工业废水中微量镍的流动注射光度分析

采用流动注射分析技术,在柠檬酸,碘存在的氨性介质中,以丁二酮肟为显色剂,应用光度自动分析方法,测定废水中微量镍,检出限为0.3mg·l~(-1);线性范围为0.3～10mg·l~(-1);相对标准偏差<1％。     

纳米铁锰氧化物对钒的吸附特性研究

为寻求处理土壤和地下水钒污染的吸附剂,采用模拟实验,开展了纳米铁锰氧化物(MnFe_2O_4)对五价钒(V~(5+))的吸附特征研究,分析了纳米铁锰氧化物浓度、pH值、时间、温度和初始钒浓度等因素对MnFe_2O_4吸附V~(5+)的影响,以揭示纳米铁锰氧化物的吸附动力学及热力学等特征,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)和红外光谱(IR)等表征方法分析了纳米铁锰氧化物吸附V~(5+)的机理.结果表明,在初始钒溶液为100 mg·L~(-1),MnFe_2O_4加入量为0.1 g,pH=4,温度为25℃的条件下,吸附过程在24 h达到平衡,且此条件下有最大吸附值和吸附率,分别为15.14 mg·g~(-1)和60.54%.纳米铁锰氧化物吸附钒的动力学过程符合伪二级动力学模型,等温吸附线符合Langmuir模型.热力学研究表明,升高温度有利于吸附,吸附过程为吸热过程.由扫描电镜结果可知,纳米铁锰氧化物有较大的比表面积,可提供较多的活性位点.因此,纳米铁锰氧化物可作为一种吸附材料用于钒污染废水处理.     

动力学光度法测定环境样品中微量钒

本文研究了V(Ⅳ)对Cr_2O_7~(2-)-I~--淀粉氧化还原反应体系的诱导作用,以此为基础提出了一种测定微量钒的动力学新方法,并建立了测定最佳条件:[Cr_2O_7~(2-)]=8.4×10~(-5)mol·L~(-1),[I~-]=2.1×10~(-3)mol·L~(-1),pH=2.1,585nm。在此条件下,钒(Ⅳ)含量在0—6.6μg·ml~(-1)范围内符合比尔定律,方法检测限为0.02μgV(IV)·ml~(-1)。除Fe~(3+),Fe~(2+),Sn~(2+),Ti~(3+)外,其它共存离子不影响测定。用本方法测定了几种环境样品中的微量钒,结果满意,标准加入回收率为95.1—98.3％。     

密封恒温—分光光度法测定废水中的CODcr

在容量瓶密封与恒定温度条件下,探讨了重铬酸钾氧化的适宜条件,用密封恒温—分光光度法测定废水中CODcr。检测限为10mg·l~(-1),对环境水样测定的相对标准偏差为1.0％;加标回收率为93.3％～106.6％。     

高盐高氮榨菜废水生物脱氮试验研究

针对榨菜生产过程中产生的高盐高氮废水,探讨了在高盐条件下有机负荷、氮负荷、DO、pH等因素对SBBR反应器脱氮效能的影响.研究结果表明,在SBBR反应器中接种从榨菜腌制废水中筛选出的耐盐菌后,可使反应器对高盐废水具有良好的适应性,同时镜检发现其生物膜中存在大量丝状菌;反应器具有较强的同时硝化反硝化能力,有机负荷、氮负荷、DO、pH等因素对反应器脱氮效能的影响显著;研究得出其最优运行参数为有机负荷小于1·0kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1)、氮负荷小于0·15kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1)、DO大于5mg·L~(-1)、进水pH大于7及温度大于20℃,在此条件下可使进水盐度(以NaCl计)为2%、CODCr为3500mg·L~(-1),TN为530mg·L~(-1),NH_4~+-N为150mg·L~(-1)的榨菜废水,其出水CODCr小于80mg·L~(-1)、NH_4~+-N小于3mg·L~(-1)、TN小于16mg·L~(-1),NH_4~+-N和TN的去除率分别为98%和96%。     

一株耐铬细菌的鉴定及其还原铬性能分析

从浙江温州工业区六价铬废水污染的土壤中采样分离得到一株耐铬细菌Y73.16S rRNA基因序列分析表明,该菌株为Staphylococcus(葡萄球菌)属菌,最高可在加有1600 mg·L^-1六价铬(K₂Cr₂O₇)的 LB培养基中生长.该菌为好氧生长,但在3种不同的氧压力下,包括有氧、无氧和兼性无氧(先有氧生长)的条件下都可以还原六价铬,而在兼性无氧(先有氧生长)的条件下达到最高还原效率,可在96 h内将1000 mg·L^-1的六价铬还原83%.另外,该菌株能在较宽的pH值(5~11)和温度(10~50℃)范围内还原六价铬,而最佳反应条件是pH=7 和30℃.随着接种量的增加,六价铬的还原率增加,但接种量超过10%时再增加接种量对六价铬还原的影响不明显.供试的大多数金属离子(50 mg·L^-1)对该菌株还原六价铬的影响也不明显.上述结果说明,菌株Y73有其独特的还原铬性能,以及在处理六价铬污染废水中的应用潜力.     

