我国土壤环境质量研究几个值得探讨的问题

针对当前我国土壤环境工作情况,讨论了土壤环境质量研究中3个值得探讨的问题:土壤污染定义、土壤环境质量标准修订和土壤污染防治法立法.关于土壤污染的定义,目前尚无一致的认识.笔者在综合国内外主要观点的基础上提出了土壤污染的定义,并建议建立基于风险评估的土壤环境质量标准体系,认为目前宜制订土壤环境质量目标值、土壤(分别有农业、居住、工业用地土壤)环境质量指导值和土壤污染危害临界值3类标准值,同时分别提出了初步的制订方法.制定土壤污染防治法是我国建立一套行之有效的土壤环境管理体系的需要,笔者在技术层面上讨论了土壤污染防治法的制定问题.     

土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）与土壤重金属积累的关系研究进展（Research Review of the Relationship between Land Use/Cover Change and Heavy Metal Accumulation in Soil）

土壤重金属污染是世界性环境问题之一.土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)是最主要的环境演变驱动因子之一.为明晰LUCC对土壤重金属积累和污染的影响,根据前人研究,从场地、县域和流域/区域尺度总结了LUCC和土壤重金属污染的关系.研究发现,三个尺度上土地利用方式和覆被类型/格局是控制土壤重金属空间积累和分布的重要因子,土地利用/覆被可以直接吸纳或吸附重金属,亦能通过改变土壤物理、化学和生物性质从而控制重金属在土壤中的移动性和活性,造成土壤中重金属的积累直至污染.此外,论文阐明了LUCC在土壤重金属污染风险预测、规避和污染土壤修复中的重要作用,最后提出了在实践中通过调整土地利用/覆被类型进行污染土壤修复的建议.寓景观生态学思想于土壤重金属污染防治过程是一种新的有效途径.     

内蒙古采选及冶炼企业周边土壤重金属污染状况及防治措施研究

通过收集内蒙古自治区部分有色金属采选和冶炼企业周边的土壤重金属环境质量监测数据,对土壤重金属污染状况进行调查.分析重金属污染的成因和来源,提出相应的治理及防范措施,旨在为防治土壤重金属污染提供理论依据.结果表明,研究区巴彦淖尔铅锌矿周围土壤重金属污染最为严重,主要受到Zn、Cd、Pb和As的污染,单项污染指数法评价表明各重金属污染程度为ZnCdPbAs;其他研究区也均有Zn或Cd超标现象.     

土壤铬（VI）污染及微生物修复研究进展（Progress on Microbial Remediation of Chromium-Contaminated Soil）

在总结国内外相关研究基础上,介绍了土壤环境中铬(Cr)的污染来源、现状及其对生物的危害,阐述了Cr在土壤中的存在形态和转化机理,并重点综述了土壤重金属Cr(VI)污染的微生物修复机理:土壤中的Cr(VI)可以在微生物还原作用、生物吸附、富集等作用下降低其生物可利用性和毒性,从而达到Cr污染土壤修复的目的.此外,针对微生物修复过程中存在的问题,提出了提高微生物修复Cr污染土壤效果的措施,并对土壤Cr污染微生物修复的发展趋势进行了展望.     

重金属污染对土壤微生物生态功能的影响

数量庞大、种类繁多的土壤微生物作为地球化学的物质循环与能量转换的主要参与者,其自身及所参与的生化过程都会受到重金属污染的严重影响.通过研究土壤重金属污染的微生物生态效应,可以建立重金属污染土壤的微生物评价指标体系,而评价体系的建立有利于土壤环境质量的监测与风险评价.论文就重金属污染对土壤微生物生物量及其多样性,对有机质降解、N传输、酶活性等微生物过程影响的研究现状进行了较全面系统的评述.在此基础上,提出了该类研究中存在的问题,包括研究区域南多北少的问题以及研究中难以排除其他环境因子干扰等问题.针对这些问题,论文指出以后应进一步加强分子手段的多方位应用并建立综合可行的被污染土壤的微生物评价体系.     

重金属污染对土壤微生物生态功能的影响（Effects of Heavy Metal Pollutions on the Ecological Functions of Soil Microbes：A Review）

数量庞大、种类繁多的土壤微生物作为地球化学的物质循环与能量转换的主要参与者,其自身及所参与的生化过程都会受到重金属污染的严重影响. 通过研究土壤重金属污染的微生物生态效应,可以建立重金属污染土壤的微生物评价指标体系,而评价体系的建立有利于土壤环境质量的监测与风险评价. 论文就重金属污染对土壤微生物生物量及其多样性,对有机质降解、N传输、酶活性等微生物过程影响的研究现状进行了较全面系统的评述. 在此基础上,提出了该类研究中存在的问题,包括研究区域南多北少的问题以及研究中难以排除其他环境因子干扰等问题. 针对这些问题,论文指出以后应进一步加强分子手段的多方位应用并建立综合可行的被污染土壤的微生物评价体系.     

