调控的信号转导在甘蔗与黑穗病菌互作过程中的作用提供一定的理论依据.     

外源脱落酸(ABA)增强菹草抗镉(Cd2+)胁迫能力

以高等沉水植物菹草(Potamogen crispus)为试验材料,观察4 mg·L-1 Cd2 胁迫条件下外施脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)对菹草某些生理生化指标的影响.结果表明,外施ABA可以明显减轻Cd2 毒害作用,使Cd2 胁迫下菹草叶片中叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量增加,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性提高,过氧化物酶(POD)活性和O(-)/(·)2产生速率降低,且以施用2.5～5 μmol·L-1 ABA效果最好.     

利用原生质体诱变技术筛选脱落酸高产菌株

以葡萄孢属TB-3菌株为出发菌株制备其原生质体．在纤维素酶浓度为20g／L，蜗牛酶浓度为3g／L的酶解系统中，25℃酶解3h，其原生质体制备数可达67×105mL-1，在KYM上的再生率为46．1％，在KPDA上的再生率为33．6％，经过3轮原生质体紫外线诱变后回复再生，及对大量再生突变株进行发酵筛选，获得高产稳定株TB－3H8，其发酵液中ABA的质量浓度可达1．4g／L     

6—叠氮—6—脱氧—1,2：3,4—二—氧—异丙叉基—α—D—半乳糖的构象分析

在合成卡那霉类似物的核心结构时，发现６－叠氮－６脱氧１，２；３，４－二－氧－惜内叉基－α－Ｄ－半乳糖的核磁共振数据与普通六元环的船式或椅式构象大不相同，进一步通过分子力学模型ＭＭＰ２的计算，发现它具有扭船式的分子构象（Ｔｗｉｓｔ ｂｏａｔ）。     

发根农杆菌转化海边香豌豆及转化体的体细胞胚胎发生

将海边香豌豆无功苗的子叶和下胚轴切段在附加ρ（2,4-D)=1mgL^-1,ρ（6BA)=0.5mgL^-1的MS培养基上预培养3d，然后与发根农杆菌A4菌液共培养30min。洗涤之后，在附加羧苄青霉素的无激素的MS培养基上培养。7－10d后，外植体切面处长出许多毛状根。继代培养时生长旺盛，且产生许多侧根和分枝。志状根的诱导频率与无菌苗培养天数和外植体来源部位有关。子叶切块的诱导率明显高于下胚轴，16d龄无菌苗的子叶切块诱导毛状根的频率最高。乙酰丁香酮处理菌液可以有效提高子叶外植体的毛状根诱导频率。将毛状根切段培养在含有ρ（2，4－D）＝1.0mgL^-1的MS培养基上可诱导出愈伤组织。该种愈伤组织转移到含有ρ（2，4－D）＝0.3mgL^-1的MS培养基上培养时，诱导出了许多早期体细胞胚。检测的转化组织均含有农杆碱和甘露醇。图2表1参19     

外源脱落酸、水杨酸对小麦种子萌发及生理特性的影响

穗发芽严重降低籽粒产量、品质和种用价值,是小麦育种和生产急需解决的难题.为利用发芽抑制剂的化控途径有效防治穗发芽,研究了不同浓度的外源激素脱落酸(ABA)、水杨酸(SA)对种子发芽的抑制作用及其生理生化响应.结果表明:浓度大于70 mg L-1 ABA和大于4 mmol L-1 SA均不同程度地抑制种子发芽并表现剂量效应,赤霉素对二者有拮抗作用,70 mg L-1 ABA+8.0 mmol L-1 SA对小麦普遍具有强烈的发芽抑制效应;ABA阻抑种子发芽是一种延缓作用,受基因型影响较大;SA对不同基因型有强烈的休眠促进作用,并显著提高种子对ABA的敏感性(P0.01);种子萌发过程中,两种激素均诱导籽粒α-淀粉酶和PPO活性下降,且SA处理组的酶活性降幅更大;ABA明显促进种子PAL活性,而SA处理组的PAL活性水平最低.因此,ABA与SA的发芽抑制效应与作用方式不同,SA增强种子的ABA敏感性,二者组合产生了良好、稳定的发芽抑制效果.     

