川西北民族地区保护区建设与生态移民问题研究

四川省西北部地区是以藏羌民族集居为主的民族地区,也是四川省的生态资源中心。区域内自然保护区数量多、密度大,民族文化浓郁,经济发展落后,居民城市化率低。由于早期建立保护区指导思想的制约,现已建立的多数保护区的规划缺乏系统科学性,依然存在来自区域内部居民和外部经济活动对其的破坏。研究认为,要实现为区域社会经济可持续发展创造条件的保护区设立终极目的,必须对现有的保护区管理系统实施调整与完善,建立具有政府管理职能的资源保护特区,选择以城镇化为主要方式的保护区内就近生态移民,构建科学的自然保护区层次,形成政府（资源保护特区）与民族居民的资源保护利益共同体。     

鄂西北六个自然保护区鱼类群落结构及多样性比较

为了解鄂西北地区的鱼类多样性和鱼类群落结构,于2007~2012年先后对鄂西的八卦山自然保护区、堵河源自然保护区、五道峡自然保护区、南河自然保护区、野人谷自然保护区及漳河源自然保护区的鱼类资源进行调查。结果显示,6个自然保护区共有鱼类79种,隶属4目15科51属。鲤形目鱼类为6个自然保护区的主要类群,共56种,占总数的70.89%。6个自然保护区的鱼类食性和生态类群相似,鱼类食性均以肉食性和杂食性为主,草食性鱼类较少;定居性鱼类占主体,河湖洄游性和喜流水性鱼类较少。渔获物分析表明,堵河源自然保护区鱼类丰富度指数(D)最大,为2.60,八卦山自然保护区鱼类丰富度指数最小,为0.91。多样性分析表明,同一水系的保护区之间的β_c值和β_R值均比处于不同水系的保护区之间的β_c值和β_R值小;处于同一水系的保护区相似性系数(C_j)较高,处于不同水系的保护区之间的相似性系数较低(C_j),这很好的诠释了处于同一水系的自然保护区在地理环境上的连续性,而处于不同水系的自然保护区之间出现了地理环境的分化隔离。目前水电开发和过度捕捞是该地区鱼类最大的威胁因子,建议强化渔政管理,并建立鱼类人工繁育基地,以减缓水电工程带来的不利影响,恢复天然渔业资源。     

三峡库区典型支流春季特征及其水华优势种差异分析

三峡水库蓄水后,多年来众多支流水华频发引起广泛关注。为研究春季三峡库区不同区域典型支流特征及水华的差异性,选取小江、大宁河、香溪河为研究对象,于2015年春季对三条支流进行监测与分析。结果表明:三条支流回水区长度与宽度有所区别,小江、大宁河、香溪河的蜿蜒度分别为2.151、1.384、1.126;长江干流水体以表层倒灌潜入小江,以中上层倒灌潜入大宁河,由中层倒灌潜入香溪河,越靠近库首,其倒灌影响距离相对越远,分别占研究回水范围的61.9%、69.2%和80.7%;温跃层梯度逐渐减小,水温呈现不同的层化结构,回水区上游水温较下游高;三条支流的光混比变化规律相似,水体中的总氮、总磷含量能够为藻类生长提供丰富的营养条件;春季水华的优势藻种及各优势种的分布区域有所不同,回水区上游更易暴发高强度水华,小江水华优势种主要包括蓝藻、绿藻、甲藻、硅藻;大宁河多发生以绿藻为优势藻种的水华,偶尔伴有甲藻、硅藻和隐藻水华,香溪河春季优势共存的水华类型较多见,多发生硅藻、甲藻水华,有时出现绿藻水华。倒灌异重流是三条支流水华暴发呈现分区的主要原因,水温及水动力条件差异是造成三条典型支流水华优势藻种存在差异的主要因素。     

Perspectives for sustainable management of cedar forests in Lebanon: situation analysis and guidelines

The signature and ratification of the convention on biological diversity by the Lebanese government has boosted the declaration of nature reserves. Cedar forests formed the pilot ecosystems, using international funds, for the implementation of a conservation programme and development of management plans. Although different in their attributes, all recent nature reserves have the same basic management objectives and goals but they ignore the idea of taking into account the difference in specific site features and assets that could boost the success of any management plans. Twelve cedar forests flourish in the Mount Lebanon chain. These forests are either protected by the forestry law or are declared as nature reserves by the Ministry of Environment. The results reveal, through Participatory Rural Appraisals and Rapid Rural Appraisals, that religion, geographical location and land ownership play, to a certain extent, a role in adopting successful management practices of cedar forests. The RRAs and PRAs spell out the origins of woodcraft, old stories memorized by elderly people and ethnobotanical knowledge. The 4Rs tools method adopted highlighted the need for more collaboration and synergy of effort between various institutions. The social, ecological and economic aspects of the regions play a major role in defining the backbone of management plans for cedar forests in Lebanon. The present paper proposes guidelines for the establishment of a network of cedar nature reserves in Lebanon adopting collaborative management and assigning a separate role for each reserve; the details rely on the site’s natural features, as well as socio-economic and cultural characteristics. Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue     

