下蜀黄土参数化粒度端元分析及其物源示踪

下蜀黄土的物源问题对于理解亚热带东亚季风区干旱化过程至关重要.目前采用的物源示踪方法存在一定的局限性,对下蜀黄土物源的认识也存在争议.粒度端元分析可定量分解出沉积物中不同动力过程和来源的粒度组分,具有解析风尘沉积物源的较好潜力.本文应用参数化粒度端元分析方法,对镇江大港和九江马垱两个下蜀黄土剖面的物源组分进行了研究.结果发现:下蜀黄土可分离为超细粒(EM1)、细粒(EM2)、中粒(EM3)和粗粒(EM4)4个粒度端元,其中EM1(众数分别为0.7μm和0.9μm)源于粉尘沉积后风化成壤作用形成的次生组分,EM2(众数均为6μm)为长距离搬运的远源组分,EM3(众数分别为25μm和28μm)是区域近地面冬季风搬运的近源粉尘,EM4(众数分别为44μm和45μm)则来自于沉积区附近的局地源组分.相似的区域风化成壤背景导致两地的EM1含量及变化均十分相似(镇江9.88％,九江9.06％);近源加局地源组分(EM3?+?EM4)则构成了两地下蜀黄土的主要来源(镇江51.79％,九江63.35％);西北气流将干旱-半干旱地区的粉尘输送至长江下游地区形成远源组分(EM2,镇江38.33％,九江27.59％),而在区域近地面东北风的作用下,两剖面间粒度端元的变化序列存在"异元相似"的现象(即大港剖面EM3与马垱剖面的EM2变化曲线相似,大港剖面EM4与马垱剖面EM3变化曲线相似).因此,下蜀黄土是不同物源组分混合而形成的沉积物,不同区域下蜀黄土的物源既有差异,又存在一定的空间联系.     

汉江上游罗家滩剖面晚更新世以来沉积物粒度端元分析

通过对汉江上游旬阳段开展野外考察,在罗家滩（LJT）发现夹有古洪水滞流沉积层（slackwater deposits,SWD）的风成黄土-古土壤剖面。对采集的沉积学样品进行粒度分析,利用Gen.Weibull函数分布的参数化端元模型反演得出4个端元,结合吸湿水等环境替代指标分析,探讨了各个端元所指示的不同沉积动力环境和物质来源。结果表明：在黄土层和土壤层中,EM1代表的主要是沉积物沉积后在亚洲夏季风影响下,经历强烈风化成壤作用形成的次生黏土矿物组分;EM2代表高空西风和东亚冬季风翻越秦岭而搬运的远源细粉砂组分;EM3代表山谷风从河谷中分布的河流沉积物和坡积碎屑物中以低空短距离形式搬运而来的粉尘物质,并且受到后期气候变化控制下的淋溶作用影响;EM4则代表山谷风从近源的河流沉积物和坡积碎屑物中搬运而来的粗颗粒物质。在古洪水SWD层中,EM1、EM2和EM3主要来源于汉江上游暴雨洪水侵蚀搬运的河谷两岸分布的表层沉积物;而EM4则明确代表河流特大/大洪水环境下搬运沉积的粗颗粒悬移质泥沙。该成果能够为区域环境变化研究提供指导和借鉴。     

新疆塔城黄土的形成

中亚黄土是研究区域古气候和古环境变化的重要载体。但是对于受到广泛研究的黄土 高原黄土来说,对中亚东部塔城黄土的报道较少。基于对塔城黄土粒度的系统分析,与伊犁盆 地黄土、典型黄土高原的黄土对比,我们发现无论是粒度频率曲线、粒度结构散点图、还是三 角图,塔城黄土与伊犁盆地清水河黄土较相似,而与黄土高原黄土不同,塔城黄土粒度频率分 布曲线为三峰分布,粒度组成比较分散,分选较差,细、中颗粒含量较少,主要以粗颗粒物质 为主,属近源风成黄土。结合当地地形和现代环流分析,我们认为中亚萨雷耶西克阿特劳沙漠 为塔城黄土提供主要的物源,盛行西风为粉尘的搬运提供足够的动力,向西开口的山间盆地地 形为粉尘的沉积提供有利的沉积中心,这三个条件的共同作用导致了塔城盆地厚层黄土的沉积。     

晚更新世长江中下游沙山和黄土物质来源研究

风成沉积物的产生、搬运和沉积过程是地球各圈层相互作用的产物。晚更新世末次冰期时，长江中下游广泛分布沙山和黄土，对于它们是远源搬运而来，还是近源堆积一直存有争议。对青山、九江、定山和红光这些典型沙山和黄土剖面进行碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄分析，获得346个新数据结果，将其与潜在物源区的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄进行对比，结合这些地层的沉积时代和区域内已报道的物源示踪结果，发现在末次冰期青山沙山和九江黄土的碎屑锆石来自近源的江汉平原，定山沙山和红光黄土的碎屑锆石来自赣江。长江中下游沙山和黄土的发育属于河流搬运的碎屑物质被东亚冬季风吹拂和高大地形阻挡发生沉积的模式。     