COD/SO_4~(2-)值对硫酸盐还原率的影响

研究利用 UASB反应器考察了 COD和硫酸盐浓度的比值对硫酸盐还原的影响 ,同时分析了硫酸盐还原菌和产甲烷菌对COD的竞争情况 .发现在 HRT为 3.8h,SO2 -4 负荷为 6～ 7kg· ( m3· d) - 1 ,SO2 -4 浓度为 1 0 0 0 mg· L- 1 条件下 :1在 COD不足时 ,SRB与 MPB在竞争中占微弱优势 ;对于产甲烷活性比较好的厌氧污泥要经过较长的时间 ,SRB才能确立优势菌种的地位 .2 COD/ SO2 -4 比值决定了 SO2 -4 的去除率 .比值等于 2时 ,SO2 -4 的还原率在 95%以上 ;当比值为 1 .5时 ,SO2 -4 还原率为 75% ;当比值为 1时 ,SO2 -4 的还原率为 60 % .     

脱硫脱硫弧菌转化二氧化硫气体的研究

运用连续处理工艺研究了SO_2进气摩尔流速和去除率的关系,并对主要转化产物硫化氢和硫化物进行了测定,研究了亚硫酸盐的积累情况及其对脱硫脱硫弧菌生长的影响,同时还对碳源的消耗及转化产物进行了定量研究.实验结果表明,随着SO_2流速的提高(4·975~20·149mmol·h~(-1))菌体对二氧化硫的去除率没有发生明显的变化,始终保持在93%以上,在SO2摩尔流速低于5·034mmol·h~(-1)时产物以硫化氢为主,而随着SO_2摩尔流速的提高,液相中硫化物和亚硫酸盐开始累积;当SO_2摩尔流速增大至20·149mmol·h~(-1)时,亚硫酸盐累积浓度达到74·23mg·L~(-1),该浓度对菌体生长不会产生抑制作用;系统在SO_2摩尔流速为14·063mmol·h~(-1)下运行时较为稳定,乳酸盐全部转化为乙酸盐,每还原1mmol SO_2消耗0·4mmol CH_3CHOHCOO~-.     

硫酸盐还原菌还原U(Ⅵ)的影响因素与机制

在厌氧环境下,改变温度、U(Ⅵ)的初始浓度、pH值、共存离子等因素,进行硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）还原U(Ⅵ)试验,以了解其特性.结果表明,SRB的最佳还原条件为温度35℃、pH值7.0、U(Ⅵ)初始浓度25 mg·L^-1.SRB的最大还原能力为179.1 mg·g^-1.共存离子Mo(Ⅵ)或Ca²⁺初始浓度小于或等于5 g·L^-1时,对SRB还原U(Ⅵ)影响不大;但当其浓度达到20 　g·L^－１时,它们对SRB还原U(Ⅵ)均具有很强的抑制作用.Mo(Ⅵ)对SRB的抑制主要是生理抑制,Ca²⁺是通过和U(Ⅵ)形成稳定的Ca-UO₂-CO₃络合物竞争抑制.试验结果还表明,Ca^2＋浓度低于5 　g·L^－１时未出现停滞期,但其浓度超过20 　g·L^－１时出现了1 d的停滞期.     

土壤理化特性对稻田CH4排放的影响

为了研究土壤理化特性对稻田CH4 排放的影响 ,室外盆栽试验于 2 0 0 0年水稻生长季在南京农业大学实施 ,1 8个供试水稻土分别取自江苏宜兴、江宁、六合、仪征及宝应等地 .所有供试土壤的季节性CH4 平均排放通量为 6 42± 2 70mg·(m2 ·h) - 1,最低和最高值分别为 1 96mg·(m2 ·h) - 1和 1 1 0 6mg·(m2 ·h) - 1,两者相差约 5 6倍 .单相关分析结果表明 :影响CH4 排放的主要土壤参数为质地、氮素状况及铜含量 .CH4 排放与土壤砂粒含量呈正相关 (r =0 5 2 8,p =0 0 2 4) ,与粘粒含量呈负相关 (r =-0 484,p =0 0 42 ) .氮素含量高的土壤CH4 排放较低 ,CH4 排放与土壤全氮、速效氮和铵态氮含量的线性相关系数分别为 -0 449(p =0 0 62 )、-0 61 1 (p =0 0 0 7)和 -0 649(p =0 0 0 4) .土壤铜含量直接影响CH4 的排放 ,CH4 排放与有效态铜和全铜含量的线性相关系数分别为 -0 5 94(p =0 0 0 9)和 -0 5 47(p =0 0 1 9) .本研究并未观测到CH4 排放与土壤有机碳含量有相关关系 ,这与前人报道的实验室培养测定结果及稻田CH4 排放随土壤有机质含量提高而增加的假设完全不同 .逐步回归分析表明 ,不同土壤间CH4 排放的变异性有 75 5 %可由土壤有效态铜含量、镁 (全量 )含量及有效铁含量与全量铁之     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.