自然保护区的建立与持续发展的关系

自然保护区的建立已被世界公认是一种保护自然资源最有效的方法之一。但是长期以来,人们把对维持生物种类的持续发展以及生态系统的完整性都归功于较为传统的封闭式保护。事实证明这已导致保护与持续发展长期处于矛盾状态而得不到解决。自从联合国教科文组织人与生物圈计划提出“生物圈保护区”的概念以来,打破了长期以来对自然保护区的封闭式管理。强调通过保护自然资源而发展和利用资源,并使这些资源能够持续发展。注重把自然保护与科学研究,环境监测、示范、环境教育与当地人民的参与结合起来。     

我国自然保护区建设中的环境剥夺问题

近年来我国各地大量增长的自然保护区实质上是一种环境剥夺现象。受环境考核体系与推行可持续发展战略需要．加大自然保护区建设力度是地方政府能够采取的比较成熟的环境保护手段。但是．通过博弈模型，可以推导出．受地方财政刚性预算约束．政府在地方自然保护区建设与管理中不能对环境区原有居民落实各项补偿．也难以投入必需的保护性管理费用。于是．在自然保护区管理中．保护区居民与管理机构之间博弈形成的纳什均衡是：居民违反有关规定，尽可能延续以往开发利用环境资源的经济活动。以抗衡自然保护区建设对他们“靠山吃山、靠水吃水”经济模式的压制；管理机构则实施开发性管理，以求自身努力。增加经济收入以保障自然保护区各项基础研究和管理活动。由于经营活动迎合了增加地方财政收入的地方政府经济发展目标。因此。在目前的自然保护区建设中普遍存在各种形式的开发性经营管理活动。但是．由于一些制度缺陷．在这种开发性管理战略中，一些环境区变相为政府权力支配下的环境资源．并借用可持续开发管理名义进一步转变成为某些地方机构与组织的私有环境资产。其后果是使自然保护区制度偏离了政策目标，也使环境区居民丧失了传统的环境支撑作用。对此论点．研究通过对近十年地方自然保护区建设数量的情况分析予以了经验验证。     

长江流域的自然保护区发展与生态环境建设

长江流域的自然保护区占全流域面积的5．74％，比我国自然保护区 占国土面积的比例低1．9个百分点。保护区数量在80年代增幅最大，面积在90年代增幅最大，这种不同步性在一定程度上反映出保护区经营管理更加注重建立较多的大保护区，保护较大的生态系统。本流域的各类自然保护区的数量和面积与流域内自然生态系统类型的丰富性和珍稀特种的多样性直接相关。生态系统类的自然保护区多分布在长江一线以南，形成4个明显的集中分布地带。野生生物类自然保护区在川西高原、川黔湘接壤带和鄱阳湖附近比较集中。川西南滇西北、川西高山峡谷区、川鄂湘黔接壤区、南岭山地北部等6个区域成为长江流域自然保护的关键区域。长江流域生态环境建设中必须注意资源植物的持续利用、防护林的质量和生态平衡等问题。     

长江流域重要生态环境敏感区分布现状

采用叠图法、数学统计等方法，对长江流域自然保护区、风景名胜区、地质公园、森林公园、世界文化和自然遗产地的数量、面积、分布等基本情况进行了识别、整理、统计分析与制图，从长江流域内分布的具有全球保护意义、国家保护意义、流域保护意义、区域保护意义的角度，辨识长江流域存在的不同类型的生态环境敏感区，同时分析了水能资源丰富的长江上游区重要生态环境敏感区分布状况。长江流域已形成了以自然保护区、风景名胜区、地质公园、森林公园、世界文化和自然遗产地等多类型、多层次的自然与文化资源保护体系，对中国自然与文化资源保护具有重要作用     

Quantifying disturbance effects on vegetation carbon pools in mountain forests based on historical data

