河南省能源强度下降的驱动因素分析——基于LMDI方法

根据能源强度的定义和能源消费总量的构成,将能源强度细分为生产能源强度和生活能源强度.生产能源强度是影响河南省能源强度变化的重要因素,而生活能源强度快速增加态势应引起高度关注.基于LMDI因素分解方法,将影响2005-2012年河南省能源强度变化的因素分解为结构效应、能源效率效应、人均GDP倒数效应和人均生活能源消费效应.结果表明,能源效率效应和人均GDP倒数效应是河南省能源强度下降的驱动力,而经济结构和人均生活能源消费效应成为河南能源强度下降的阻碍因素.为实现“十二五”河南省“双控”目标,除挖掘效率节能潜力外,实现结构节能、合理控制生活能源消费增速十分重要,提出了相应的政策建议.     

基于LMDI的我国能源消费因素分解研究

经济飞速发展使我国能源消费急剧增长，能源消费与能源供给、环境污染矛盾日益突出。在分析我国能源消费和能源消费强度变化趋势的基础上，运用LMDI法将我国1996--2010年能源消费变化分解为产出效应、结构效应和强度效应，探讨产出提高、结构调整、效率提高对我国能源消费和能源强度的影响。结果显示，生产规模扩大对能源消费起到正向的拉动作用，结构调整对缓解能源消费增长还有较大的上升空间，能源强度对能源消费的抑制效应自“十一五”期间起作用逐步显现。     

论我国能源就地转化概念的完善

我国能源就地转化的概念虽已有两个定义,但它们没有完全反映能源就地转化本身所具有的内在特点和发展的必然趋势。通过对之进行深入研究,从能源就地转化扩大资源地能源与能源转化设备消费内需、调整资源地与能源消费地的经济结构、转变其经济增长方式、增强资源地的发展能力、缓解我国的能源运输压力和缩小我国地域间发展差距6个方面对之予以完善。     

西藏农村能源消费及环境影响研究

西藏农村人口现有220多万,占全区总人口80％以上,农村经济落后,城乡差距很大。西藏农村能源资源主要有水力、地热、太阳能、风力、林木和畜粪等,煤炭、石油、天然气等高热值的优质能源很少。在这种经济发展水平及能源资源基础条件下,农村能源消费中高热值的现代能源比重很低,主要以生物质能如薪柴、牛粪、草皮等为主。这种低水平的能源消费结构已经对西藏脆弱的生态环境造成了巨大的破坏,西藏未来的能源发展战略迫切需要改变农村目前的消费结构,应发展太阳能、风能、农村小水电及输入高热值的化石能源替代目前生物质能的消费,减少因能源消费对西藏生态环境的破坏。     

中国能源产业关联效应动态分析

改革开放以来,中国部门能源消费状态发生了巨大变化,一次能源消费趋于向能源加工产业集中,基本物质生产生活部门对二次能源消费比例大幅度提升.能源产业的关联效应分析表明,中国能源产业整体乘数效益表现良好,在国民经济体系中的影响力不断加大,其中煤炭采选业、石油和天然气开采业表现出较强的前向依赖性,而电力、蒸汽和热水的生产供应业,石油加工业则表现出较强的后向拉动力.     

2001-2009年湖北能源消费的时空格局及其影响因素

2001 -2009年湖北能源消费总量规模、人均能源消费量、能源消费结构和能源消费效率均发生了很大变化,能源消费总量和人均能源消费不断增加,能源消费结构趋于优化,能源消费效率显著提高,能源消费规模和年均增长率具有明显的空间差异.此外,各地区人均能源消费均有所增长,能源消费效率显著提高,但增长或提高的水平具有明显的地区差异.全省人均能源消费和能源消费效率的空间格局虽发生了较大变化,但人均能源消费和能源消费效率的空间差异显著,鄂西北、鄂西南和鄂东北地区人均能源消费量明显低于鄂中广大地区,鄂西南地区和武汉城市圈内大多数城市能源消费效率明显高于全省其他地区;经济增长、产业结构、城市化水平、居民消费结构和人口增长等因素的变化和地区差异是影响全省能源消费总量、消费结构和消费效率变化以及能源消费地区差异的主要因素.     