双功能单体改进二维共价有机框架材料的光催化析氢性能

本研究报道了一种新的三组分合成策略,可以用来提高二维共价有机框架材料(covalent organic frameworks,COFs)的光催化析氢活性.4-氨基苯甲醛(4-aminobenzaldehyde,AB A)既含有氨基又含有醛基,可以作为连接单元和调节剂改变COFs的晶体结构、提高其比表面积和改善晶型.光催化析氢实验表明,COFs骨架中ABA的共价整合,使三组分COFs的光催化析氢效率显著高于不含ABA的双组分COFs催化剂,其中Tp-ABA_x-TAPB COF光催化析氢速率比Tp-TAPB提升了14.3倍.机理研究表明,ABA结构有效调节了材料的光学带隙大小,增强了COFs光生载流子的分离和迁移效率.     

反式ABA二醇的立体化学及其生物活性

对灰葡萄孢霉(Botrytis cinerea TB-3-H8)的发酵液进行梯度提取和柱层析分离,得到两种无色晶体,经波谱方法鉴定为ABA和反式ABA二醇;并经NOESY实验研究了反式ABA二醇的优势立体化学.生物抑制活性实验结果表明,反式ABA二醇的半抑制浓度与ABA十分接近,两者均能够高效地抑制水稻种子胚芽的萌发生长.图3表1参14     

龙眼miR403及其候选靶标对外源激素的响应模式以及在龙眼体胚中的表达模式

MicroRNA403(miR403)为双子叶植物特有的miRNA家族,其在双子叶植物抗病、逆境胁迫和生长发育中具有重要作用.为了解miR403及其候选靶标对外源激素的响应模式以及在龙眼体胚发生过程中的表达模式,利用psRNAtarget对miR403潜在靶标进行预测,采用改良RLM-RACE技术验证其裂解位点,通过qPCR技术检测miR403及其候选靶标对外源激素的应答及在龙眼体胚中的表达模式.结果显示,共获得41个龙眼miR403的潜在靶标,包含4个PPR(Pentatricopeptide repeat protein)和3个PCNT115(Auxin-induced protein PCNT115),却未发现AGO2(Argonaute2).4个PPR中Dlo_014588.1和Dlo_014589.1序列一致,而3个PCNT115基因序列在所预测的miR403结合位点上下游序列基本一致.裂解位点显示,miR403不具备裂解AGO2 mRNA的能力,但介导PPR(Dlo_014588.1)和PCNT115 mRNA的裂解,裂解位点位于miR403 5′端的第2和第3个碱基之间. qPCR显示,miR403响应脱落酸(ABA)信号并显著上调,PPR和PCNT115对不同浓度的ABA呈现不同的表达模式,PPR和PCNT115在5μg/L ABA时显著上调,随后,PPR先显著下调(50μg/L ABA),而后显著上调(5 000μg/L ABA),而PCNT115呈显著下调趋势;miR403不响应赤霉素(GA3)信号,而PPR和PCNT115随着GA3浓度升高而上调;miR403可以响应不同浓度的水杨酸(SA)和2,4-D信号显著下调,而其靶基因显著上调.不同胚性培养物中qPCR显示,miR403仅在龙眼胚性愈伤组织(EC)高度表达且在龙眼体胚发生过程中显著下调,PPR在EC和子叶胚(CE)高度表达,PCNT115在CE和成熟胚(ME)高水平表达,三者之间并未呈现明显的负调控趋势.本研究表明在龙眼体胚中miR403并不靶向调控AGO2,而是调控PPR和PCNT115;另外,miR403可能响应ABA、SA和2,4-D调控PPR和PCNT15参与到龙眼体胚发生过程中.(图5表2参48)     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.