Although the terrestrial carbon budget is of key importance for atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, little is known on the effects of management and natural disturbances on historical carbon stocks at the regional scale. We reconstruct the dynamics of vegetation carbon stocks and flows in forests across the past 100 years for a valley in the eastern Swiss Prealps using quantitative and qualitative information from forest management plans. The excellent quality of the historical information makes it possible to link dynamics in growing stocks with high-resolution time series for natural and anthropogenic disturbances. The results of the historical reconstruction are compared with modelled potential natural vegetation. Forest carbon stock at the beginning of the twentieth century was substantially reduced compared to natural conditions as a result of large scale clearcutting lasting until the late nineteenth century. Recovery of the forests from this unsustainable exploitation and systematic forest management were the main drivers of a strong carbon accumulation during almost the entire twentieth century. In the 1990s two major storm events and subsequent bark beetle infestations significantly reduced stocks back to the levels of the mid-twentieth century. The future potential for further carbon accumulation was found to be strongly limited, as the potential for further forest expansion in this valley is low and forest properties seem to approach equilibrium with the natural disturbance regime. We conclude that consistent long-term observations of carbon stocks and their changes provide rich information on the historical range of variability of forest ecosystems. Such historical information improves our ability to assess future changes in carbon stocks. Further, the information is vital for better parameterization and initialization of dynamic regional scale vegetation models and it provides important background for appropriate management decisions.     

基于水文连通分析的江湖关系研究进展

水文连通度具有自然和社会双重属性，但基于水文连通分析的江湖关系的综合论述尚不足，为此首先阐述了水文连通度的定义和分类；其次，归纳了横向水文连通度量化方法，并讨论了基于横向水文连通分析的江湖关系定义；最后，以洞庭湖为例，引出在人类活动干扰下，江湖关系逐渐发生变化这个问题，针对这一问题对未来进行展望，尝试建立江湖水沙变化、江湖关系演变在人为因素和气候变化综合因素影响下的响应模型，提出了可维持生态健康的工程措施，以期加强江湖的治理。     

Land Cover and Use Changes in Relation to the Institutional Framework and Tenure of Land and Resources in Eastern Tanzania Miombo Woodlands

In Tanzania, well-defined land tenure and resource protection apply in forest reserves which account for 30% of forested land, while the remaining 70% (mostly miombo woodlands) are village and general lands with very limited protection. The aim of this study was to determine local peoples ownership rights, knowledge and institutional capacity for sustainable management of resources in forest reserves and general lands. Data were collected using participatory rural appraisal, structured and semi-structured interviews, as well as aerial photographs and landsat images. In general lands, woodlands declined by 50% between 1964 and 1996, bushlands and croplands increased by 599%, and settlements and homegardens increased by 277%. These land use and vegetation structure changes are attributed to harvesting for charcoal production and shifting cultivation. The continued decline in aerial woodland cover in the general lands suggests that common property regimes do not function in the area. Local institutional capacities are weak in enforcing control mechanisms to check the overuse of resources, which tends to approximate open access conditions. The issues of land tenure and village empowerment are not only institutional, but also political in nature. Government institutions should provide and motivate for an enabling environment, including acknowledgement of traditional knowledge, well-defined property rights and operational village by-laws. In order to ensure equity and sustainable development of natural resources, the paradigm shift in management is important whereby communal goods are to be managed for the benefit of the local society.     

九宫山自然保护区功能模糊综合评价

功能评价是保护区改善管理以实现保护区最佳功能的有效手段。运用模糊数学理论和问卷调查方法,建立3层20个指标的评价体系,对九宫山自然保护区的功能进行模糊综合评价和贴近度分析。结果显示,保护区自然保护和社会发展功能评价为“好”,宣传教育、科学研究和经济发展功能评价为“一般”,因而整体功能状况评价为“好”。贴近度分析表明,改善保护区功能要从资源与景观的保护、宣传教育设施、宣传教育手段、科研基础条件、科研合作与影响、对外交流、人口素质和保护区经济效益等方面着手。提出了从加强资源与景观的保护、加强宣传教育、加强和改善科学研究、提高保护区周边人口的素质和提高保护区的经济效益等方面改善管理的一系列具体建议,以实现保护区的最佳功能。     

海南省洋浦经济开发与海岸环境资源保护研究

本文在分析研究洋浦经济开发区海岸带具有独特的优良环境与资源条件的基础上,指出开发区的规划项目将造成的海岸环境资源问题,并提出了海岸环境资源利用与保护的对策和措施。     

基于冲击模型方法的自然保护区可靠性研究:以草海为例

自然保护区是受特殊保护和管理的一类特殊的可靠性系统。本文从可靠性视角出发,利用冲击模型方法和MATLAB随机模拟技术,以贵州草海为例分析自然保护区系统的寿命行为和失效规律。分析结果表明:(1)20世纪50年代以前,草海系统受到的人为干预相对较少,可靠性长期保持相对稳定。以人类活动为主的冲击影响始于20世纪50年代末,对保护区生态功能产生了强烈干预。(2)在1958—1980期间,政府出于防涝减灾考虑的引流排水行为扮演了系统的主要冲击,对其可靠性产生了毁灭性影响。(3)在1980年之后的30多年里,周边农民出于造田增地需求的排水毁林自发性活动则形成草海保护区的新一轮冲击,并持续影响着系统的生态功能。(4)目前草海在调节气候、缓解灾害、保持生物多样性方面的生态功能已严重弱化。如果最近几十年的人为冲击模式不能得到有效缓解,保护区系统极有可能在近期内再次发生功能性崩溃。     