昆仑山北坡黄土粒度特征与环境意义初探

昆仑山北坡沉积了极端干旱区巨厚的黄土,不仅记录了塔克拉玛干沙漠的发生发展过程, 也蕴含了西风环流的演化信息。该地区气候干旱,成壤作用弱,靠近物源,黄土记录了沉积时 的粒度特征,是研究风动力变化的良好载体。本文选取昆仑山北坡的普鲁剖面进行详细的粒度 分析,结果表明黄土颗粒较粗,是沙漠的近源沉积,搬运动力较强。通过粒级– 标准偏差变化 计算,黄土粒度可以分为粉砂（<36 μm）和细砂（>36 μm）两个敏感粒级组分。依据塔里木盆 地内的现代环流特征,粉砂组分主要与近地面较弱的环流风场有关,而细砂组分主要由盆地南 缘频发的沙尘暴搬运,并且沙尘暴对沙尘的搬运作用可能更为显著。     

巫山地区三类黄土沉积物的粒度特征及物源启示

长江三峡地区的巫山黄土位于润湿地区,其来源及成因具有重要的古气候意义。黄土的粒度常用于指示其成因及源区,目前关于巫山黄土成因和来源还是存在许多争议,并且过去对巫山黄土粒度的研究主要集中于单一剖面,缺乏空间上的系统对比研究。基于此,对长江三峡巫山地区三个海拔梯度变化明显的黄土剖面进行系统的粒度组成分析,结果表明:顶部望天坪、中部圣泉和底部江东嘴剖面的粒度频率曲线大多表现为不对称的多峰特征。圣泉剖面以粉砂级粒径含量为主的特点说明它的风成成因,物源主要来自近缘河谷;江东嘴剖面呈现出两种完全不一样的峰型,可能由两种不同成因混合而成;位于望天坪剖面沉积物粒径要细得多,推测为远源风成物质。     

伊犁尼勒克黄土石英颗粒微形态特征及其成因与物源意义

石英颗粒表面微形态分析是判断沉积物成因和来源的重要方法之一。对伊犁盆地尼勒克黄土石英颗粒表面微形态特征进行了研究,并将其与冰川、河流、沙漠样品进行比较,结果表明尼勒克黄土石英颗粒磨圆较差,冰川和水流作用的微形态特征明显,系近源风力搬运沉积。通过对比分析讨论了石英粉砂的可能产生机制,认为流水和寒冻风化作用为伊犁黄土的形成提供了重要动力来源。尼勒克黄土的物质来源和匈牙利黄土类似,而与黄土高原黄土有较大差别,这主要表现在经受风力搬运-沉积的次数上或者风力搬运的距离上。该研究为解译伊犁地区黄土的古气候环境意义提供了重要基础。     

川西高原甘孜黄土-古土壤容重的特征及其古环境意义

川西高原一带黄土沉积广泛分布,研究该地区黄土-古土壤序列的容重对于理解黄土沉积过程,探讨青藏高原东部地区的环境演化具有重要意义。论文详细分析了甘孜地区末次间冰期以来的典型黄土-古土壤序列的容重变化,结果表明该区土壤容重在1.63—2.53 g?cm~(-3)变化,黄土地层中容重较大,平均为2.01 g?cm~(-3);古土壤地层中容重较小,平均为1.94 g?cm~(-3)。土壤容重与磁化率、粒度2μm组分具有很好的负相关关系,而与平均粒径、粒度63μm组分呈明显正相关,可能表明了土壤化过程和沉积过程对土壤容重的影响;进一步的环境指标相关分析表明甘孜黄土-古土壤容重可以作为西风和高原冬季风变化的替代性指标。详细研究该区黄土的容重变化将有助于深入理解区域环流的演化过程和高原内部的干旱化历史。     

伊犁盆地黄土分布、年代及粉尘来源分析

本文根据最新的研究资料,结合野外考察对处于西风区的伊犁黄土的分布、年代和粉尘来源进行了分析总结,并探讨了伊犁盆地黄土堆积的空间差异性。研究结果表明,伊犁黄土主要分布在山前丘陵和高阶地上,这些地貌部位堆积厚度最大,黄土沉积受地形和气候影响明显;已有的剖面年代学研究表明伊犁黄土主要形成于末次冰期,与新疆其它地区黄土开始大范围堆积的时间大体一致,但还可能有比中更新世更老的黄土存在;粒度分布和矿物表面形态特征表明伊犁黄土可能是近源物质与远源粉尘沉积作用叠加的结果,不同地区黄土在堆积过程所受到动力条件可能存在明显的差异;伊犁黄土中粘土组分可能主要来自中亚荒漠和伊犁河中、下游地区,西风带来的粉尘对伊犁盆地不同地区黄土的贡献率不同。     

宣城向阳剖面网纹红土粒度端元分析及指示意义

对宣城向阳剖面的109个网纹红土样本做粒度分析和地球化学元素分析,并对粒度数据采用合适的端元分解方法,将各端元与地球化学指标在深度上进行了对比。结果认为:端元法可以把代表此区域3种不同动力的沉积端元(EM)分离出来,并可以定量地分析各自所占比重及各个阶段每种动力各自的沉积变化。EM1明显指示着对原有沉积物的成壤改造作用;EM2可能代表着东亚冬季风作用下经远距离悬浮搬运并在湿润的宣城地区沉积而受到化学风化影响的组分;EM3则比较明显地代表着受东亚夏季风作用下的化学风化及近源搬运作用。各端元在深度上的变化过程一定程度上揭示了区域气候背景的变化信息,为更进一步的气候变化研究及网纹红土中网纹成因研究提供了一种新的思路。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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