四川的能源问题与可持续发展

可持续发展战略的实施不能忽视能源问题。四川是一个能源生产与消费大省,能源问题对全省可持续发展有很大影响,改变能源消费结构、开发新能源和增强能源意识,对于四川走可持续发展的能源道路是十分重要的。     

节能构筑“两型社会”

我国是一个能源生产和消费大国，但人均能源资源相对匮乏，长期粗放型的经济增长模式又使得能源浪费十分惊人，能源短缺已经成为并将在今后相当长的时期内继续成为制约国民经济持续发展的重要因素。为了逐步突破这一瓶颈，2008年4月1日，国家颁布实施新的《节约能源法》，它的一个标志性意义是：节约资源从此被确定为我国的一项基本国策。这对我国经济社会的发展必将产生深远的影响。《节约能源法》指出，推动全社会节约能源，不是要抑制和减少人类的生产、生活需求，其关键是加强用能管理，采取技术上可行、经济上合理以及环境和社会可以承受的措施，提高能源利用效率。     

工业能源消费对环境质量影响的灰色关联分析——以湘潭市为例

能源消费引起了严重的环境污染,降低了环境质量,影响了经济发展.将灰色关联分析引入到湘潭市的能源消费和环境质量关系研究中,利用统计数据进行定量分析,探索现有能源消费结构和其环境影响的内在灰色关联,确定各种能源消费对湘潭市环境质量的不同影响程度,为调整能源消费结构、最小化环境压力、改善环境质量提供科学依据.     

冷静面对“页岩气革命”

美国的“页岩气革命”对世界能源走势产生了重大影响，作为清洁、高效的非常规油气资源，其成为低碳经济背景下能源消费大国趋之若鹜的目标。对此局势的战略性跟进，中国需保持清醒与冷静。根据循环经济和资源综合开发的要求，目前宜优先发展煤层气（瓦斯）。对于页岩气产业，应补贴勘探和技术研发，先做好页岩气资源的战略性储备工作。     

Energy Consumption in the Turkish Industrial Sector

Turkey's primary energy resources seem limited as indigenous energy production meets nearly 31 % of the total primary energy demand. But the growth of Turkey's industry gives rise to a substantial increase in energy demand. Final energy consumption grew from 52.6 Mtoe (million tons of oil equivalent) in the year 1990 to 78.4 Mtoe in the year 2002. Industrial demand accounts for about 41.6 % of the final energy demand in Turkey. Basic metal industries, non-metallic material products and chemical and petroleum products have the highest energy consumption in industrial sector. In this work, industrial energy consumption and energy consumption of different indsutrial subsectors in Turkey are investigated.     

Causes of energy poverty in a cold and resource-rich country: evidence from Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is an upper-middle-income country and one of the coldest countries in the world with rich energy resources and energy prices considerably lower than in developed countries. This paper presents the first comprehensive overview of household fuel use in Kazakhstan and assesses the causes and extent of energy poverty using the Households Living Conditions Survey dataset of 12,000 households. The results show that there is an overwhelming reliance on coal in Kazakhstan: 40% of all surveyed households use coal for heating, cooking and other needs. In general, liquefied petroleum gas is mainly used for cooking, coal and firewood for heating, while electricity is rarely used for heating. Energy poverty was less prevalent in oil and gas rich regions, due to low gas prices and higher income levels in those regions, while households located in the North Kazakhstan, Central and East Kazakhstan mainly suffer from lack of cleaner fuel options, income poverty, longer and colder winters and consequently energy affordability. Despite low energy prices in Kazakhstan, the results demonstrate that 28% of surveyed households spend more than 10% of their income on energy. Gas and district heating infrastructure coverage and income inequality across its regions contributed the most to energy poverty in Kazakhstan. Energy prices are regulated and indirectly subsidised. Removing energy subsidies alone may worsen energy affordability of households. Offering direct subsidies to cover part of the energy expenditures may not fully solve the problem, but subsidies, interventions for efficient technologies and fuels, dwelling energy-efficiency improvements are necessary.     