Emergy Evaluation of a Village Ecosystem in Wolong Nature Reserve in China

Due to historic reasons, there are several human settlements in nature reserves and national parks, which may constitute a threat to biodiversity. Establishment of nature reserves may however generate constraints for development of local communities residing in these reserves. The village ecosystem of Zhuanjinglou Village in Wolong Nature Reserve includes population, farming and livestock （domestic and alpine） and forest ecosystem. An emergy analysis of agro-ecosystem （including the farming and livestock ecosystem） and energy consumption in Zhuanjinglou Village indicates that livestock ecosystem plays an important role in village ecosystem, which may be the source of great pressure on the state of the local environment. The increasing ratio of electricity in energy consumption may play a positive role for environmental conservation. Despite some successful experiences, there are some remaining issues that need to be addressed in the ecological rehabilitation of the village ecosystem.     

Comparative Estimation of Floristic Diversity in Protected Natural Areas

A method for estimating floristic diversity at the species, genus, and family levels and the taxonomic structure of the flora of protected natural areas is proposed. The method is illustrated using the example of three nature reserves located in the Northern, Middle, and Southern Urals. The dependence of the characteristics of the regional floras on their positions in the system of botanical–geographic zones, the size of the protected area, and other factors have been studied in these reserves. The proportion of endemic plants and the degree of flora synanthropization have been determined.     

Nature Reserve and Ecotourism Development in China＇s Wuzhishan Mountain Region

As the protected areas of land and coastal environment, nature reserves are designed to address how to reconcile the conservation of biodiversity, the quest for economic and social development and the maintenance of cultural values. This paper establishes a framework for nature reserve development that seeks to incorporate ecotourism into its strategies. The overall purpose was to identify the information needs required for a comprehensive nature reserve that incorporates ecotourism related values. It also illustrates the utility of this framework in the context of the Wuzhishan Mountain Region of China. A literature review, the first phase of a visionary strategy and a subsequent gap analysis for available management information were undertaken in order to achieve this paper＇s purpose. Finally, recommendations axe pre-sented for integrating ecotourism into nature reserve development in the Wuzhishan Mountain Region.     

Emergy Evaluation of a Village Ecosystem in Wolong Nature Reserve in China

Abstract

Due to historic reasons, there are several human settlements in nature reserves and national parks, which may constitute a threat to biodiversity. Establishment of nature reserves may however generate constraints for development of local communities residing in these reserves. The village ecosystem of Zhuanjinglou Village in Wolong Nature Reserve includes population, farming and livestock (domestic and alpine) and forest ecosystem. An emergy analysis of agro-ecosystem (including the farming and livestock ecosystem) and energy consumption in Zhuanjinglou Village indicates that livestock ecosystem plays an important role in village ecosystem, which may be the source of great pressure on the state of the local environment. The increasing ratio of electricity in energy consumption may play a positive role for environmental conservation. Despite some successful experiences, there are some remaining issues that need to be addressed in the ecological rehabilitation of the village ecosystem.     

Nature Reserve and Ecotourism Development in China's Wuzhishan Mountain Region

Abstract

As the protected areas of land and coastal environment, nature reserves are designed to address how to reconcile the conservation of biodiversity, the quest for economic and social development and the maintenance of cultural values. This paper establishes a framework for nature reserve development that seeks to incorporate ecotourism into its strategies. The overall purpose was to identify the information needs required for a comprehensive nature reserve that incorporates ecotourism related values. It also illustrates the utility of this framework in the context of the Wuzhishan Mountain Region of China. A literature review, the first phase of a visionary strategy and a subsequent gap analysis for available management information were undertaken in order to achieve this paper's purpose. Finally, recommendations are presented for integrating ecotourism into nature reserve development in the Wuzhishan Mountain Region.     

生物多样性保护与自然保护区

生物多样性是人类社会赖以生存和发展的基础,生物多样性保护已是当今人们最为关注的热点问题。越来越多的人认识到,生物资源是有限度的。实践表明,为保护物种栖息地而划定和管理的各种区域,对保护生物多样性有着重要的意义。在我国自然保护区被视为最典型和最有代表性的区域,也是生物多样性保护的重要基地。自然保护区保护着国家珍贵的动植物资源,拯救了濒危物种,保护了典型的生态环境,建设自然保护区是自然保护行之有效的手段。