石油污染对土壤-植物系统的生态效应

伴随着石油的工业化生产和利用,石油污染已经成为一个严重的环境问题.本文从土壤、植物个体、植物群落与生态系统等层次对石油污染的生态效应进行了系统总结.含有多环芳烃(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)、苯系物(Benzene、toluene、ethylbenzene和xylene,BTEX)等多种有毒物质的石油及其化工产品进入土壤-植物系统后会发生迁移.这不仅对土壤-植物系统的组成、结构、功能和服务产生影响,也会通过食物链危害人类健康.石油污染影响土壤水分状况、孔隙度等物理性质,土壤碳含量、养分含量等化学性质,以及土壤微生物群落组成和多样性、土壤酶活性等生物学性质.通常,石油污染会对大多数植物形成氧化胁迫,影响细胞膜透性,影响光合作用等生理活动,抑制植物生长,影响植物萌发、开花和结实.由于石油污染对植物个体的不同效应以及植物个体对石油污染的不同响应,石油污染对植物群落的影响存在3种基本模式,并最终导致植物群落生物量下降,物种多样性降低,植被盖度降低.进一步影响生态系统的生产力、稳定性和健康,最终危及生态系统的功能和服务.利用微生物、植物及其联合体菌根可以对石油污染物进行生物修复和降解,添加外源营养物质和通气等措施可以强化生物修复过程.应用植被指数和红边效应等遥感方法进行石油污染的生态效应监测具有较大的潜力.总之,如何把土壤-植物系统各水平上不同指标对石油污染物的响应与石油污染的生态效应联系起来,是目前石油污染生态效应研究的重点和难点之一.因此,亟需开展多尺度的系统研究,把室内控制实验、野外控制实验和野外调查有机地结合起来,构建多层次的石油污染标志物体系,全面认识石油污染对土壤-植物系统的生态效应,为石油污染的生态风险评价、治理和控制提供理论基础和实践指导.     

不同污染方式进入土壤的氯氰菊酯在蚯蚓体内的蓄积特征及其生长毒性

农药污染严重威胁我国的土壤生态系统安全.选择我国应用较广的氯氰菊酯为代表性农药污染物,采用一次和叠加的污染方式模拟氯氰菊酯进入土壤并逐渐累积的过程,以云南耕地常见的蚯蚓优势种——皮质远盲蚓(Amynthascorticis)为实验生物,研究了氯氰菊酯在土壤中的降解变化,以及蚯蚓对不同污染方式进入土壤的氯氰菊酯吸收蓄积的累积特征和生长毒性响应.结果显示,不同污染方式进入土壤的氯氰菊酯,在土壤中的降解均符合一级动力学特征c=c0e-kt,以一次污染方式进入土壤的氯氰菊酯降解半衰期为27.7～28.9 d;以叠加污染方式进入土壤的氯氰菊酯降解半衰期为25.7～26.6 d.氯氰菊酯浓度为4～6 mg·kg-1 ,暴露55 d时,蚯蚓对以一次污染方式进入土壤的氯氰菊酯蓄积量为0.34～0.73 mg·kg-1 ,生物-土壤蓄积因子(FBSA)为0.85～1.05;蚯蚓对以叠加污染方式进入土壤的氯氰菊酯蓄积量为0.86～1.51 mg·kg-1 ,FBSA 为1.16～1.42.与一次污染方式比较,以叠加污染方式进入土壤的氯氰菊酯,更有利于蚯蚓对其进行生物富集,从而表现出较强的生长毒性.研究结果可为土壤农药叠加污染累积的生态风险防治提供基础数据和理论依据.     

典型医药企业聚集区土壤重金属污染特征及成因分析

为探究湖北省某地典型医药化工企业腾退地块土壤污染状况及对周边环境介质的影响并量化土壤重金属的来源贡献,系统采集地块内及其农田影响区的土壤样品592个、水稻样品23个、河流沉积物样品11个,测定了As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Hg、Ni等重金属含量,分别运用地累积指数法、生态风险评估法、土壤污染风险评价法分析了地块内及其周边农田土壤重金属的污染特征,并探究了土壤重金属来源.结果表明,医药企业地块内土壤中重金属含量均值显著高于周边农田土壤,土壤重金属As地累计指数最高,是地块内土壤生态风险的主要污染元素,最大污染深度达4.5m.地块周边农田土壤重金属As、Cd、Pb、Hg超过标准筛选值,水稻重金属含量未超食品安全标准限值.地块内重金属主要来源于历史生产企业生产活动,地块内地表径流对其周边河流水质造成了影响,河流作为周边农田的灌溉水,长期的灌溉活动和可能的淤泥回填已经对农田土壤环境安全产生了威胁.医药企业聚集区及其影响区的重金属源汇关系应得到重视,相关部门应针对不同介质和区域的污染现状加强重金属的污染防治和风险管理,并对企业聚集区腾退地块土壤污染进行源头管控.     