能源革命背景下中国能源系统转型的挑战与对策研究

目前全球能源系统转型正处于化石能源阶段通向第三次能源系统转型的入口。基于第三次能源革命的特点和我国目前以煤炭为主、油气为辅的化石能源系统未来发展趋势,中国第三次能源系统转型是一次"新能源革命"。本文通过分析全球能源系统转型的观点、特点来探索中国能源系统转型的方向与目标,并提出中国能源系统转型在产业技术、电力系统弹性、管理体制和社会公众参与方面面临的挑战。为此,近期中国要实现"十三五"(2016—2020年)新能源目标和2030年减碳目标,需要做好五方面的工作;①做好需求响应分析,加大新能源产业技术政策支持力度;②整合新能源产业管理职能,以提高能源系统的弹性;③拓宽新能源企业的融资渠道,参与全球碳排放限额交易市场;④推进新能源相关立法并提高规划的时效性和协调性;⑤提高政策决策透明度,增强能源革命公众参与度。     

Comparison of energy produced from waste by removing its different components: A case study of the waste landfill in Tehran

In developing and populated cities such as Tehran, a massive amount of municipal solid waste (MSW), both wet and dry, is transferred to landfills daily. Combustion is one of the most common methods of using mixed waste energy from the past to the present. The Dulong formula is widely used to calculate the energy released from MSW combustion. According to the constituent components of Tehran MSW, removing food waste leads to an increase in energy potential, which will be a suitable condition for energy production. In this work, the energy derived from the combustion of mixed and separated dry MSW generated in Tehran was calculated using the experimental Dulong formula and tables in Integrated Solid Waste Management (Tchobanoglous et al. 1993, McGraw‐Hill). The Dulong formula indicates that the use of Tehran mixed MSW (without separating materials for recycling) as a fuel source yields 8,966.40 KJ/kg while the use of Tchobanoglous et al. (1993) tables can generate 8,236 kJ/kg. By removing food waste and recyclable materials, the potential of energy production changes to 22,047 kJ/kg using the Dulong formula and 16,207 kJ/kg and the Tchobanoglous et al. (1993) tables. It indicates increase by 1.46 times and 46%, respectively. Regarding the 200‐ton capacity of the Tehran waste incinerator, the Dulong formula indicated generation of 4,409 MJ/day energy, and the Tchobanoglous et al. table presents 3,241 MJ/day. Therefore, considering that Tehran generates more than 4,000 tons of reject waste daily, it can easily be converted to energy rather than landfilled. This can alleviate the problem of buying land and construction of landfills and leachate generation.     

朝阳市农村能源的开发利用

本文简述了朝阳市农村能源的种类、数量及能源消耗状况,分析了农村能源在供需过程中存在的主要问题,并提出了相应的防治对策。     

On the wind resource mapping of Burkina Faso

In this work, mesoscale wind resource maps, at 5-km resolution, of the country of Burkina Faso (274,200 km²) were developed using the Anemoscope and mesoscale compressible community models. Results show that the northeast region of Burkina Faso has a good wind regime at 80 m above ground level (agl), while the wind regime in other parts of the country is generally low, even at 80 m agl. In addition, the technical power potential and the potential annual energy production that can be generated from the wind in Burkina Faso are identified using analysis tools based on geographical information systems and economic constraints. Results from the technical power potential at 80 m agl show that a total of 312 MW of wind farms, generating annually a total of 741 GWh of energy, could be installed in Burkina Faso. On the other hand, a total of 4411 MW of small wind turbines (50 kW) could be installed over the territory, corresponding to an annual energy production of 7843 GWh. The Wind Atlas of Burkina Faso provides an opportunity for local stakeholders to consider wind energy for the electricity portfolio of the country.     