多环芳烃污染土壤毒性评价指标的研究进展

土壤微生物、植物和动物的生理学和遗传学指标被广泛用于评价土壤中多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs)污染程度、毒性以及修复效果等,对指标本身的研究也在不断取得新认识和新进展.首先,许多研究对不同的指标进行比较,以检验它们在灵敏度上的差别;其次对指标的选择也越来越突出对PAHs污染的预警能力,因而普遍采用亚致死效应指标,且对指标的研究不断向基因、分子水平深入,力求通过早期的响应特征对PAHs污染程度做出及时判断;再次,PAHs污染土壤评价指标正不断朝着更加宏观和更加微观两个方向扩展,目前的指标体系已经覆盖了分子、细胞、个体、群落和生态系统等不同层次.论文依据PAHs毒性作用机理,从生理生化和遗传学角度综述了国内外评价PAHs污染土壤毒性时较为常用的生物指标及其研究进展,为国内进行相关研究工作提供参考.     

国家实施污染预防的政策建议

文章对我国污染预防现状进行了评估，并对如何进一步实施污染预提出初步建议，形成污染预防框架行动计划，试图人们从行为和观念转向污染预防提供方向。框架行计划着重从政策和法律，组织和人力资源，研究和开发，污染预防活动和实践到评估、推广等方面进行了建议。     

Chemometric evaluation of heavy metal pollutions in Patna region of the Ganges alluvial plain,India: implication for source apportionment and health risk assessment

While metal pollution and distribution in soil are well documented for many countries, the situation is more serious in developing countries because of the rapid increase in industrialization and urbanization during last decades. Although it is well documented in developed countries, data about substantial metal pollution in Indian soil, especially in eastern Ganges alluvial plain (GAP), are limited. In this study, eight different blocks of Patna district located in eastern GAP were selected to investigate the contamination, accumulation, and sources of metals in surface soil considering different land use types. Additionally, human health risk assessment was estimated to mark the potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effect of metals in soil. The concentration of all metals (except Pb) in soil was below the Indian standard limit of the potential toxic element for agricultural soil. Pb was the most abundant in soil, followed by Zn and Cu, and accounted for 52, 33 and 8% of the total metal. In terms of land use types, roadside soil detected higher concentrations of all metals, followed by park/grassland soil. Principal component analysis results indicated traffic pollution and industrial emissions are the major sources of heavy metals in soil. This was further confirmed by strong inter-correlation of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu and Pb). Human health risk assessment results indicated ingestion via soil as the primary pathway of heavy metal exposure to both adults and children population. The estimated hazard index was highest for Pb, suggesting significant non-carcinogenic effect to both adults and children population. The children were more prone to the non-carcinogenic effect of Pb than adults. However, relatively low cancer risk value estimated for all metals suggested non-significant carcinogenic risk in the soil.     

北京市土壤重金属污染研究

为调查研究北京市一些重点功能区的土壤重金属污染状况,在朝阳、海淀、石景山、通州、怀柔、顺义区等典型的耕地、林地、菜地、工业区、交通区、旅游区选择采集了10个土壤样本。对各样点土壤的pH值、有机质含量、速效P、速效K、全N、全P、全K以及重金属元素Cr、Cd、Pb、Zn的含量进行了测定。采用单项污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法来评价土壤重金属污染程度,并针对北京市不同功能区的土壤重金属污染状况,提出了相应的防治措施与对策。     

浅论我国环境法与外商投资的关系

为调整外商中的投资环境保护问题,我佃环境法已经形成了一个包括宪法性规范,专项单行立法,地方性法规及国际公约等多层次的法律框架。我国将外商投资项目分为鼓励允许、限制禁止四类,并规定了外商投资应遵循的若干环境管理措施。但总体上看我国环境法还存在立法和执法缺陷,亟待完善。     

Residues and sources of organochlorine pesticides in soils of elementary schools and communities in Wenchuan 5.12 Earthquake-affected areas

The disinfectants and pesticides extensively used after Wenchuan 5.12 Earthquake on May 12, 2008 (so-called Wenchuan 5.12 Earthquake), for epidemic prevention purpose can raise great concerns of environmental pollution and potential personal exposure. To investigate the soil pollution caused by the intensive application in earthquake-affected areas, surface soil samples from two elementary schools, two communities and two background areas were collected in Beichuan County and Dujiangyan City once per location in spring and in autumn in 2011 and then analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The results showed serious soil pollution of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs, 0.05–60.05 ng/g) and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDTs, 0.06–35.79 ng/g) in the study areas compared with Wolong Nature Reserve (0.03–0.81 ng/g for HCHs and 0.02–0.40 ng/g for DDTs). The concentrations of most OCPs in soil of Beichuan County (e.g., 0.10–60.05 ng/g for HCHs and 0.17–35.79 ng/g for DDTs) were much higher than those of Dujiangyan City (e.g., 0.05–20.58 ng/g for HCHs and 0.06–10.69 ng/g for DDTs). In Beichuan County, the highest concentrations of HCHs and DDTs were found in the elementary school. In Dujiangyan City, the highest concentrations of HCHs and DDTs were found in the elementary school and the community, respectively. The concentrations of HCHs and DDTs were generally higher in spring than those in autumn. The predominant species (γ-HCH in ∑HCHs and 4,4′-DDT in ∑DDTs) and specific ratios suggested new inputs of lindane and technical DDT in the study areas. Therefore, continuous soil monitoring and possible intervention would be recommended to minimize local residents’ exposure to these toxic chemicals.     

Building a global taxonomy of wildlife offenses

Most countries have many pieces of legislation that govern biodiversity, including a range of criminal, administrative, and civil law provisions that state how wildlife must be legally used, managed, and protected. However, related debates in conservation, such as about enforcement, often overlook the details within national legislation that define which specific acts are illegal, the conditions under which laws apply, and how they are sanctioned. Based on a review of 90 wildlife laws in 8 high-biodiversity countries with different legal systems, we developed a taxonomy that describes all types of wildlife offenses in those countries. The 511 offenses are organized into a hierarchical taxonomy that scholars and practitioners can use to help conduct legal analyses. This is significant amidst competing calls to strengthen, deregulate, and reform wildlife legislation, particularly in response to fears over zoonotic threats and large-scale biodiversity loss. It can be used to provide more nuance legal analyses and facilitate like-for-like comparisons across countries, informing processes to redraft conservation laws, review deregulation efforts, close loopholes, and harmonize legislation across jurisdictions. We applied the taxonomy in a comparison of sanctions in 8 countries for hunting a protected species. We found not only huge ranges in fines (US$0 to $200,000) and imprisonment terms (1.5 years to life imprisonment), but also fundamentally different approaches to designing sanctions for wildlife offenses. The taxonomy also illustrates how future legal taxonomies can be developed for other environmental issues (e.g., invasive species, protected areas).     

土壤汞污染研究进展

对国内外学者近些年来对土壤汞污染研究的工作进展作了系统的综述。主要包括土壤汞污染的途径、迁移方式和治理办法。其中重点介绍了大气汞的干湿沉降、土壤汞的释放及生物修复治理土壤汞污染。最后，还介绍了土壤汞形态的分析方法以及土壤挥发性汞释放通量的测量方法。     

Effect of oil pollution on function of sandy soils in protected deserts and investigation of their improvement guidelines (case study: Kalmand area,Iran)

Soil pollution is one of the most dangerous sorts of environmental pollutions because of waste materials, fossil fuels, etc. Unfortunately in developing countries, there are very few arrangements to prevent soil pollution due to the fossil fuels and to improve polluted soil. In this research, influences of gas oil on properties of Kalmand protected area’s sandy soil near Yazd, Iran, were studied. It was found that gas oil constituted 5.25% of soil weight in the refueling station in the region. Therefore, cleaning and strengthening of the soil by adding cement rather than expensive and complicated methods were the most important goals of this research. First, the influence of gas oil on soil properties was studied, and to improve the soil, different percentages of ordinary portland cement were added to the polluted sand to study the improved soil properties using laboratory tests. It was found that unconfined compressive strength, cohesion, and angle of internal friction of sample with 16% cement and 8% gas oil after 28 days of curing were higher than those of the specimen of 6% cement and 14% gas oil, at 4.6, 5.4, and 1.3 times, respectively. Moreover, based on falling head tests it was observed that permeability of the stabilized specimens decreased substantially. From SEM tests, fewer voids were observed in the stabilized samples, which led to less pollutant penetration into the soil. According to EDX, although dangerous elements in the contaminated specimen made up 3.99% of the specimen total weight, addition of cement introduced considerable amounts of elements that are vital for pozzolanic reactions. Therefore, it can be concluded that addition of cement to the gas oil-polluted soil not only can improve geotechnical properties of the soil and reduce its permeability, but also is very efficient for environmental issues.