Participatory and multi-level governance: applications to Aboriginal renewable energy projects

As provinces across Canada seek to diversify their domestic electricity supply and cope with the accelerating effects of anthropogenic climate change, new models of sustainability-focused economic development are being pursued. One critically important emerging paradigm involves First Nation (a Canadian term for indigenous) collaboration and leadership in renewable energy projects. In this comparative case study analysis, we consider two different governance approaches pursued in distinct renewable energy project contexts: the clean energy projects of the Ojibway Pic River First Nation band in northwestern Ontario and the NaiKun Offshore Wind Project proposed in the ocean territory of the Haida Nation off the coast of British Columbia (BC). Focusing on themes of participation and multi-level governance, the case studies highlight the importance of authority and control in decision processes, the primacy of ensuring that scale and quality of design are carefully scoped, and the shaping role of inclusiveness in planning for wholly sustainable energy futures. Taken together, these cases illustrate that fluid governance arrangements which exploit the particular capacities of each actor may give rise to trust that ultimately forms the foundation of a co-produced model of renewable energy governance. We argue that while collaboration might aim to be inclusive of all interested actors, it is important to consider the extent to which a project design might sufficiently incorporate a community's long-term vision. We conclude that truly sustainable renewable energy development requires a project design that reflects community values, incorporates community control, and incentivises indigenous ownership.     

Green energy for the battlefield

Population of the world is growing with increasing rate and it seems that existing fossil fuel energy sources will not be able to meet energy demand in the near future. Energy is not only crucial for civil sector but also it is one of the most important assets in defense sector. Energy for military operations is mostly provided from fossil fuel as it is the case in other sectors; however, fossil fuels have hazardous effects to the environment and cause global environment concerns. These drawbacks of fossil fuels are also valid for battlefield. Furthermore, transportation of fossil fuels causes extra safety and logistics problems in military case. In this study, we developed a hybrid green energy solution with wind, solar, and batteries together to minimize or eliminate the fossil fuel demand for the battlefield. Results of our algorithm are superior to the already used diesel generator solution from the point of view of cost and various other aspects. The novelty of our study stems from applying optimization of hybrid green energy solution to military case with battlefield constraints.     

Conditions for a 100% renewable energy supply system in Japan and South Korea

In the wake of the Fukushima nuclear accident, alternative energy paths have been discussed for Japan, but except for a few studies the assumption is usually made that Japan is too densely populated to be suited for a near-100% sustainable, indigenous energy provision. The studies emphasizing renewable energy have proposed the use of photovoltaic power as the main source of electricity supply, in combination with diurnal battery storage and supplemented by other renewable sources such as wind, hydro, and geothermal power. Here, an alternative approach is explored, with wind and derived hydrogen production as the main energy source, but still using solar energy, biofuels, and hydropower in a resilient combination allowing full satisfaction of demands in all sectors of the economy, i.e., for dedicated electricity, transportation energy as well as heat for processes and comfort. Furthermore, the possible advantage of establishing a regional energy system with energy interchange and coordinated management of the mix of renewable energy resources across a wider region is discussed. As the closest neighbor, the energy system of South Korea is considered, first regarding the possibility of a similar full renewable energy reliance, and then for possible synergetic effects of connecting the Korean and the Japanese energy systems, in order to be able to better cope with the intermittency of renewable energy source flows.     

能源安全视角下中俄能源合作战略选择

中俄能源合作是中俄两国经贸合作的重要组成部分，也是发展两国战略协作伙伴关系的重要领域。中俄两国能源合作既有利于缓解中国能源安全紧张问题，也有利于俄罗斯开拓广阔的能源消费市场，促进本国经济发展，同时对地区经济发展起到重要作用。分析了中俄能源合作的背景、基础、特点与障碍，提出了发展中俄能源合作的战略选择。